Chapter 1 1profwelday.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/0/0/23005790/_01_lecture...Chapter 1 Introduction:...

1

1

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures by Edward J. Zalisko

PowerPoint® Lectures for Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition, and

Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology,

Fourth Edition

– Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and Jane B. Reece

Chapter 1 Introduction: Biology Today

2

• Biology is the scientific study of life.

– What is life?

• The study of biology encompasses

– a wide scale of size and

– a huge variety of life, both past and present.

THE SCOPE OF LIFE

The Properties of Life

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

3 Properties of Life:

1) Order

2) Regulation

3) Growth and delopment

4) Energy Processing

5) Respons to the Environment

6) Reproduction

7) Evolution

2


1) Order

– All living things exhibit complex but ordered

organization


2) Regulation

– The environment outside an organism may change

drastically, but the organism can adjust its internal

environment,


3) Growth and development

– Information carried by DNA controls the pattern of

growth and development

3


4) Energy processing

– Organisms take in energy and use it to perform all

of life’s activities; they emit energy as heat


5) Response to the environment

– All organisms respond to environmental stimuli.


6) Response to the environment

– Organisms reproduce their own kind

4


7) Evolution

– Reproduction underlies the capacity of populations

to change (evolve) over time.

11

• Biologists explore life at levels ranging from the

biosphere to the molecules that make up cells.

Life at Its Many Levels


12




1) Biosphere

2) Ecosystems

3) Communities

4) Populations

5) Organisms

6) Organ Systems and Organs

7) Tissues

8) Cells

9) Organelles

10) Molecules and Atoms

Emergent properties:

• At each level novel properties

emerge from the specific

arrangement and interactions of the

parts in an increasingly

sophisticated system.

• In simple terms the sum is greater

than the parts – Car analogy

5

13




1) Biosphere

2) Ecosystems

3) Communities

4) Populations

5) Organisms


7) Tissues

8) Cells

9) Organelles


14




1) Biosphere

2) Ecosystems

3) Communities

4) Populations

5) Organisms


7) Tissues

8) Cells

9) Organelles


15




1) Biosphere

2) Ecosystems

3) Communities

4) Populations

5) Organisms


7) Tissues

8) Cells

9) Organelles


6

16




1) Biosphere

2) Ecosystems

3) Communities

4) Populations

5) Organisms


7) Tissues

8) Cells

9) Organelles


17




1) Biosphere

2) Ecosystems

3) Communities

4) Populations

5) Organisms


7) Tissues

8) Cells

9) Organelles


18




1) Biosphere

2) Ecosystems

3) Communities

4) Populations

5) Organisms


7) Tissues

8) Cells

9) Organelles


7

19




1) Biosphere

2) Ecosystems

3) Communities

4) Populations

5) Organisms


7) Tissues

8) Cells

9) Organelles


20




1) Biosphere

2) Ecosystems

3) Communities

4) Populations

5) Organisms


7) Tissues

8) Cells

9) Organelles


21




1) Biosphere

2) Ecosystems

3) Communities

4) Populations

5) Organisms


7) Tissues

8) Cells

9) Organelles


Nucleus

8

22




1) Biosphere

2) Ecosystems

3) Communities

4) Populations

5) Organisms


7) Tissues

8) Cells

9) Organelles


Atom

23 Ecosystems

• Each organism interacts continuously with its

environment.

– Organisms interact continuously with the living and

nonliving factors in the environment.

– All the living organisms in a specific area, along

with all of the nonliving factors with which they

interact, form an ecosystem.


24 Ecosystems

• The dynamics of any ecosystem depend on two

main processes:

– recycling of chemical nutrients and

– flow of energy.

• Within ecosystems

– nutrients are recycled but

– energy flows through.


9

25 Figure 1.3

ECOSYSTEM Inflow of light energy

Outflow of heat energy

Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms)

Chemical energy (food)

Cycling of

nutrients

Consumers (animals)

Decomposers (in soil)

26 Cells and Their DNA

• The cell is the level at which the properties of life

emerge.

• Cells are the lowest level of structure that can

perform all activities required for life.

• All organisms are composed of cells.

• Cells are the subunits that make up multicellular

organisms such as humans and trees.


27

• All cells share many characteristics.

– All cells are enclosed by a membrane that

regulates the passage of materials between the

cell and its surroundings.

– Every cell uses DNA as its genetic information.

