Pedro I of Brazil
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SpouseMaria Leopoldina of Austria
Amélie of Leuchtenberg
among others...
Issue
Maria II, Queen of Portugal
Miguel, Prince of Beira
João Carlos, Prince of Beira
Princess Januária
Princess Paula
Princess Francisca
Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil
Princess Maria Amélia
Full name
Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula
Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim
House House of Braganza
Father João VI, King of Portugal
Mother Carlota Joaquina of Spain
Born 12 October 1798
Queluz Palace, Lisbon
Died 24 September 1834 (aged 35)
Queluz Palace, Lisbon
Burial Monument to the Independence of Brazil, São Paulo
Signature
Religion Roman Catholicism
Dom Pedro I (English: Peter I; 12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834), nicknamed "the Liberator",[1]
was
the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil. As King Dom Pedro IV, he reigned briefly over Portugal,
where he also became known as "the Liberator" as well as "the Soldier King".[2]
Born inLisbon, Pedro I was the
fourth child of King Dom João VI of Portugal and Queen Carlota Joaquina, and thus a member of the House of
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Braganza. When their country was invaded by French troops in 1807, he and his family fled to Portugal's
largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil.
The outbreak of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Lisbon compelled Pedro I's father to return to Portugal in April
1821, leaving him to rule Brazil as regent. He had to deal with threats from revolutionaries and insubordination
by Portuguese troops, all of which he subdued. The Portuguese government's threat to revoke the political
autonomy that Brazil had enjoyed since 1808 was met with widespread discontent in Brazil. Pedro I chose the
Brazilian side and declared Brazil's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October, he was
acclaimed Brazilian emperor and by March 1824 had defeated all armies loyal to Portugal. A few months later,
Pedro I crushed the short-lived Confederation of the Equator , a failed secession attempt by provincial rebels in
Brazil's northeast.
A secessionist rebellion in the southern province of Cisplatina in early 1825, and the subsequent attempt by
the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata to annex it, led the Empire into the Cisplatine War . In March 1826,
Pedro I briefly became king of Portugal before abdicating in favor of his eldest daughter, Dona Maria II. The
situation worsened in 1828 when the war in the south resulted in Brazil's loss of Cisplatina. During the same
year in Lisbon, Maria II's throne was usurped by Prince Dom Miguel, Pedro I's younger brother. The Emperor's
concurrent and scandalous sexual affair with a female courtier tarnished his reputation. Other difficulties arose
in the Brazilian parliament, where a struggle over whether the government would be chosen by the monarch or
by the legislature dominated political debates from 1826 to 1831. Unable to deal with problems in both Brazil
and Portugal simultaneously, on 7 April 1831 Pedro I abdicated in favor of his son DomPedro II, and sailed for
Europe.
Pedro I invaded Portugal at the head of an army in July 1832. Faced at first with what seemed a national civil
war, he soon became involved in a wider conflict that enveloped the Iberian Peninsula in a struggle between
proponents of Liberalism and those seeking a return to Absolutism. Pedro I died of tuberculosis on 24
September 1834, just a few months after he and the liberals had emerged victorious. He was hailed by
contemporaries and by posterity as a key figure who helped spread the liberal ideals that allowed Brazil and
Portugal to move from Absolutist regimes to representative forms of government.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
o 1.1 Birth
o 1.2 Education
o 1.3 First marriage
2 Independence of Brazil
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o 2.1 Liberal Revolution of 1820
o 2.2 Independence or Death
o 2.3 Constitutional Emperor
3 Crises within and without
o 3.1 Portuguese dynastic affair
o 3.2 War and widowhood
o 3.3 Second marriage
4 Between Portugal and Brazil
o 4.1 Endless crises
o 4.2 Abdication
5 Return to Europe
o 5.1 War of restoration
o 5.2 Death
o 5.3 Legacy
6 Titles and honors
o 6.1 Titles and styles
o 6.2 Nobility
o 6.3 Honors
7 Genealogy
o 7.1 Ancestry
o 7.2 Issue
8 Endnotes
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Early years[edit]
Birth[edit]
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Pedro around age 2, c.1800
Pedro was born at 08:00[3] on 12 October 1798 in the Queluz Royal Palace near Lisbon, Portugal.[4] He was
named after St. Peter of Alcantara,[5]
and his full name was Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos
Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim.[6]
He was referred to using
the honorific "Dom" (Lord) from birth.[7]
Through his father, Prince Dom João (later King Dom João VI), Pedro was a member of the House of
Braganza (Portuguese: Bragança)[8][9] and a grandson of King Dom Pedro III and Queen Dona (Lady) Maria I of
Portugal, who were uncle and niece as well as husband and wife.[10][11]
His mother, Doña Carlota Joaquina, was
the daughter of King Don Carlos IV of Spain.[12]
Pedro's parents had an unhappy marriage. Carlota Joaquina
was an ambitious woman, who always sought to advance Spain's interests, even to the detriment of Portugal's.
Reputedly unfaithful to her husband, she went as far as to plot his overthrow in league with dissatisfied
Portuguese nobles.[13][14]
As the second eldest son (though the fourth child), Pedro became his father's heir apparent and Prince of
Beira upon the death of his elder brother Francisco António in 1801.[15]
Prince Dom João had been acting as
regent on behalf of his mother, Queen Maria I, after she was declared incurably insane in 1792.[16][17]
By 1802,
Pedro's parents were estranged; João lived in the Mafra National Palace and Carlota Joaquina in Ramalhão
Palace.[18][19]
Pedro and his siblings resided in the Queluz Palace with their grandmother Maria I, far from their
parents,
[18][19]
whom they saw only during state occasions at Queluz.
