English Peppered Moth Example. Before industrial revolution After industrial revolution English...
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English Peppered MothExample
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Before industrial revolution After industrial revolution
English Peppered Moth Example
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Galapagos Ground FinchStudy by Rosemary and Peter Grant
In dry years average beak depth increases-birds with large bills survive better-more large seeds available
In wet years average beak depth decreases-birds with small bills survive better-more small seeds available
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Reznick/Endler Study on Guppies
• Guppies in Trinidad (Caribbean)
• Correlated changes in life history characteristics with type of predator
• Small predator (Killifish) preys on juvenile guppies
• Large predator (Pike Cichlid) preys on large sexually mature guppies
• Guppies with cichlids repro at younger age
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The Experiment
• Experimental Group: guppies transplanted from pike cichlid to killifish pools
• Control Group: guppies that remained in pike cichlid pools
• What happened??
• Experimental Group/transplanted guppies gained an average of 14% greater mass
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Inorganic Chemistry
• Atom, Molecule
• Subatomic Particles:protons (+), electrons (-), neutrons
• Atomic nucleus: protons + neutrons
• Atomic number = # protons
• Atomic Weight = # protons + # neutrons
• # Protons = # Electrons
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Isotopes
• Differ in number of neutrons
• 12C 6p 6n 6e-
• 14C 6p ?n 6e-
• 14C 6p 8n 6e-
• Isotopes are radioactive
• Can be used as tracers
• Can date materials
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Dangers of Isotopes?
• 1986 Chernobyl
• 1979 Three Mile Island
• Strontium?
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Energy
• Capacity to do work
• Potential vs. Kinetic
• Different states of potential energy for electrons
• Electron arrangement in outer shell
• 3 Main Bonds: Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen
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Ionic Bond: Transfer of electrons
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Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons
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Hydrogen Bond: weak bond between a polar bonded hydrogen and a polar bonded oxygen or nitrogen
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WATER: polar covalent andhydrogen bonds
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Properties of Water: Cohesion and Adhesion
Cohesion: holds water together within a vesselAdhesion: water sticks to vessel wall resisting gravity
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High Surface Tension
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Properties of water:(Due to hydrogen bonding)
• Cohesion/Adhesion
• High surface tension
• High specific heat
• High heat of vaporization
• Lower density as a solid than a liquid
• Good solvent
Solute + Solvent = Solution
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Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic
• Hydrophilic: water-loving, attracted to water and dissolves easily in water
• Hydrophobic: water-fearing, does not dissolve easily in water (nonpolar)
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Acids, Bases and Buffers
Acid: high H+
Base: low H+
pH: measure of H+
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Acid Rain:Destroys Lakes
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Buildings and Statues
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Ocean Acidification
• Overproduction of carbon dioxide through fossil fuel combustion
• Oceans absorb carbon dioxide
• Ocean acidification: CO2 dissolves in seawater and reacts with water to form carbonic acid (lowers ocean pH)
• Less carbonate for reef calcification
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CO2 dissolved in ocean reacts with water to form carbonic acid
Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
Hydrogen ions form more bicarbonate with carbonate ions making them unavailable for calcification by marine animals such as coral
Coral reefs increase biodiversity,protect shorelines, feeding ground for fish species (fisheries), tourism
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Figure 4.9 P. 64
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Origin of life(Miller)
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ATP = Cellular Energy
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Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
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How macromolecules are made and broken down
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Monosaccharides- 1 sugar
Major nutrient for cells, stored as di or poly saccharide
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Linear and Ring Forms
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Disaccharides- 2 sugars
2 monosaccharides joined by condensation synthesis
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Polysaccharides- 3 or more sugars
Many monosaccharides joined by condensation synthesis
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Cellulose
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Storage Polysaccharides
• Starch storage molecules in plants-repeating units of glucose
• Glycogen storage of glucose in animals• Cellulose also polymer of glucose in
plants, but different 3-D configurationMakes up cell walls in plantsDifficult to digest• Chitin makes up exoskeleton in insects
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Lipids
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Saturated: no double bonds saturated with HSolid at room temp.
Unsaturated: double bonds cause bendsLiquid at room temp.
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Phospholipids
Amphipathic: both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
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Properties of water shape cell membranes
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Amino Acids
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How proteins are made: amino acids are the building blocks
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Primary Structure
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Secondary Structure
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Tertiary Structure-globular
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Quaternary Structure
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Nucleic Acids
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DNA
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