Cells and Their DNA


10

28

• We can distinguish two major types of cells:

1. The prokaryotic cell is

– simpler and usually smaller and

– characteristic of bacteria.

2. The eukaryotic cell is

– subdivided by internal membranes into different

functional compartments called organelles and

– found in plants and animals.

Cells and Their DNA


29 Figure 1.4

Nucleoid

region Nucleus

Organelles

Prokaryotic cell (bacterium)

Smaller

Simpler structure

DNA concentrated in

nucleoid region, which is not enclosed by membrane

Lacks most organelles

• • •

•

• •

•

•

Larger

More complex

structure

Nucleus enclosed

by membrane

Contains many

types of organelles

Eukaryotic cell

Co

lori

zed

TE

M

30

• All cells use DNA as the chemical material of

genes, the units of inheritance that transmit

information from parents to offspring.

• The chemical language of DNA

– is common to all organisms and

– consists of just four molecular building blocks with

names that are abbreviated as A, G, C, T.

Cells and Their DNA


11

31 Figure 1.5

A DNA molecule

The four chemical building blocks of DNA

32

• Genetic engineering has transformed the

pharmaceutical industry and extended millions of

lives.

Cells and Their DNA


33 Figure 1.6

12

34

• The entire “book” of genetic instructions that an

organism inherits is called its genome.

• The nucleus of each human cell packs a genome

that is about 3 billion chemical letters long.

Cells and Their DNA


35 Life in Its Diverse Forms

• Diversity is a hallmark of life.

– The diversity of known life includes about 1.8

million species that biologists have identified and

named.

– Estimates of the total number of species range

from 10 million to over 100 million.


36 Figure 1.7

13

37 Grouping Species: The Basic Concept

• Biodiversity can be beautiful but overwhelming.

• Categorizing life into groups helps us deal with this

complexity.

• Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names

and classifies species.

– It formalizes the hierarchical ordering of organisms

into broader and broader groups.


38 The Three Domains of Life

• The three domains of life are

– Bacteria,

– Archaea, and

– Eukarya.

• Bacteria and Archaea have prokaryotic cells.

• Eukarya have eukaryotic cells.


39

• Eukarya include

– Kingdom Plantae,

– Kingdom Fungi,

– Kingdom Animalia, and

– Protists (multiple kingdoms).

• Most plants, fungi, and animals are multicellular.

• Protists are generally single-celled.

The Three Domains of Life


14

40

• These three multicellular kingdoms are

distinguished by how they obtain food.

– Plants produce their own sugars and other foods

by photosynthesis.

– Fungi are mostly decomposers, digesting dead

organisms.

– Animals obtain food by ingesting (eating) and

digesting other organisms.

The Three Domains of Life


41 Figure 1.8

Protists (multiple kingdoms)

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

DO

MA

IN E

UK

AR

YA

DO

MA

IN

AR

CH

AE

A

DO

MA

IN

BA

CT

ER

IA

42 Unity in the Diversity of Life

• Underlying the diversity of life is a striking unity,

especially at the lower levels of biological

organization.

– For example, all life uses the genetic language

of DNA.


15

43

- Genome-wide variation from one human being to another can be up to

0.5% (99.5% similarity)

- Chimpanzees are 96% to 98% similar to humans, depending on how it is

calculated.

- Cats have 90% of homologous genes with humans, 82% with dogs, 80%

with cows, 79% with chimpanzees, 69% with rats and 67% with mice.

- Cows (Bos taurus) are 80% genetically similar to humans

- 75% of mouse genes have equivalents in humans, 90% of the mouse

genome could be lined up with a region on the human genome 99% of mouse

genes turn out to have analogues in humans

- The fruit fly (Drosophila) shares about 60% of its DNA with humans

- About 60% of chicken genes correspond to a similar human gene.

44 Unity in the Diversity of Life

• Underlying the diversity of life is a striking unity,

especially at the lower levels of biological

organization.

– For example, all life uses the genetic language

of DNA.

• Biological evolution accounts for this combination

of unity and diversity.


45 EVOLUTION:

BIOLOGY’S UNIFYING THEME

• The history of life is a saga of a constantly

changing Earth billions of years old.

– Fossils document this history.


16

46 Figure 1.9

47

• Life evolves.

– Each species is one twig of a branching tree of

life extending back in time through ancestral

species more and more remote.