[18]
Education[edit]
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Pedro around age 11, c.1809
In late November 1807, when Pedro was nine, the royal family escaped from Portugal as an invading French
army sent by Napoleon approached Lisbon. Pedro and his family arrived in Rio de Janeiro, capital of Brazil,
then Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, in March 1808.[20]
During the voyage, Pedro
read Virgil's Aeneidand conversed with the ship's crew, picking up navigational skills.[21][22]
In Brazil, after a brief
stay in the City Palace, Pedro settled with his younger brother Migueland their father in the Palace of São
Cristóvão (Saint Christopher).[23]
Although never on intimate terms with his father, Pedro loved him and
resented the constant humiliation his father suffered at the hands of Carlota Joaquina.[18][24]
As an adult, Pedro
would openly call his mother, for whom he held only feelings of contempt, a "bitch".[25]
Early experiences of betrayal, coldness and neglect had a great impact on the formation of Pedro's
character .[18]
A modicum of stability during his childhood was provided by his aia (governess), Dona Maria
Genoveva do Rêgo e Matos, whom he loved as a mother ,[26][27]
and by his aio (supervisor) friar António de
Arrábida, who became his mentor .[22]
Both were in charge of Pedro's upbringing and attempted to furnish him
with a suitable education. His instruction encompassed a broad array of subjects that included
mathematics, political economy, logic, history and geography.[28]
He learned to speak and write not only
in Portuguese, but also Latin and French.[29]
He could translate from English and understood German.[30]
Even
later on, as an emperor, Pedro would devote at least two hours of each day to study and reading.[30][31]
Despite the breadth of Pedro's instruction, his education proved lacking. Historian Otávio Tarquínio de Sousa
said that Pedro "was without a shadow of doubt intelligent, quick-witted, [and] perspicacious."[32]
However,
historian Roderick J. Barman relates that he was by nature "too ebullient, too erratic, and too emotional". He
remained impulsive and never learned to exercise self-control or to assess the consequences of his decisions
and adapt his outlook to changes in situations.[33]
His father never allowed anyone to discipline him.[28]
While
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Pedro's schedule dictated two hours of study each day, he sometimes circumvented the routine by dismissing
his instructors in favor of activities that he found more interesting.[28]
First marriage[edit]
Portrait by Jean-Baptiste Debret of Pedro around age 18, c.1816
The prince found fulfillment in activities that required physical skills, rather than in the classroom. At his father's
Santa Cruz farm, Pedro trained unbroken horses, and became a fine horseman and an
excellent farrier .[34][35]
On horseback, he and his brother Miguel exhibited great stamina and boldness. They
enjoyed mounted hunts over unfamiliar ground, through forests, and even at night or in inclement
weather .[34]
He displayed a talent for drawing and handicrafts. He arranged for a personal workshop where he
applied himself to wood carving and furniture making.[36]
In addition, he had a taste for music, and under the
guidance of Marcos Portugal the prince became an able composer. He had a good singing voice, and was
proficient with the flute, trombone, harpsichord, bassoon, violin and guitar , often using the latter to play popular
songs and dances such as the lundu,modinha and fado.[37]
Pedro's character was marked by an energetic drive that bordered on hyperactivity. He was impetuous with a
tendency to be domineering and short-tempered. Easily bored or distracted, in his personal life he entertained
himself with dalliances with women in addition to his hunting and equestrian activities.[38]
His restless spirit
compelled him to search for adventure,[39]
and, sometimes in disguise as a traveler, he frequented taverns in
Rio de Janeiro's disreputable districts.[40]
He rarely drank alcohol,[41]
but was an incorrigible womanizer .[42]
His
earliest known lasting affair was with a French dancer called Noémi Thierry, who had a stillborn child by him.
Pedro's father, who had ascended the throne as João VI, sent Thierry away to avoid jeopardizing the prince's
betrothal to Archduchess Maria Leopoldina, daughter of Emperor Franz I of Austria (formerly Franz II, Holy
Roman Emperor ).[43][44]
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On 13 May 1817, Pedro was married by proxy to Maria Leopoldina.[45][46]
When she arrived in Rio de Janeiro on
5 November, she immediately fell in love with Pedro, who was far more charming and attractive than she had
been led to expect. After "years under a tropical sun, his complexion was still light, his cheeks rosy." The 19-
year-old prince was handsome and a little above average in height, with bright dark eyes and dark brown
hair .[34] "His good appearance", said historian Neill Macaulay, "owed much to his bearing, proud and erect even
at an awkward age, and his grooming, which was impeccable. Habitually neat and clean, he had taken to the
Brazilian custom of bathing often."[34]
The Nuptial Mass, with the ratification of the vows previously taken by
proxy, occurred the following day.[47] Seven children resulted from this marriage: Maria (later Queen
Dona Maria II of Portugal), Miguel, João, Januária, Paula, Francisca and Pedro (later Emperor DomPedro II of
Brazil).[48]
Independence of Brazil[edit]
Main article: Independence of Brazil
Liberal Revolution of 1820[edit]
Main article: Liberal Revolution of 1820
Pedro, in his father's name, makes an oath of obedience to the Portuguese Constitution on 26 February 1821. He can be
seen at the middle of the balcony raising his hat
On 17 October 1820, news arrived that the military garrisons in Portugal had mutinied, leading to what became
known as theLiberal Revolution of 1820. The military formed a provisional government, supplanting the regency
appointed by João VI, and summoned the Cortes—
the centuries-old Portuguese parliament, this time
democratically elected with the aim of creating a national Constitution.[49]
Pedro was surprised when his father
not only asked for his advice, but also decided to send him to Portugal to rule as regent on his behalf and to
placate the revolutionaries.[50]
The prince was never educated to rule and had previously been allowed no
participation in state affairs. The role that was his by birthright was instead filled by his elder sister Dona Maria
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Teresa: João VI had relied on her for advice, and it was she who had been given membership in the Council of
State.[51]
Pedro was regarded with suspicion by his father and by the king's close advisers, all of whom clung to the
principles of absolute monarchy. By contrast, the prince was a well-known, staunch supporter of liberalism and
of constitutional representative monarchy. He had read the works of Voltaire, Benjamin Constant, Gaetano
Filangieri and Edmund Burke.[52]
Even his wife Maria Leopoldina remarked, "My husband, God help us, loves
the new ideas."[53][54]
João VI postponed Pedro's departure for as long as possible, fearing that once he was in
Portugal, he would be acclaimed king by the revolutionaries.[50]
On 26 February 1821, Portuguese troops stationed in Rio de Janeiro mutinied. Although safely ensconced a
few miles from the city at São Cristóvão, neither João VI nor his government made any move against the
mutinous units. Pedro decided to act on his own and rode to meet the rebels. He negotiated with them and
convinced his father to accept their demands, which included naming a new cabinet and making an oath of
obedience to the forthcoming Portuguese Constitution.[55]
On 21 April, the parish electors of Rio de Janeiro met
at the Merchants' Exchange to elect their representatives to the Cortes. A small group of agitators seized the
meeting and formed a revolutionary government. Again, João VI and his ministers remained passive, and the
monarch was about to accept the revolutionaries' demands when Pedro took the initiative and sent army troops
to re-establish order at the Merchants' Exchange.[56]
Under pressure from the Cortes, João VI and his family
departed for Portugal on 26 April, leaving behind Pedro and Maria Leopoldina.[57]
Two days before he
embarked, the King warned his son: "Pedro, if Brazil breaks away, let it rather do so for you, who will respect
me, than for one of those adventurers."[58]
Independence or Death[edit]
Pedro at age 23 with the town of São Paulo in the background, August 1822
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Pedro was a simple man, both in habits and in dealing with others. Except on solemn occasions when he
donned court dress, his daily attire consisted of white cotton trousers, striped cotton jacket and a broad-
brimmed straw hat,[59][60]
or a frock coat and a top hat in more formal situations.[61][62]
He would frequently take
time to engage in conversation with people on the street, noting their concerns.[63]
At the outset of his regency,
Pedro promulgated decrees that guaranteed personal and property rights. He also reduced government
expenditure and taxes.[54][64]
Property owners were protected from having their lands confiscated, and no citizen
could thenceforth be arrested without a written warrant, unless caught in the process of committing a crime.
