CA in Brazil, yesterday, today and tomorrow. Pedro Arreas
45
Conservation Agriculture in Brazil Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow Pedro Arraes President [email protected]
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Presentation from the WCCA 2011 event held in Brisbane, Australia.
Transcript of CA in Brazil, yesterday, today and tomorrow. Pedro Arreas
Brazilian AG data - high tech and smallholders
Drivers of glogal AG demand
Brazilian agriculture evolution
Challenges / Changes in Conservation Agriculture
Green Agriculture
NAMAs Brazil
Final Messages
Outline
Brazilian AG data - high tech
and smallholders
Agriculture and Food Security: Current land use in Brazil
Limit statesAmazon biomePantanal biomeAlto Paraguai river basinAreas planted with pa
stureAreas used for crops/livestockAreas used for agriculture
Limit statesAmazon biomePantanal biomeAlto Paraguai river basinAreas planted with pastureAreas used for crops/livestockAreas used for agriculture
Legend
Total area : . . . . . . . . . . . .851 M ha
Land suitable for agriculture (65%): . . ..555 M ha
Land in use (39%): . . . . . .330 M ha
Area of rural properties INCRA 2010 (67%): . . . . . 572 M ha
Conservation Units +Indigenous Lands (26%): .220 M ha
GDP(2010)
Labor(2007)
Export(2010)
Brazil – The importance of agribusiness
22,3%US$ 520 bi
37% 37,9%US$ 76,4 bi
Dem
ais
seto
res
Dem
ais
seto
res
Dem
ais
seto
res
Source: CEPEA/USP, CNA, MAPA e MDIC. Elaboration: Fiesp-Deagro
ZZBrazilian leadership in World Ranking - 2010
Source: USDA (fev/2011) Note: 2010 (meat) and harvest 2009/10 (other products)
1th 1th 1th 1th 1th 2th 3th 4th
84% 47% 39% 29% 23% 27% 12% 10%
1th 1th 3th 1th 2th 2th 4th 4th
56% 24% 15% 35% 16% 22% 7% 3%
Exp
ort
.Pro
du
ção
Suco Laranja Açúcar C. Frango Café C. Bovina Comp. Soja Milho C. Suína
» Ethanol: 2nd largest producer and world's leading exporter
Elaboration: Fiesp-Deagro
Prod
uctio
nEx
port
Sugar CoffeeOrange
juice Chicken Beef Soybean Corn Pork
Brazilian Agriculture: Projections
Contribution to Brazil in agriculture (%)
cassava 87 beans 70
cattle 30 corn 46milk 58 poultry 50 rice 34 wheat 21 swine 59
Small Farm Agriculture
Brazilian Agriculture: Exports of Selected Products
Data from Conab, G.B.Martha, Jr. (work-in-progress).
1980
/81
1981
/82
1982
/83
1983
/84
1984
/85
1985
/86
1986
/87
1987
/88
1988
/89
1989
/90
1990
/91
1991
/92
1992
/93
1993
/94
1994
/95
1995
/96
1996
/97
1997
/98
1998
/99
1999
/00
2000
/01
2001
/02
2002
/03
2003
/04
2004
/05
2005
/06
2006
/07
2007
/08
2008
/09
2009
/10
2010
/11
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
2,112
9,184
1,451
12,928
1,099
3,384
Beef (1,000 tons carc.equiv.) Poultry (1,000 tons) Pork (1,000 tons carc.equiv.)
Me
at
pro
du
cti
on
(1
,00
0 t
on
s)
+ 334%
+ 1080% + 219%
Source: after Conab.
Brazil: Meat Production
Data from FAO, except for Brazil (IBGE), elaboration G.B.Martha.
Agricultural Land-Area Use
Drivers of glogal AG demand
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
4,06
6,126,91
8,019,15
1975 2000 2010 2025 2050
Drivers of global demand
Source: UN (dez/2010) e IMF (jun/2011). Elaboration: Fiesp-Deagro
Population Growth (billion)
GDP (Annual growth %)
Rural
Urban
Urbanization (billion)
3,74,3 4,5
1,9 2,22,6
6,6 6,4 6,6
Média 00-10 2011 2012
Série1 Série2 Série3Mundo PD PEDWorld DC UC
Average 00-10
ZZNew patterns of feedingWorld - Per capita consumption of food
Source: ICONE e FAO (2006). Note: were not included cereals used for animal feed. Elaboration: Fiesp-Deagro
Drivers of global demand
Replacement of grains and starches for meat, dairy, sweets, processed foods
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Cereais Açúcar Óleo vegetal Carnes Lácteos
(kg /
pes
soa /
ano
)
1989/91 1999/01 2030
Grain Sugar Vegetable oils Meat Dairy
Kg/c
onsu
mer
/yea
r
- 4% + 12% + 55% + 42% + 20%
ZZThe size of the global challenge...
Source: ICONE e FAO (fev/2011)
Carn
es
Grã
os
The demand of additional area will be of 81.7 million ha. The Brazilian agricultural sector is able to add about 60 million hectares through the intensification of beef production.
