Pengolahan Mineral
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Transcript of Pengolahan Mineral
Pengolahan Mineral
Kuliah I
Pendahuluan
Prof. Dr. Ir. Johny Wahyuadi Soedarsono, DEA
Departemen Metalurgi dan Material
Fakultas Teknik Universtas Indonesia
Importance of Metals
• Metals have played a significant role on the technology and the quality of life of people
• Early history of human technology is divided into the
– Stone Age (~2,000,000 y),
– Copper Age-Bronze Age (~2000 y)
– Iron Age (~2000 y)
Importance of Metals
Seven metals are present in today’s jet engines.
– A modern jet engine consists mostly of Ti and Ni
with decreasing amounts of Cr, Co, Al, Nb, and
Ta.
– Fe is not present in a modern jet engine!!!
Occurrence and Distribution
of Metals
• The solid portion of the Earth is called the lithosphere.
• Concentrated metal deposits are usually found beneath the Earth’s surface.
Occurrence and Distribution
of Metals
• The metal of interest usually needs to be extracted from a large amount of unwanted material
• Metals usually need further treatment to make them suit our requirements.
Mineral
Solid inorganic compounds found in
nature in the lithosphere.
OreA mineral with a sufficient concentration for
the desired material to be economically
exploitable.
Important Minerals
Names of minerals are based on the location of their discovery, the person who discovered them, its color or some other characteristic of the mineral.
The most important sources of metals are oxides, and also sulfides and carbonates.
Table 1
Gambar 1. Mineral dan ikutannya
Latar belakang
• Indonesia daerah patahan / pertemuan
lempeng
• Memiliki deposit mineral beragam
• Jumlah “sedikit”
• Belum dimanfaatkan
• Jual “tanah air”
Metallurgy
The science and technology to
extract the desired metal from its
naturally occurring ore through
physical and chemical processes.
What is mining?
• “A process that begins with the discovery of mineral
deposits and continues through ore extraction and
processing to the closure and remediation of worked
out sites”
SOURCE: UNEP 1997, “Mining - Facts and Figures”, ‘Industry and Environment’, Oct.- Dec.
Copper
Bauxite
Gold
Iron
etc
Metals
Borates
Diamonds
Salt
Talc
Titanium(Rutile& Ilmenite)
etc
Industrial Minerals
Clay
Gravel / Sand
Stone
etc
Construction Minerals
Coal
Gas
Oil
Uranium
Energy Minerals
Mineral Types
Exploration:•Finding
•Follow Up
•Proving
Development:•Planning
•Land Clearing
•Construction
Crush /
wash mineral
Waste rock
removal
and mineral
extraction
Support Activities•Water Extraction
•Land Rehabilitation and Revegetation
•Power Generation
•Maintenance of Equipment / Infrastructure
Waste disposal
Mineral
processing
Smelting and
refining
Bulk transportIron ore,
coal, stone
Copper,
aluminium
Industrial
minerals
What is mining?
Exploration:•Finding
•Follow Up
•Proving
Development:•Planning
•Land Clearing
•Construction
Crush /
wash mineral
Waste rock
removal
and mineral
extraction
Support Activities•Water Extraction
•Land Rehabilitation and Revegetation
•Power Generation
•Maintenance of Equipment / Infrastructure
Waste disposal
Mineral
processing
Smelting and
refining
Bulk transportIron ore,
coal, stone
Copper,
aluminium
Industrial
minerals
Mineral extraction
• 3 Methods:– Open Pit
• Conical excavation
• Drill or blast away ‘overburden’
• Remove ore for processing
– Underground
• Only used for high grade ore bodies at depth
– Placer Mining
• Extract precious metals from sand or gravel
• Mix material with sand or gravel and then agitate
• Wash away light fraction to leave mineral
Crushed /
washed
mineral
Gravity
separation(coal, iron
ore)
Magnetic
separation(titanium,
tungsten)
Flotation(copper,
nickel gold)
Dewatering
and
filtration
Electrometallurgy(Aluminium, lead)
Hydrometallurgy(gold, nickel,
uranium, zinc)
Pyrometallurgy(usually smelting
copper)
reagents reagentstailings
emissions to air
Mineral processing and refining
Crushed /
washed
mineral
Gravity
separation(coal, iron
ore)
Magnetic
separation(titanium,
tungsten)
Flotation(copper,
nickel gold)
Dewatering
and
filtration
reagents
Electrometallurgy(Aluminium, lead)
Hydrometallurgy(gold, nickel,
uranium, zinc)
Pyrometallurgy(usually smelting
copper)
reagentstailings
emissions to air
What kind of impacts can we expect?
• Physical
– Land
• Land use
• Biological diversity
– Energy
– Water
• Water use
• Water quality
– Global warming
– Acidification
– Resources
• Socio-economic
– Native Title
– World view
– Public health
– Employment
– Violence / alcoholism
– Education & training
– Community
sustainability