Suspects could no longer be held for more than 48 hours without being charged and were entitled to
representation. Torture, secret trials, and inhumane restraints were also abolished.[65][66]
Even the
revolutionaries arrested in the Merchants' Exchange incident were set free.[65]
On 5 June, army troops under Portuguese lieutenant general Jorge Avilez (later Count of Avilez) mutinied,
demanding that Pedro should take an oath to uphold the Portuguese Constitution after it was enacted. As he
had done on the previous 26 February, the prince personally rode out alone to intervene with the mutineers. He
calmly and resourcefully negotiated, winning the respect of the troops and succeeding in reducing the impact of
their more unacceptable demands.[67][68] The mutiny was a thinly veiled military coup d'état that sought to turn
Pedro into a mere figurehead and transfer power to Avilez.[69]
The prince accepted the unsatisfactory outcome,
but he also warned that it was the last time he would yield under pressure.[68][70]
The continuing crisis reached a point of no return when the Cortes dissolved the central government in Rio de
Janeiro and ordered Pedro's return.[71][72]
This was perceived by Brazilians as an attempt to subordinate their
country again to Portugal—Brazil had not been a colony since 1815 and had the status of a kingdom.[73][74]
On 9
January 1822, Pedro was presented with a petition containing 8,000 signatures that begged him not to
leave.[75][76]
He replied, "Since it is for the good of all and the general happiness of the Nation, I am willing. Tell
the people that I am staying."[77]
Avilez again mutinied and tried to force Pedro's return to Portugal. This time
the prince fought back, rallying the Brazilian troops (which had not joined the Portuguese in previous
mutinies),[78]
militia units and armed civilians.[79][80]
Outnumbered, Avilez surrendered and was expelled from
Brazil along with his troops.[81][82]
During the next few months, Pedro attempted to maintain a semblance of unity with Portugal, but the final
rupture was impending. Aided by an able minister, José Bonifácio de Andrada, he searched for support outside
Rio de Janeiro. The prince traveled to Minas Gerais in April and on to São Paulo in August. He was welcomedwarmly in both Brazilian provinces, and the visits reinforced his authority.
[83][84] While returning from São Paulo,
he received news sent on 7 September that theCortes would not accept self-governance in Brazil and would
punish all who disobeyed its orders.[85]
"Never one to eschew the most dramatic action on the immediate
impulse", said Barman about the prince, he "required no more time for decision than the reading of the letters
demanded."[86]
Pedro mounted his bay mare[A]
and, in front of his entourage and his Guard of Honor, said:
"Friends, the Portuguese Cortes wished to enslave and persecute us. As of today our bonds are ended. By my
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blood, by my honor, by my God, I swear to bring about the independence of Brazil. Brazilians, let our
watchword from this day forth be 'Independence or Death!'"[87]
Constitutional Emperor [edit]
Profile view of Pedro I at age 25 by Debret, 1823
In the months following 7 September, João VI was still recognized as the rightful ruler of the independent
Kingdom of Brazil.[88]
Brazil's independence movement was not directed against the King, who was regarded as
merely a figurehead dominated by the Cortes.[89]
The prince regent was only later persuaded to accept the
Brazilian crown as emperor, not king. Pedro, however, made it clear that, if his father returned to Brazil, he
would relinquish the throne.[90]
He was acclaimed Emperor Dom Pedro I on his 24th birthday, which coincided
with the inauguration of the Empire of Brazil on 12 October. He was crowned on 1 December. His ascendancy
did not immediately extend throughout Brazil's territories. He had to force the submission of several provinces
in the northern, northeastern andsouthern regions, and the last Portuguese holdout units only surrendered in
early 1824.[91][92]
Meanwhile, Pedro I's relationship with Bonifácio deteriorated. Although the Emperor had once regarded him as
a mentor ,[93][94]
Pedro I began to chafe in the subservient position of neophyte to Bonifácio's role as
schoolmaster .[95]
The situation came to a head when Pedro I, on the grounds of inappropriate conduct,
dismissed Bonifácio and his brother Martim Francisco de Andrada from their ministry portfolios. Authoritarian
and abusive, Bonifácio had used his position to harass, prosecute, arrest and even exile his political
enemies.[96]
For months Bonifácio's enemies had worked to win over the Emperor. While Pedro I was still
Prince Regent, they had given him the title "Perpetual Defender of Brazil" on 13 May 1822.[97]
They also
inducted him into Freemasonry on 2 August[98][99]
and later made him grand master on 7 October, replacing
Bonifácio in that position.[100]
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The crisis between the monarch and his former minister was felt immediately within the Constituent and
Legislative General Assembly, which had been elected for the purpose of drafting a Constitution.[101]
A member
of the Constituent Assembly, Bonifácio resorted to demagoguery, alleging the existence of a major Portuguese
conspiracy against Brazilian interests—insinuating that Pedro I, who had been born in Portugal, was
implicated.[102][103] The Emperor became outraged by the invective directed at the loyalty of citizens who were of
Portuguese birth and the hints that he was himself conflicted in his allegiance to Brazil.[104]
On 12 November
1823, Pedro I ordered the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and called for new elections.[105]
On the
following day, he placed a newly established native Council of State in charge of composing a constitutional
draft. Copies of the draft were sent to all town councils, and the vast majority voted in favor of its instant
adoption as the Constitution of the Empire.[106]
It was promulgated and solemnly sworn on 25 March 1824.[107]
As a result of the highly centralized State created by the Constitution, rebellious elements
in Ceará, Paraíba andPernambuco attempted to secede from Brazil and unite in what became known as
the Confederation of the Equator .[108][109] Pedro I unsuccessfully sought to avoid bloodshed by offering to
placate the rebels.[108][110]
Angry, he said: "What did the insults from Pernambuco require? Surely a punishment,
and such a punishment that it will serve as an example for the future."[108] The rebels were never able to secure
control over their provinces, and were easily suppressed. By late 1824, the rebellion was over .[109][111]
Sixteen
rebels were tried and executed,[111][112]
while all others were pardoned by the Emperor .[113]
Crises within and without[edit]
Portuguese dynastic affair [edit]
Pedro I at age 27 during his trip toSalvador , Bahia province, March 1826
After long negotiations, Portugal signed a treaty with Brazil on 29 August 1825 in which it recognized Brazilian
independence.[114]
Except for the recognition of independence, the treaty provisions were at Brazil's expense,
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including a demand for reparations to be paid to Portugal, with no other requirements of Portugal.