– Species that are very similar, such as the brown

bear and polar bear, share a more recent

common ancestor.

EVOLUTION:

BIOLOGY’S UNIFYING THEME


48 Figure 1.10

Millions of years ago

Giant panda

Common ancestor of

polar bear and brown bear

20 25 10 15 30 5

Common ancestor

of all modern bears

Ancestral

bear

Spectacled bear

Sloth bear

Sun bear

American black bear

Asiatic black bear

Polar bear

Brown bear

17

49 The Darwinian View of Life

• The evolutionary view of life came into focus in

1859 when Charles Darwin published On the

Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.


50 Figure 1.11a

51

• Darwin’s book developed two main points:

1. Species living today descended from a succession

of ancestral species in what Darwin called

“descent with modification,” capturing the duality

of life’s

– unity (descent) and

– diversity (modification).

2. Natural selection is the mechanism for descent

with modification.

The Darwinian View of Life


18

52 Natural Selection

• Darwin was struck by the diversity of animals on

the Galápagos Islands.

• He thought that adaptation to the environment and

the origin of new species were closely related

processes.

– As populations separated by a geographic barrier

adapted to local environments, they became

separate species.


53 Darwin’s Inescapable Conclusion

• Darwin synthesized the theory of natural selection

from two observations that were neither profound

nor original.

– Others had the pieces of the puzzle, but Darwin

could see how they fit together.


54

• Observation 1: Overproduction and competition

• Observation 2: Individual variation

• Conclusion: Unequal reproductive success

– It is this unequal reproductive success that Darwin

called natural selection.

– The product of natural selection is adaptation.

• Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution.

Darwin’s Inescapable Conclusion


19

55 Figure 1.12a

Elimination of individuals with certain traits

Population with varied inherited traits 1

2

56 Figure 1.12b

Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success

Reproduction of survivors 3

4

57 Adaptation

• The beetles are said to have adapted to their

environment

• However, it is the beetle population that evolved

and adapted. Individuals do not evolve.


20

58 Observing Artificial Selection

• Artificial selection vs natural selection

• Artificial selection is the selective breeding of

domesticated plants and animals by humans.

• In artificial selection, humans do the selecting

instead of the environment.


59 Figure 1.13a

(a) Vegetables descended from wild mustard

Wild mustard

Cabbage from end buds

Cauliflower from flower clusters

Broccoli from flowers and stems

Kale from leaves

Kohlrabi from stems

Brussels sprouts from side buds

60 Figure 1.13b

(b) Domesticated dogs descended from wolves

Domesticated dogs Gray wolves

21

61 Observing Natural Selection

• There are many examples of natural selection in

action.

– In Galápagos finches, beak size becomes better

suited to the size and shape of available seeds.

– Antibiotic-resistance in bacteria evolves in

response to the overuse of antibiotics.


62

• Darwin’s publication of The Origin of Species

fueled an explosion in biological research.

– Evolution is one of biology’s best demonstrated,

most comprehensive, and longest-lasting theories.

– Evolution is the unifying theme of biology.

Observing Natural Selection


63 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE

• The word science is derived from a Latin verb

meaning “to know.”

– Science is a way of knowing, based on inquiry.

– Science developed from our curiosity about

ourselves and the world around us.


22

64 THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE

• There are two main scientific approaches:

– Discovery science is mostly about describing nature.

– Hypothesis-driven science is mostly about

explaining nature.


65 Discovery Science

• Science seeks natural causes for natural

phenomena.

– This limits the scope of science to the study of

structures and processes that we can observe and

measure directly or indirectly.

• The dependence on observations that people can

confirm demystifies nature and distinguishes

science from belief in the supernatural.


66

• Verifiable observations and measurements are the

data of discovery science.

– In biology, discovery science enables us to

describe life at its many levels, from ecosystems

down to cells and molecules.

Discovery Science


23

67 Figure 1.14a

68 Figure 1.14b

69 Discovery Science

• Discovery science

– can stimulate us to ask questions and seek explanations and

– uses a process of inquiry called the scientific method, consisting of a series of steps that provide a loose guideline for scientific investigations.


24

70 Hypothesis-Driven Science

• Most modern scientific investigations can be described as hypothesis-driven science.

– A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a question—an explanation on trial.

– Although we don’t think of it in those terms, we use hypotheses in solving everyday problems, like figuring out why a TV remote fails.