2050World
+ 61%
+ 60%
+ 108%
+ 24%
+ 52%
+ 96%
+ 83%
Equals ... X current production
(04 x)
(20 x)
(08 x)
(13 x)
(11 x)
(06 x)
(08 x)
Production(million ton.)
CurrentBrasil World
65,1
105,1
92,6
456,8
1.112
407,9
161,5
9,1
3,0
12,2
8,5
52,6
61,9
36,7
Elaboration Fiesp-Deagro
Mea
tG
rain
s
Brazilian agriculture
evolution
Rural povertyFood supply crisisLow Ag production and low yieldsProduction concentrated in South/SoutheastLack of specific knowledge on Tropical AgricultureInstitutional void (ag research, education, markets, media and governmental agencies, etc.)
The task: To move from traditional agriculture to
agriculture based on science & technology
Brazilian Agriculture: before 1970‘s
Jeca Tatú
20/09/10
• Fibers and wood (cotton, Eucalyptus)• Tropical (African) grasses (Brachiaria, etc.)• Sugarcane and ethanol • No-tillage practices• Cerrado Agriculture• Biological control• N fixation
• Poultry• Zebu cattle• Soybean (photoperiodism) • Tropical plants and animals: • Tropical and temperate horticulture
Tropical Agriculture Achievements
No-till Cropping System
Source: MAPA, 2010 – Photo by APDC
Intensification of land use with integrated crop-livestock-forest systemsTechnologies Adapted to Small Scale Farming Systems
Conservation Agriculture in Brazil
154,20
48,86
3.156
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
0,00
20,00
40,00
60,00
80,00
100,00
120,00
140,00
160,00
1976
/77
1977
/78
1978
/79
1979
/80
1980
/81
1981
/82
1982
/83
1983
/84
1984
/85
1985
/86
1986
/87
1987
/88
1988
/89
1989
/90
1990
/91
1991
/92
1992
/93
1993
/94
1994
/95
1995
/96
1996
/97
1997
/98
1998
/99
1999
/00
2000
/01
2001
/02
2002
/03
2003
/04
2004
/05
2005
/06
2006
/07
2007
/08
2008
/09
2009
/10
2009
/11
Yie
ld (
kg/h
a)
Pro
du
ctio
n (m
illio
n t
on
s) a
nd
area
(m
illio
n h
a)
Production (million tons) Area (million ha) Yield (kg/ha)
+ 228%Variation, 1976/77 to 2010/11 + 31% + 151%
Evolution of Agricultural Systems in Brazil
Evolution of grains and oilseeds production (million metric tons), yields (Kg/ha) and area (million hectares) in Brazil from 1975 to 2010.
Challenges / Changes
in Conservation Agriculture
Conservation – 30 years in focus
August 1980
No-Till croppingsystem
The conservationist
The earth is our mother
The role of earthworms in soil formation
Erosion: The great problem
How to produce biogas
Agro-Ecological Zoning Agro-Climatic Risk Zoning Biological Pest Control High yield cultivars (land-sparing effect) No-Till Cropping System Biological Nitrogen Fixation Bioenergy Reclamation Technology for Degraded Areas (mining, engineering and siderurgy) Precision agriculture
Technologies For Environmental Protection
20/09/10
Modified Areas Exhausted Pastures
Brazil as Reference in Sustainable Agriculture
Technical Capacity + New Technologies
Partnerships Degraded Soils
Agricultural Incorporation of Selected Anthropic Areas
Oil Palm Sustainable Production Program
Oil Palm Sustainable Production Program
Restrict expansion to areas that have been deforestedProhibit the felling of native vegetationDirect the expansion of production to the recovery of degraded areasSmall farmers linked to the industrial plants
BRS Manicoré
Agroecological zoning for sustainable production
Conservation Agriculture in Brazil
Cultivated area under no-tillage systems around the world (1000 ha)
Source: Brazilian Federation of No-Till cropping system – FEBRAPDP, 2006
Source: MAPA, 2010 – Photos by Votorantin Metais
Crop Livestock Forest Integration - CLFI“Agricultural intensification and expansion with mitigation of environmental impact”
Biological Nitrogen Fixation
With Bradyrhizobium
Without Bradyrhizobium
Anual economy:~ US$ 5 billion
Brazil has become the world leader in replacing N fertilizers by biological N2 fixation (BNF).