Compensation was to be paid to all Portuguese citizens residing in Brazil for the losses they had experienced,
such as properties which had been confiscated. João VI was also given the right to style himself emperor of
Brazil.[115]
More humiliating was that the treaty implied that independence had been granted as a beneficent act
of João VI, rather than having been compelled by the Brazilians through force of arms.[116][117] Even worse,
Great Britain was rewarded for its role in advancing the negotiations by the signing of a separate treaty in which
its favorable commercial rights were renewed and by the signing of a convention in which Brazil agreed to
abolish slave trade with Africa within four years. Both accords were severely harmful to Brazilian economic
interests.[118][119]
A few months later, the Emperor received word that his father had died on 10 March 1826, and that he had
succeeded his father on the Portuguese throne as King Dom Pedro IV.[120]
Aware that a reunion of Brazil and
Portugal would be unacceptable to the people of both nations, he hastily abdicated the crown of Portugal[B]
on 2
May[121][122] in favor of his eldest daughter, who became Queen Dona Maria II. His abdication was conditional:
Portugal was required to accept the Constitution which he had drafted and Maria II was to marry his brother
Miguel.[120] Pedro I had envisioned this union since 1822 and had attempted to convince Miguel to return to
Brazil. The Emperor wrote to him then: "There will be no shortage of people who tell you not to leave ... Tell
them to eat shit. And they'll say that with Brazil seceding you're going to be King of Portugal: tell them to do it
again."[123]
Regardless of the abdication, Pedro I continued to act as an absentee king of Portugal and
interceded in its diplomatic matters, as well as in internal affairs, such as making appointments.[124]
He found it
difficult, at the very least, to keep his position as Brazilian emperor separate from his obligations to protect his
daughter's interests in Portugal.[124]
Miguel feigned compliance with Pedro I's plans. As soon as he was declared regent in early 1828, and backed
by Carlota Joaquina, he abrogated the Constitution and, supported by those Portuguese in favor of absolutism,
was acclaimed King Dom Miguel I.[125]
As painful as was his beloved brother's betrayal, Pedro I also endured
the defection of his surviving sisters, Maria Teresa, Maria Francisca, Isabel Maria and Maria da Assunção, to
Miguel I's faction.[126]
Only his youngest sister, Ana de Jesus, remained faithful to him,[126]
and she later traveled
to Rio de Janeiro to be close to him.[61]
Consumed by hatred and beginning to believe rumors that Miguel I had
murdered their father ,[127]
Pedro I turned his focus on Portugal and tried in vain to garner international support
for Maria II's rights.[128]
War and widowhood[edit]
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Celebration in São Francisco de Paula square,Rio de Janeiro city, for the return of Pedro I fromBahia, 4 April 1826
Backed by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (present-day Argentina), a small band declared Brazil's
southernmost province of Cisplatina to be independent in April 1825.
[129]
The Brazilian government at firstperceived the secession attempt as a minor uprising. It took months before a greater threat posed by the
involvement of the United Provinces, which expected to annex Cisplatina, caused serious concern. In
retaliation, the Empire declared war in December, triggering theCisplatine War .[130]
The Emperor traveled
to Bahia province (located innortheastern Brazil) in February 1826, taking along his wife and daughter Maria.
The Emperor was warmly welcomed by the inhabitants of Bahia.[131]
The trip was planned to generate support
for the war-effort.[132]
The imperial entourage included Domitila de Castro (then-Viscountess and later Marchioness of Santos), who
had been Pedro I's mistress since their first meeting in 1822. Although he had never been faithful to Maria
Leopoldina, he had previously been careful to conceal his sexual escapades with other women.[133]
However,
his infatuation for his new lover "had become both blatant and limitless",[134]
while his wife endured slights and
became the object of gossip.[134]
Pedro I was increasingly rude and mean toward Maria Leopoldina, left her
short of funds, prohibited her from leaving the palace and forced her to endure Domitila's presence as her lady-
in-waiting.[135][136]
In the meantime, his lover took advantage by advancing her interests, as well as those of her
family and friends. Those seeking favors or to promote projects increasingly sought her help, bypassing the
normal, legal channels.[137]
On 24 November 1826, Pedro I sailed from Rio de Janeiro to São José in the province of Santa Catarina. From
there he rode to Porto Alegre, capital of the province of Rio Grande do Sul, where the main army was
stationed.[138]
Upon his arrival on 7 December, the Emperor found the military conditions to be much worse than
previous reports had led him to expect. He "reacted with his customary energy: he passed a flurry of orders,
fired reputed grafters and incompetents, fraternized with the troops, and generally shook up military and civilian
administration."[139]
He was already on his way back to Rio de Janeiro[140]
when he was told that Maria
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Leopoldina had died following a miscarriage.[139][141]
Unfounded rumors soon spread through the Brazilian
capital that purported that she had died after being physically assaulted by Pedro I .[C]
The war continued on with no conclusion in sight. In June 1828, Irish and German mercenaries mutinied in Rio
de Janeiro.[142][143]
Discontented with the harsh conditions of military life in Brazil, the foreigners readily
accepted bribes from the United Provinces to not only rebel, but to also capture the Emperor so that he could
be held hostage as a bargaining chip.[144][145]
The mercenary mutiny was put down with much bloodshed.
