Evolution – evidence and types of data. Natural Selection Industrial melanism.
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Transcript of Evolution – evidence and types of data. Natural Selection Industrial melanism.
Evolution – evidence and types of data
Natural Selection
Industrial melanism
The Fossil Record
Geologic strata in the Grand Canyon, Arizona
Green River Formation, WY and UT.
Eocene in age
The Fossil Record
The Fossil RecordTimelines
Fossils: Links between groups
Major Transitions: from Fish to Amphibian
Lobefin fish
Early amphibian
Eustenopteron
Ichthyostega
Fossil Record
Major Transitions: from Fish to Amphibian
Acanthostega
Amphibian-like fish
The Link
Fish
Amphibian
Ichthyostega
Acanthostega Eustenopteron
The FossilsAll represented in the fossil record
Comparative Anatomy
Homologous structures
Comparative Anatomy
Analogous structures
Vestigial structure
Comparative Anatomy
Human appendix
Vestigial structure
Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Embryology
Molecular model of hemoglobin
Molecular Record
Molecular Record
A phylogeny or cladogram
The mechanics of change - Origin of Species and Speciation
What is a species?
Biological Species Concept (BSC)
BSC is about genetic Isolation
Genome = Individual
Gene pool = Population
Haemulon flavolineatum
(Canis latrans x Canis familiaris)
CoydogCoyote x domestic dog
Isolating Mechanisms
Premating Isolating mechanisms
Isolating Mechanisms
Premating Isolating mechanisms
Postmating Isolating mechanisms
Premating Isolating mechanism
Habitat Isolation
Canis rufus
(red wolf)
Canis latrans
(coyote)
Habitat Isolation
Premating Isolating mechanism
Behavioral Isolation
Premating Isolating mechanism
Courtship coloration or displays in many animals
Behavioral Isolation
Colisa lalia (male)
(from India)
Premating Isolating mechanism
Behavioral Isolation
Premating Isolating mechanism
Temporal Isolation
Premating Isolating mechanism
Spawning marine sponge --
may involve temporal isolation
Premating Isolating mechanism
Mechanical Isolation
Premating Isolating mechanism
Gametic Isolation
Genetic isolation occurs in closely related species of sea urchins
Strongylocentrotus franciscanus
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Postmating Isolating
mechanisms
Postmating Isolating mechanism
Reduced hybrid viability
Postmating Isolating mechanismReduced hybrid fertility
Donkey (male)
Horse (female)
The hybrid: mule
This animal has no fitness.
“That’s about as useful as a pair of breedin’ mules”
Speciation
Speciation
Isolation
then
Divergence
Two Speciation Models
Allopatric speciation
Two Speciation Models
Sympatric speciation
Allopatric speciationA physical barrier creates isolation
Sciurus aberti kaibabensis
(North Rim, Grand Canyon)
Sciurus aberti aberti
(South Rim, Grand Canyon)
Allopatric Speciation: Islands
Darwin’s Finches
Galapagos Islands
Sympatric Speciation
Requires reproductive isolation WITHOUT
physical barrier
Is this possible?
Sympatric Speciation
Lake Mbo, Cameroun, Central Africa
Lake Mbo endemic cichlid fishes – 15 species
How did isolation occur?
Sympatric Speciation
Ophrys lutea Ophrys sicula
Two sympatric European orchids with two different and highly specialized pollinators.
Sympatric Speciation?
Lake Victoria, East Africa
Sympatric Speciation?Lake Victoria, East Africa
Very large radiation of endemic cichlid fishes
Adaptive Radiation
Hawaiian honeycreepers
Adaptive Radiation
Cichlid fishes in Great Lakes East Africa
Adaptive Radiation
Adaptive Radiation
Cichlid fishes in Great Lakes East Africa
Tertiary Period – 65 million years ago (mya)
Adaptive Radiation
Mammal Radiation
Adaptive Radiation
Biodiversity
Biodiversity
Extinction
Small population size
Devil’s Hole Pupfish
Cyprinodon diabolis
Extreme specialization
Koala bear
California condor
an orchid
Continental Drift and extinctions
Humans and Extinction
Steller' Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas)
Pleistocene megafauna
Climate Change
Lake Victoria, East Africa
Humans and extinction
Lake Victoria cichlids – 100s of species
Add an introduced top carnivore …..