Source: Contini and Martha Jr., 2010
Sugarcane for ethanol production occupies 1.5% of
Brazil´s arable land
87% of sugarcane production
Brazil is using Zoning Technology to Manage Sugarcane Expansion
Source: UNICA.http://www.cnps.embrapa.br/zoneamento_cana_de_acucar/ZonCana.pdf
Agroecological Zoning Plan for Sugarcane Expansion
Biochar Research Network
Embrapa Rice &
Beans: field trials and crop wastes
Embrapa Soils:
Terra Preta and
theoretical model
Embrapa Agriforestry:
integrated systems
trials
Embrapa Agroenergy: integration of energy
and biochar production
Embrapa Pantanal: alternative
biomass and field
trials
Embrapa Agriforestry :
pyrolysis and forests
systems trials
f=y0+a*carvão+b*carvão^2
r2: 0,96 p (0,0155)
Carvão (Mg ha-1
)
0 5 10 15
Pro
duti
vida
de (
kg h
a-1)
2250
2300
2350
2400
2450
2500
2550
2600
f=y0+a*carvão+b*carvão^2
r2: 0,96 p(0,0176)
Carvão (Mg ha-1
)
0 5 10 15
Pro
duti
vida
de (
kg h
a-1)
2850
2900
2950
3000
3050
3100
3150
3200
Yiel
d (k
g ha
-1)
f=y0+a*carvão+b*carvão^2
r2
: 0,96 p (0,016)
Carvão (Mg ha-1
)
0 5 10 15
Pro
duti
vida
de (
kg h
a-1)
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
Charcoal (Mg ha-1)
f=y0+a*charcoal+b*charcoal2
r2 = 0.96 p(0.0155)
Yiel
d (k
g ha
-1)
3200
3150
3100
3050
3000
2950
2900
2850
f=y0+a*charcoal+b*charcoal2
r2 = 0.96 p(0.0176)
f=y0+a*charcoal+b*charcoal2
r2 = 0.96 p(0.0160)
3200
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2600
2550
2500
2450
2400
2350
2300
22500 5 10 15
0 5 10 15
0 5 10 15
c c
bb
a
cbc
bcab
a
cbc
bcab
a1st year after application
3rd year after application
4th year after application
b. Soybean Yield
Charcoal (Mg ha-1)
Haplic Ferralsol, texture sandy clayMato Grosso State, Savanna (Cerrado)
NAMAs Brazil
Voluntary Commitments
COP 15
Brazilian Climate Change
Policy
Brazilian Low Carbon
Emission Agriculture Program
Technological Package Embrapa
Renovation of Degraded Pastures Crop-Livestock-Forest Integration No-Till Nitrogen Fixation Planted Forest Treatment of Swine Residues
NAMAs (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions): reduce GHG emissions = 36,1-38,9% by 2020
Reduce deforestation in the Amazon region (80%) and in the Cerrado (40%). Disseminate sustainable practices in Agriculture. Increase energy efficiency.
Brazil’s Policy to Develope a Low Carbon Emission Agriculture
Fonte: http://photos.mongabay.com/08/1212target_deforestation_brazil.jpg
Towards a Greener Agriculture
Alimento
Materiais
Food
Chemicals
Fibers
Materials
Biomass
Energy
Agriculture - the "industry" of the future
Agriculture as a Provider of Environmental Services
Fertilizer Reduction
Protection of Pollinators
Biological Control
Protection and windbreaks
food supply and maintenance of
wildlifeReduction of erosion
Protection from Predators and Parasitoids
Reduction of Movement of
Pollutants
cultural valueClean water production
Maintenance of Soil Fertility
Climate regulation
Ecological stability
Carbon SequestrationAesthetics and
Landscaping
Biological Fixation of Nutrients
Agroecological Zoning and Climate Change
Source: http://www.climaeagricultura.org.br/index.html
Climate Change and the new geography of agricultural production in Brazil
Climate Change and the new geography of agricultural production in Brazil
Green Agriculture
in the Cerrado:
an example
RR AP
AM PA
AC RO MT TO
MACE RN
PBPE
ALSE
PI
BA
GODF
MGES
RJSP
MS
PR
SC
RS
Land use in the Cerrado
Total area: 204 M ha
Crop land: 21 M ha
Pasture: 54 M ha
Perennial crops: 4 M ha
42% of Brazilian agricultural GDP
Average yield (last 10 years) in Brazil and Cerrado biome
1 m³ ha-¹ year-¹; 2 live-weight gain; ha-¹ year-¹ (complete system)* Yields from Mid-western States (Mato Grosso, South Mato Grosso and Goiás).
Products
Brazil Cerrado biome
Ordinary farm* High-tech farm Exp.station Average (kg ha-¹ year-¹ )
Corn 3,507 4,546 12,000 16,000
Soybean 2,613 2,846 3,900 5,000
Beans 778 1,268 2,000 4,000
Eucalyptus¹ 30 40 80 120
Beef Cattle² 60 70 90 120
Source: Conab (2010)
Possibilities of a Green Agriculture
in the African Cerrado?
Technical CooperationCase Structuring Project /ABC
PRO SAVANNAH PROJECT - MOZAMBIQUE
Similar biomesSimilar challengesBusiness opportunitiesJoint learning opportunitiesA common vision for the future
Brazil
Why NACALA Corridor?
Nacala Corridor
13º S
17º S
Lichinga
Nampula
Final Messages
• Public Image of Agriculture• Maintaining Agribusiness Competitivity• Sustainable Increase in Agricultural
Production• Strengthening Smallholder Agriculture• Sustainable Use of Forests and Altered Areas• North-South-South Cooperation and Dialogue• Climate-Smart Agriculture• Subsidies and Doha Round
• Greener Agriculture a Must
Key Agricultural Challenges Today and Tomorrow