Pedro I relinquished Cisplatina soon afterward, in August, and the province became the independent nation
of Uruguay.[146][147]
Second marriage[edit]
Marriage of Pedro I to Amélie of Leuchtenberg. Next to him, in order of precedence, are his children with Maria
Leopoldina: Pedro, Januária, Paula and Francisca
After his wife's death, Pedro I realized how miserably he had treated her, and his relationship with Domitila
began to crumble. Maria Leopoldina, unlike his mistress, was popular, honest and loved him without expecting
anything in return. The Emperor greatly missed her, and even his obsession with Domitila failed to overcome
his sense of loss and regret.[148]
One day Domitila found him weeping on the floor and embracing a portrait of
his deceased wife, whose sad-looking ghost Pedro I claimed to have seen.[149]
Later on, the Emperor left the
bed he shared with Domitila and shouted: "Get off of me! I know I live an unworthy life of a sovereign. The
thought of the Empress does not leave me."[150][151]
He did not forget his children, orphaned of their mother, and
was observed on more than one occasion holding his son, the young Pedro, in his arms and saying: "Poor boy,
you are the most unhappy prince in the world."[152]
At the insistence of Pedro I, Domitila departed from Rio de Janeiro on 27 June 1828.[153]
He had resolved to
marry again and to become a better person. He even tried to persuade his father-in-law of his sincerity, by
claiming in a letter "that all my wickedness is over, that I shall not again fall into those errors into which I have
fallen, which I regret and have asked God for forgiveness".[154]
Franz I was less than convinced. The Austrian
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emperor, deeply offended by the conduct his daughter endured, withdrew his support for Brazilian concerns
and frustrated Pedro I's Portuguese interests.[155]
Because of Pedro I's bad reputation in Europe, owing to his past behavior, princesses from several nations
declined his proposals of marriage one after another .[125]
His pride thus wounded, he allowed his mistress to
return, which she did on 29 April 1829 after having been away nearly a year .[154][156]
However, once he learned
that a betrothal had finally been arranged, the Emperor ended his relationship to Domitila once and for all. She
returned to her native province of São Paulo on 27 August, where she remained.[157]
Days earlier, on 2 August,
the Emperor had been married by proxy to Amélie of Leuchtenberg.[158][159]
Despite her lower rank by
birth,[160][161]
he was stunned by her beauty after meeting her in person.[162][163]
The vows previously made by
proxy were ratified in a Nuptial Mass on 17 October .[164][165]
Between Portugal and Brazil[edit]
Endless crises[edit]
Pedro I at age 32, 1830
Since the days of the Constituent Assembly in 1823, and with renewed vigor in 1826 with the opening of the
General Assembly (the Brazilian parliament), there had been an ideological struggle over the balance of
powers wielded by the emperor and legislature in governance. On one side were those who shared Pedro I's
views, politicians who believed that the monarch should be free to choose ministers, national policies and the
direction of government. In opposition were those, then known as the Liberal Party, who believed that cabinets
should have the power to set the government's course and should consist of deputies drawn from the majority
party who were accountable to the parliament.[166]
Strictly speaking, both the party that supported Pedro I's
government and the Liberal Party advocated Liberalism, and thus constitutional monarchy.[167]
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Regardless of Pedro I's failures as a ruler, he respected the Constitution: he did not tamper with elections or
countenance vote rigging,[168]
refuse to sign acts ratified by the government,[169]
or impose any restrictions on
freedom of speech.[170][171]
Although within his prerogative, he did not dissolve the Chamber of Deputies and call
for new elections when it disagreed with his aims or postpone seating the legislature.[172]
Liberal newspapers
and pamphlets seized on Pedro I's Portuguese birth in support of both valid accusations (e.g., that much of his
energy was directed toward affairs concerning Portugal)[173]
and false charges (e.g., that he was involved in
plots to suppress the Constitution and to reunite Brazil and Portugal).[174]
To the Liberals, the Emperor's
Portuguese-born friends who were part of the Imperial court, includingFrancisco Gomes da Silva who was
nicknamed "the Buffoon", were part of these conspiracies and formed a "secret cabinet".[175][176]
None of these
figures exhibited interest in such issues, and whatever interests they may have shared, there was no palace
cabal plotting to abrogate the Constitution or to bring Brazil back under Portugal's control.[177]
Another source of criticism by the Liberals involved Pedro I's abolitionist views.[178]
The Emperor had indeed
conceived a gradual process for eliminating slavery. However, the constitutional power to enact legislation was
in the hands of the Assembly, which was dominated by slave-owning landholders who could thus thwart any
attempt at abolition.[179][180] The Emperor opted to try persuasion by moral example, setting up his estate at
Santa Cruz as a model by granting land to his freed slaves there.[181][182]
Pedro I also professed other advanced
ideas. When he declared his intention to remain in Brazil on 9 January 1822 and the populace sought to accord
him the honor of unhitching the horses and pulling his carriage themselves, the then-Prince Regent refused.
His reply was a simultaneous denunciation of the divine right of kings, of nobility's supposedly superior blood
and of racism: "It grieves me to see my fellow humans giving a man tributes appropriate for the divinity, I know
that my blood is the same color as that of the Negroes."[183][184]
Abdication[edit]
Pedro I delivers his abdication letter on 7 April 1831
After Domitila's banishment from court, the vow the Emperor made to alter his behavior proved to be sincere.