Nile perch
(Lates niloticus)
the result …….
………extinction.
Only habitat for most surviving Lake Victoria cichlids
Lake Victoria
Lake Tanganyika
Lake Malawi
Ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis)
Extinction?
Classification and how we name things
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
Father of modern classification
Carl Linnaeus1758
Foundations of Modern Classification
1738
Foundations of Modern Classification
18th Century
Percina pantherina
Binomial names
Carnegiea gigantea
Megaptera novaeangliae
Cyprinella lutrensis
Homo sapiens L.
Binomial names
Taxonomy and
Systematics
are the sciences of
Classification
…books everybody should have in their library
Common names are rarely standard and not international
“Corn”
“Bears”
Sciurus carolinensis
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Osteichthyes
Family Salmonidae
Order Salmoniformes
Genus & species
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Classification – taxonomic characters
Classification – taxonomic characters
Phylogenetics
Haeckel (1879)
Family Anabantidae
African climbing perches
Phylogeny for the Anabantidae
Skeletal features
Anabantidae
Anabantid Jaw Structure
Hypothesis of evolutionary relationships
Classification and Phylogeny
A dinosaur phylogeny….
Classification on a very large scale
Relationships among the three domains
Relationships among the three domains
Domain Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Domain Eukarya
Biodiversity and Classification
Family Malapteruridae
African electric catfishes
“unsightly” --- G. Bell-Cross
“unpleasant” --- P.H. Greenwood
“repellent” and “bloated” --- P.B.N. Jackson
“…repulsive….barely needs description” --- R. A. Jubb
“filthy, flabby, nasty” and “…like a big fat slug” --- H. Copley
“…in every respect a revolting fish” --- H. Copley
Fifth Dynasty tomb relief at Ti, Egypt
Electric CatfishesServing medicine ….
Cavendish
Electric Catfishes
Serving science
Galvani Volta
Serving medicine ….
Family Malapteruridae
1990s –
Three species recognized
M. minjiriya
M. microstoma
Genus Malapterurus
M. electricus
M. minjiriya
M. microstoma
Genus Malapterurus
1969
1976
1789
M. electricus
Two distributions ill-defined …..
…with an impossibly vast distribution for M. electricus
Distributions of organisms follow patterns
Systematic Ichthyology --- how is it done?
Royal Museum of Central Africa
Tervuren, Belgium
Laboratory of Systematic Ichthyology
Characters
DATA
Standard len gth (mm)
-20
20
60
100
140
180
220
260
300
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
PC 1
-2.5
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
1.8
93.7
Stan dard leng th (mm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
35 - 40 40 - 45 45 - 50 50 - 55 55 - 60 60 - 65 65 - 70 70 - 75 75
Data explored, patterns identified…..
Hypotheses formulated
Flanders
Flanders
Paris
The Result ---
Not three species …
19 species
Not three species……
but 19 species
Nilo-Sudanic Region
M. electricus
West African Rain Forests
M. teugelsi M. stiassnyae
M. barbatus
M. punctatusM. thysi
West African Rain Forests
Central African Rain Forests
M. gossei
M. melanochir
M. microstoma
M. polli
Genus Malapterurus
P. caudivittatus
P. parvus
P. cryptus
Genus Paradoxoglanis
P. caudivittatus
P. parvus
P. cryptus
(Genus Paradoxoglanis)
Mini-Electric Catfishes
Not three species
19 species
19 species …
…in 2 genera
Published Research