Peppered moth&

The Galapagos Islands

• Industrial Melanism is a term used to describe the adaptation of a population in response to pollution.

• One example of rapid industrial melanism occurred in populations of peppered moths in the area of Manchester, England from 1845 to 1890. The peppered moth is fairly common in England. It can be found in two forms – the dark form and the light form.

• Before the industrial revolution, the trunks of the trees in the forest around Manchester were light grayish-green due to the presence of lichens. Most of the peppered moths in the area were light colored with dark spots. Prior to 1850, insect collectors had never collected a dark form of this moth. As the industrial revolution progressed, the tree trunks became covered with soot and turned dark. In 1850, a dark form was collected near the factory city of Manchester. Over a period of 45 years, the dark variety of the peppered moth became more common.

• In fact, near many industrial cities in England the dark form accounted for about 95 percent of the peppered moth population. Away from industrial centers the moth was usually found in the light form. In non-industrial areas, tree trunks were usually found in their lighter, natural color. Both forms of the moth are preyed upon by birds when the moths rest on the trunks of trees. Among the peppered moth population, the genes for both the light form and the dark form have long existed. However, before 1850, the dark form appeared only rarely. The increased number of dark moths is a matter of natural selection.

Light-colored moth on normal lichen-covered tree trunk.(2003). Tropical Ecology and Entomology Research Group. Retrieved January 12,

2007, from Oxford University Zoology Department Web site: http://users.ox.ac.uk/~speight/Teaching.htm

Holdredge, Craig (Fall, 2002). The Tyranny of a Concept: The Case of the Peppered Moth. The Nature Institute, 8, Retrieved 1/11/07, from http://natureinstitute.org/pub/ic/ic8/moth.htm

Dark and light-

colored moths on

lichen-covered

tree trunk.

Can you find the

light-colored moth?

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t012/T012789A.jpg "Evolution," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Dark and light-colored moths on soot-covered tree trunk.

Lendvai, Gabor (7-1-98). Natural Selection. Retrieved January 11, 2007, from BIO 304. Ecology & Evolution Population Genetics Web site: http://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/popgen/nat.selection.html

Both moths on normal

lichen-covered tree

trunk.

Both moths on normal

soot-covered tree trunk.

Peppered MothsNatural Color AdaptationNow that you have looked through the slides,

answer the following questions in your notebook:

1. What is industrial melanism?

2. What happened to the peppered moth populations near industrial cities in England?

3. Which variation (mutation) of moth would best survive on a dark tree trunk? Explain.

4. Which variation (mutation) of moth would best survive on a light tree trunk? Explain.

Galapagos Adaptations

Exploring how species have been adapted to their island environments over time.

GALAPAGOS ISOLATION AND ADAPTATION• Take a look at each of the Galapagos species.• Look through each of the slides and compare and contrast the species.• You will look at 2 species of iguana & tortoise• In your notebook, write 2 comparison paragraphs.

– Iguana paragraph & tortoise paragraph– Compare diet, habit, and adaptations.– Minimum 4 sentences per paragraph.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3265bno2X0

(2006). Darwin & the Galapagos Islands. Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Go Visit Galapagos Web site: http://www.govisitgalapagos.com/darwin/default.asp

National Science Teachers Association, NSTA Galapagos. Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Classroom Investigations: Galapagos Adaptations Web site: http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos/activities/gallery/gallery2.html

(Jan 3, 2007). Photos/Mixed Selection. Retrieved January 9, 2007, from www.CQJ.dk Travelling, Sports Fishing & Photography Web site: http://www.cqj.dk/mix-photo-eng.htm

(2007). Galapagos Pictures, Galapagos Wildlife. Retrieved January 9, 2007, from in-quito.com Galapagos Pictures Web site: http://www.in-quito.com/galapagos/pictures-2.htm

Is the only sea-going iguana in the worldFlat tail Square nose Dark colorationPartially webbed feetColoration camouflages them in the dark lava on which they live

Enables iguanas of all ages to absorb more heat from the sun

A large relative of the South American and Caribbean terrestrial iguanaRound tailPointed noseBrownish-red in color on topYellow-orange underneathEats grass and other ground plants, especially the large prickly-pear cactus.

Marine IguanaLives near the water

Lives in dry regions on land

Land Iguanavs.

Dark color

Short snout

Long claws for gripping rocks

Light color

Long snout

Short claws

National Science Teachers Association, NSTA Galapagos. Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Classroom Investigations: Galapagos Adaptations Web site: http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos/activities/gallery/gallery2.html

(2006). Darwin & the Galapagos Islands. Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Go Visit Galapagos Web site: http://www.govisitgalapagos.com/darwin/default.asp

National Science Teachers Association, NSTA Galapagos. Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Classroom Investigations: Galapagos Adaptations Web site: http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos/activities/gallery/gallery2.html

National Science Teachers Association, NSTA Galapagos. Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Classroom Investigations: Galapagos Adaptations Web site: http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos/activities/gallery/gallery2.html

(2007). Galapagos Islands Guided Tour. Retrieved January 9, 2007, from AGalapagos Islands Guided Tour - Isla Santa Cruz, Ecuador Web site: http://www.discovergalapagos.com/santacru.html

(2006). Tortoise T-Shirts. Retrieved January 9, 2007, from JungleWalk.com Gifts for Animal Lovers Web site: http://www.junglewalk.com/shop/Tortoise-t-shirts.htm

One of the major groups of giant tortoises in the Galapagos IslandsArched carapace (shell) in the frontLong legsLong snoutLong neck that allows it to reach for its food high above the groundFound in the dry areas of Espanola, Pinzon, Pinta, and Fernandina Islands

One of the major groups of giant tortoises in the Galapagos IslandsRounded shellBlunt snoutShorter neckFound on islands with rich vegetation (like Santa Cruz and Isabela)Larger and heavierRounded shell allows it to move through the thick vegetation more easily than the saddleback tortoise

Lives in dry region

vs.Lives in an area of thick vegetation

Saddleback Tortoise

Domed Tortoise

Eats leaves high in treesHighly arched shell openingLong neck

Long legs

Eats grasses and leaves close to ground

Low, rounded shell opening

Short neck

Short legs

National Science Teachers Association, NSTA Galapagos. Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Classroom Investigations: Galapagos Adaptations Web site: http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos/activities/gallery/gallery2.html

National Science Teachers Association, NSTA Galapagos. Retrieved January 4, 2007, from Classroom Investigations: Galapagos Adaptations Web site: http://pubs.nsta.org/galapagos/activities/gallery/gallery2.html