Pedro I's second wife Amélie was kind and loving to his children and provided a much needed sense of
normalcy to both his family and the general public.[185]
Uncharacteristically, he had no more affairs and
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remained faithful to his spouse.[186]
In an attempt to mitigate and move beyond other past misdeeds, he made
peace with José Bonifácio, his former minister and mentor .[187][188]
The Emperor's efforts to appease the Liberal Party resulted in very important changes. He supported an 1827
law that established ministerial responsibility.[189]
On 19 March 1831, he named a cabinet formed by politicians
drawn from the opposition,[190]
allowing a greater role for the parliament in the government. Lastly, he offered
positions in Europe to Francisco Gomes and another Portuguese-born friend to extinguish rumors of a "secret
cabinet".[185][191]
To his dismay, his palliative measures did not stop the continuous attacks from the Liberal side upon his
government and his foreign birth. Frustrated by their intransigence, he became unwilling to deal with his
deteriorating political situation.[185]Meanwhile, Portuguese exiles campaigned to convince him to give up on
Brazil and instead devote his energies to the fight for his daughter's claim to Portugal's crown.[192]
According to
Roderick J. Barman, "[in] an emergency the Emperor's abilities shone forth—he became cool in nerve,
resourceful and steadfast in action. Life as a constitutional monarch, full of tedium, caution, and conciliation,
ran against the essence of his character."[193]
On the other hand, the historian remarked, he "found in his
daughter's case everything that appealed most to his character. By going to Portugal he could champion the
oppressed, display his chivalry and self-denial, uphold constitutional rule, and enjoy the freedom of action he
craved."[192]
The idea of abdicating and returning to Portugal took root in his mind, and, beginning in early 1829, he talked
about it frequently.[194]
An opportunity soon appeared to act upon the notion. Radicals within the Liberal Party
rallied street gangs to harass the Portuguese community in Rio de Janeiro. On 11 March 1831, in what became
known as the "noite das garrafadas" (night of the broken bottles), the Portuguese retaliated and turmoil gripped
the streets of the national capital.[195][196]
On 5 April, Pedro I fired the Liberal cabinet, which had only been in
power since 19 March, for its incompetence in restoring order .[190][197]
A large crowd, incited by the radicals,
gathered in Rio de Janeiro downtown on the afternoon of 6 April and demanded the immediate restoration of
the fallen cabinet.[198] The Emperor's reply was: "I will do everything for the people and nothing [compelled] by
the people."[199]
Sometime after nightfall, army troops, including his guard, deserted him and joined the protests.
Only then did he realize how isolated and detached from Brazilian affairs he had become, and to everyone's
surprise, he abdicated at approximately 03:00 on 7 April.[200]
Upon delivering the abdication document to a
messenger, he said: "Here you have my act of abdication, I'm returning to Europe and leaving a country that Iloved very much, and still love."
[201][202]
Return to Europe[edit]
War of restoration[edit]
Main article: Liberal Wars
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Pedro, Duke of Braganza, at age 35, 1833. After their invasion of Portugal, he and his soldiers swore not to shave their
beards until Maria II was restored[203]
At dawn on the morning of 7 April, Pedro, his wife and others, including his daughter Maria II and his sister Ana
de Jesus, were taken on board the British warship HMS Warspite. The vessel remained at anchor off Rio de
Janeiro, and, on 13 April, the former emperor transferred to and departed for Europe
aboard HMSVolage.[204][205] He arrived in Cherbourg-Octeville, France, on 10 June.[206][207]During the next few
months, he shuttled between France and Great Britain. He was warmly welcomed by, but received no actual
support from, either government.[208]
Finding himself in an awkward situation because he held no official status
in either the Brazilian Imperial House or in the Portuguese Royal House, Pedro assumed the title of Duke of
Braganza on 15 June, a position that once had been his as heir to Portugal's crown. Although the title should
have belonged to Maria II's heir, which he certainly was not, his claim was met with general
recognition.[209][210]
On 1 December, his only daughter by Amélie, Maria Amélia, was born in Paris.[211]
He did not forget his children left in Brazil under the guardianship of José Bonifácio. He wrote poignant letters
to each of them, conveying how greatly he missed them and repeatedly asking them to seriously attend to their
educations. Shortly before his abdication, Pedro had told his son and successor: "I intend that my brother
Miguel and I will be the last badly educated of the Braganza family".[212][213]
Charles Napier , a naval commander
who fought under Pedro's banner in the 1830s, remarked that "his good qualities were his own; his bad owing
to want of education; and no man was more sensible of that defect than himself."[214][215]
His letters to Pedro II were often couched in language beyond the boy's reading level, and historians have
assumed such passages were chiefly intended as advice that the young monarch might eventually consult
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upon reaching adulthood.[206]
A notable passage in a missive to Pedro II gives a powerful insight into the Duke
of Braganza's political philosophy: "The era in which princes were respected solely because they are simply
princes has ended; in the century in which we live, in which the peoples are quite well informed of their rights, it
is necessary that princes should be and also should know that they are men and not divinities, that for them
knowledge and good sense are indispensable so that they are the more quickly loved than respected." He
concluded: "The respect of a free people for their ruler ought to be born of the conviction which they hold that
their ruler is capable of making them achieve that level of felicity they aspire to; and if such is not the case,
unhappy ruler, unhappy people."[216]
While in Paris, the Duke of Braganza met and befriended Gilbert du Motier, Marquis of Lafayette, a veteran of
the American Revolutionary War who became one of his staunchest supporters.[210][217]
Pedro bade farewell to
his family, Lafayette and around two hundred well-wishers on 25 January 1832. He knelt before Maria II and
said: "My lady, here is a Portuguese general who will uphold your rights and restore your crown." In tears, his
daughter embraced him.[218] Pedro sailed to the Atlantic archipelago of the Azores, the only Portuguese territory
that had remained loyal to his daughter. After a few months of final preparations he embarked for mainland
Portugal, entering the city of Porto unopposed on 9 July.[219] He came at the head of a small army composed of
Portuguese liberals, such as Almeida Garrett and Alexandre Herculano, as well as foreign mercenaries and
volunteers such as Lafayette's grandson, Adrien Jules de Lasteyrie.[220]
Death[edit]
See also: First Carlist War
Pedro on his deathbed, 1834
Severely outnumbered, Pedro's army of liberals was besieged in Portof or more than a year. There, in early
1833, he received news from José Bonifácio in Brazil of his daughter Paula's impending death. Pedro made
two requests to his children's guardian: "the first is to keep for me a bit of her beautiful hair; the second is to
place her in the convent of Nossa Senhora da Ajuda [Our Lady of Good Aid] and in the same spot where her
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good mother, my Leopoldina for whom even today I still shed tears of longing, is located ... I ask you as a
father, as a pitiful desolate father, to do me a favor and go in person to deposit next to the body of her mother
this fruit of her womb and on this occasion pray for one and other."[221]
Months later, in September, he met with Antônio Carlos de Andrada, a brother of Bonifácio who had come from
Brazil. As a representative of the Restorationist Party, Antônio Carlos asked the Duke of Braganza to return to
Brazil and rule his former empire as regent during his son's minority. Pedro realized that the Restorationists
wanted to use him as a tool to facilitate their own rise to power, and frustrated Antônio Carlos by making almost
impossible demands, to ascertain whether the Brazilian people, and not merely a faction, truly wanted him
back. He insisted that any request to return as regent be constitutionally valid. The people's will would have to
be conveyed through their local representatives and his appointment approved by the General Assembly. Only
then, and "upon the presentation of a petition to him in Portugal by an official delegation of the Brazilian
parliament" would he consider accepting.[222][223]
During the war, the Duke of Braganza mounted cannons, dug trenches, tended the wounded, ate among the
rank and file and fought under heavy fire as men next to him were shot or blown to pieces.[224]
His cause was
nearly lost until he took the risky step of dividing his forces and sending a portion to launch an amphibious
attack on southern Portugal. The Algarver egion fell to the expedition, which then marched north straight for
Lisbon, which capitulated on 24 July.[225]
Pedro proceeded to subdue the remainder of the country, but just
when the conflict looked to be winding down to a conclusion, his Spanish uncle Don Carlos, who was
attempting to seize the crown of his niece Doña Isabel II, intervened. In this wider conflict that engulfed the
entire Iberian Peninsula, the First Carlist War , the Duke of Braganza allied with liberal Spanish armies loyal to
Isabel II and defeated both Miguel I and Carlos. A peace accord was reached on 26 May 1834.[226][227]
Except for bouts of epilepsy that manifested in seizures every few years, Pedro had always enjoyed robust
health.[36][228]
The war, however, undermined his constitution and by 1834 he was dying of tuberculosis.[229]
He
was confined to his bed in Queluz Royal Palace from 10 September .[230][231]
Pedro dictated an open letter to the
Brazilians, in which he begged that a gradual abolition of slavery be adopted. He warned them: "Slavery is an
evil, and an attack against the rights and dignity of the human species, but its consequences are less harmful
to those who suffer in captivity than to the Nation whose laws allow slavery. It is a cancer that devours its
morality."[232]
After a long and painful illness, Pedro died at 14:30 on 24 September 1834.[233]
As he had
requested, his heart was placed in Porto's Lapa Church
[234]
and his body was interred in the Royal Pantheon ofthe House of Braganza.
[234][235] The news of his death arrived in Rio de Janeiro on 20 November, but his
children were informed only after 2 December .[236]
Bonifácio, who had been removed from his position as their
guardian, wrote to Pedro II and his sisters: "Dom Pedro did not die. Only ordinary men die, not heroes."[237][238]
Legacy[edit]
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Monument to the Independence of Brazil where Pedro I and his two wives are buried
Equestrian statue of Pedro IV inLiberdade Square, Porto
Upon the death of Pedro I, the then-powerful Restorationist Party vanished overnight.[239]
A fair assessment of
the former monarch became possible once the threat of his return to power was removed. Evaristo da Veiga,
one of his worst critics as well as a leader in the Liberal Party, left a statement which, according to historian
Otávio Tarquínio de Sousa, became the prevailing view thereafter :[235]
"the former emperor of Brazil was not a
prince of ordinary measure ... and Providence has made him a powerful instrument of liberation, both in Brazil
and in Portugal. If we [Brazilians] exist as a body in a free Nation, if our land was not ripped apart into small
enemy republics, where only anarchy and military spirit predominated, we owe much to the resolution he took
in remaining among us, in making the first shout for our Independence." He continued: "Portugal, if it was freed
from the darkest and demeaning tyranny ... if it enjoys the benefits brought by representative government to
learned peoples, it owes it to D[om]. Pedro de Alcântara, whose fatigues, sufferings and sacrifices for the
Portuguese cause has earned him in high degree the tribute of national gratitude."[240][241]
John Armitage, who lived in Brazil during the latter half of Pedro I's reign, remarked that "even the errors of the
Monarch have been attended with great benefit through their influence on the affairs of the mother country. Hadhe governed with more wisdom it would have been well for the land of his adoption, yet, perhaps, unfortunate
for humanity." Armitage added that like "the late Emperor of the French, he was also a child of destiny, or
rather, an instrument in the hands of an all-seeing and beneficent Providence for the furtherance of great and
inscrutable ends. In the old as in the new world he was henceforth fated to become the instrument of further
revolutions, and ere the close of his brilliant but ephemeral career in the land of his fathers, to atone amply for
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the errors and follies of his former life, by his chivalrous and heroic devotion in the cause of civil and religious
freedom."[242]
In 1972, on the 150th anniversary of Brazilian independence, Pedro I's remains (though not his heart) were
brought to Brazil—as he had requested in his will—accompanied by much fanfare and with honors due to a
head of state. His remains were reinterred in the Monument to the Independence of Brazil, along with those of
Maria Leopoldina and Amélie, in the city of São Paulo.[234][243]
Years later, Neill Macaulay said that "[c]riticism of
Dom Pedro was freely expressed and often vehement; it prompted him to abdicate two thrones. His tolerance
of public criticism and his willingness to relinquish power set Dom Pedro apart from his absolutist predecessors
and from the rulers of today's coercive states, whose lifetime tenure is as secure as that of the kings of old."
Macaulay affirmed that "[s]uccessful liberal leaders like Dom Pedro may be honored with an occasional stone
or bronze monument, but their portraits, four stories high, do not shape public buildings; their pictures are not
borne in parades of hundreds of thousands of uniformed marchers; no '-isms' attach to their names."[244]
Titles and honors[edit]
See also: List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown
Titles and styles[edit]
Styles of
Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil
Reference style His Imperial Majesty
Spoken style Your Imperial Majesty
Alternative style Sire
Royal styles of
Pedro IV, King of Portugal
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Reference style His Most Faithful Majesty
Spoken style Your Most Faithful Majesty
Alternative style Sire
12 October 1798 –
11 June 1801: His Highness The Most SereneInfante Dom Pedro, Grand Prior of
Crato[122]
11 June 1801 – 20 March 1816: His Royal Highness The Prince of Beir a[122]
20 March 1816 – 9 January 1817: His Royal Highness The Prince of Brazil[122]
9 January 1817 – 10 March 1826: His Royal Highness The Prince Royal[122]
12 October 1822 – 7 April 1831: His Imperial Majesty The Emperor [122]
10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826: His Most Faithful Majesty The King[122]
15 June 1831 – 24 September 1834: His Imperial Majesty The Duke of Braganza[209]
As Brazilian emperor his full style and title were: "His Imperial Majesty Dom Pedro I, Constitutional Emperor
and Perpetual Defender of Brazil".[245]
As Portuguese king his full style and title were: "His Most Faithful Majesty Dom Pedro IV, King of Portugal and
the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of
Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc."[246]
Nobility[edit]
As heir to the Portuguese crown:[247]
Duke of Braganza[6]
Duke of Barcelos[6]
Duke of Guimarães[6]
Marquis of Vila Viçosa[6]
Count of Ourém[6]
Count of Barcelos[6]
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Count of Faria and Neiva[6]
Count of Arraiolos[6]
Count of Guimarães[6]
Honors[edit]
Pedro I's signature in official documents
His signed initials in official documents
Emperor Pedro I was Grand Master of the following Brazilian Orders:[248]
Order of Christ
Order of Aviz
Order of Saint James of the Sword
Order of the Southern Cross
Order of Pedro I
Order of the Rose
As King Pedro IV, he was Grand Master of the following Portuguese Orders:[6]
Order of Christ
Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz
Order of Saint James of the Sword
Order of the Tower and Sword
Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
After having abdicated the Portuguese crown:
Grand Cross of the Portuguese Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valor, Loyalty and Merit on 20
September 1834[122]
He was a recipient of the following foreign honors:[249]
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Knight of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece
Grand Cross of the Spanish Order of Charles III
Grand Cross of the Spanish Order of Isabella the Catholic
Grand Cross of the French Order of Saint Louis
Knight of the French Order of the Holy Spirit
Knight of the French Order of Saint Michael
Grand Cross of the Austro-Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen
Genealogy[edit]
Ancestry[edit]
The ancestry of Emperor Pedro I:[250]
[show]Ancestors of Pedro I of Brazil
Issue[edit]
Name Portrait Lifespan Notes
By Maria Leopoldina of Austria (22 January 1797 – 11 December 1826; married by proxy on 13 May 1817)
Maria II of Portugal
4 April 1819 –
15 November 1853
Queen of Portugal from 1826 until
1853. Maria II's first husband, Auguste
de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of
Leuchtenberg, died a few months afterthe marriage. Her second husband was
Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and
Gotha, who became King
DomFernando II after the birth of their
first child. She had eleven children
from this marriage. Maria II was heir to
her brother Pedro II as Princess
Imperial until her exclusion from the
Brazilian line of succession by law
no. 91 of 30 October 1835.[251]
Miguel, Prince of Beira 26 April 1820 Prince of Beira from birth to his death.
João Carlos, Prince of Beira
6 March 1821 –
4 February 1822Prince of Beira from birth to his death.
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Princess Januária of Brazil
11 March 1822 –
13 March 1901
Married Prince Luigi, Count of Aquila,
son of Don Francesco I, King of the
Two Sicilies. She had four children
from this marriage. Officially
recognized as an Infanta of Portugal on
4 June 1822,[252]
she was later
considered excluded from the
Portuguese line of succession after
Brazil became independent.[253]
Princess Paula of Brazil
17 February 1823 –
16 January 1833
She died age 9, probably
of meningitis.[254]
Born in Brazil after
its independence, Paula was excluded
from the Portuguese line of
succession.[255]
Princess Francisca of Brazil
2 August 1824 –
27 March 1898
Married Prince François, Prince of
Joinville, son of Louis Philippe I, King
of the French. She had three children
from this marriage. Born in Brazil after
its independence, Francisca was
excluded from the Portuguese line of
succession.[256]
Pedro II of Brazil
2 December 1825 –
5 December 1891
Emperor of Brazil from 1831 until
1889. He was married to Teresa
Cristina of the Two Sicilies, daughter of
Don Francesco I, King of the TwoSicilies. He had four children from this
marriage. Born in Brazil after its
independence, Pedro II was excluded
from the Portuguese line of succession
and did not become King Dom Pedro V
of Portugal upon his father's
abdication.[238]
By Amélie of Leuchtenberg (31 July 1812 – 26 January 1873; married by proxy on 2 August 1829)
Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil
1 December 1831 –
4 February 1853
She lived her entire life in Europe and
never visited Brazil. Maria Amélia was
betrothed to Archduke Maximilian,
later
Emperor Don Maximiliano I of Mexico,
but died before her marriage. Born
years after her father abdicated the
Portuguese crown, Maria Amélia was
never in the line of succession to the
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Portuguese throne.
By Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos (27 December 1797 – 3 November 1867)
Isabel Maria de Alcântara,
Duchess of Goiás
23 May 1824 –
3 November 1898
She was the only child of Pedro I born
out of wedlock who was
officially legitimized by him.[258]
On 24
May 1826, Isabel Maria was given the
title of "Duchess of Goiás",
the style of Highness and the right to
use the honorific "Dona"
(Lady).[258]
She was the first person to
hold the rank of duke in the Empire of
Brazil.[259]
These honors did not confer
on her the status of Brazilian princess
or place her in the line of succession. In
hiswill, Pedro I gave her a share of
his estate.[260]
She later lost herBrazilian title and honors upon her 17
April 1843 marriage to a foreigner,
Ernst Fischler von Treuberg, Count of
Treuberg.[261][262]
Pedro de Alcântara Brasileiro7 December 1825 –
27 December 1825
Pedro I seems to have considered
giving him the title of "Duke of São
Paulo", which was never realized due to
the child's early death.[263]
Maria Isabel de Alcântara
Brasileira
13 August 1827 –
25 October 1828
Pedro I considered giving her the titleof "Duchess of Ceará", the style of
Highness and the right to use the
honorific "Dona" (Lady).[264]
This was
never put into effect due to her early
death. Nonetheless, it is quite common
to see many sources calling her
"Duchess of Ceará", even though "there
is no record of the registry of her title in
official books, which is also not
mentioned in papers related to her
funeral".[264]
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Maria Isabel de Alcântara,
Countess of Iguaçu
28 February 1830 –
13 September 1896
Countess of Iguaçu through marriage in
1848 to Pedro Caldeira Brant, son
of Felisberto Caldeira Brant, Marquis of
Barbacena.[263]
She was never given any
titles by her father due to his marriage
to Amélie. However, Pedro I
acknowledged her as his daughter in his
will, but gave her no share of his estate,
except for a request that his widow aid
in her education and upbringing.[260]
By Maria Benedita, Baroness of Sorocaba (18 December 1792 – 5 March 1857)
Rodrigo Delfim Pereira 4 November 1823 –
31 January 1891
In his will, Pedro I acknowledged him
as his son and gave him a share of hisestate.[260]
Rodrigo Delfim Pereira
became a Brazilian diplomat and lived
most of his life in Europe.[265]
By Henriette Josephine Clemence Saisset
Pedro de Alcântara Brasileiro born 23 August 1829
In his will, Pedro I acknowledged him
as his son and gave him a share of his
estate.
[260]