71

• Once a hypothesis is formed, an investigator can

use logic to test it.

– A hypothesis is tested by performing an

experiment to see whether results are as

predicted.

– This deductive reasoning takes the form of

“If…then” logic.

Hypothesis-Driven Science



Observation The remote doesn’t work.

Hypothesis The

batteries are dead.

Question What’s wrong?

Prediction With new

batteries, it will work.

• The mysterious case of the broken remote

25

73

Experiment supports

hypothesis; make more predictions

and test.


Hypothesis The

batteries are dead.


Experiment Replace

batteries.

Prediction With new


Hypothesis-Driven Science

• The mysterious case of the broken remote


Experiment does not support

hypothesis.

Experiment supports

hypothesis; make more predictions

and test.


Hypothesis The

batteries are dead.


Experiment Replace

batteries.

Prediction With new


Revise.

The Process of Science:

Are Trans Fats Bad for You?

• One way to better understand how the process of

science can be applied to real-world problems is to

examine a case study, an in-depth examination of

an actual investigation.


26

76

• Dietary fat comes in different forms.

• Trans fats are a non-natural form produced through

manufacturing processes called hydrogenation.

• Trans fats

– add texture,

– increase shelf life, and

– are inexpensive to prepare.




77

• A study of 120,000 female nurses found that a diet

with high levels of trans fats nearly doubled the risk

of heart disease.




78

• A hypothesis-driven study published in 2004

– started with the observation

– that human body fat retains traces of consumed

dietary fat,

– asked the question

– Would the adipose tissue of heart attack patients be

different from a similar group of healthy patients?

– formed the hypothesis

– healthy patients’ body fat would contain less trans fats

than the body fat in heart attack victims.




27

79

• Design experiment:

– The researchers set up an experiment to determine the

amounts of fat in the adipose tissue of 79 patients who

had experienced a heart attack.

• Collect data and analyze:

– They compared these patients to the data for 167

patients who had not experienced a heart attack.

• This is an example of a controlled experiment

– in which the control and experimental groups differ only

in one variable—the occurrence of a heart attack.




80

• The results showed significantly higher levels of

trans fats in the bodies of the heart attack patients.




81 Figure 1.16

Heart attack patients

1.77

Control group

1.48

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

Tra

ns f

ats

in

ad

ipo

se t

issu

e

(g t

ran

s f

at

per

100 g

to

tal

fat)

28

82

• The results showed significantly higher levels of

trans fats in the bodies of the heart attack patients.

• You would do well to read nutrition labels and

avoid trans fats as much as possible in your own

diet.




83 Theories in Science

• What is a scientific theory, and how is it different

from a hypothesis?

– A scientific theory is much broader in scope than a

hypothesis.

– Theories only become widely accepted in science if

they are supported by an accumulation of extensive

and varied evidence.


84 Theories in Science

• Scientific theories are not the only way of “knowing nature.”

• Science, religion, and art are very different ways of trying to make sense of nature.


29

85 The Culture of Science

• Scientists build on what has been learned from

earlier research.

– They pay close attention to contemporary

scientists working on the same problem.

• Cooperation and competition characterize the

scientific culture.

– Scientists check the conclusions of others by

attempting to repeat experiments.

– Scientists are generally skeptics.


86 Science, Technology, and Society

• Science and technology are interdependent.

– New technologies advance science.

– Scientific discoveries lead to new technologies.

– For example, the discovery of the structure of

DNA about 60 years ago led to a variety of DNA

technologies.


87 Figure 1.17

30

88

• Science has two key features that distinguish it

from other forms of inquiry. Science

– depends on observations and measurements that

others can verify and

– requires that ideas (hypotheses) are testable by

experiments that others can repeat.

The Culture of Science


89 Figure 1.18

90

– Technology has improved our standard of living

in many ways, but it is a double-edged sword.

– Technology that keeps people healthier has

enabled the human population to double to

7 billion in just the past 40 years.

– The environmental consequences of this

population growth may be devastating.

Science, Technology, and Society


31

91 Evolution Connection:

Evolution in Our Everyday Lives

• Antibiotics are drugs that help cure bacterial

infections.

• When an antibiotic is taken, most bacteria are

typically killed.

• Those bacteria most naturally resistant to the drug

can still survive.

• Those few resistant bacteria can soon multiply and

become the norm and not the exception.


92

• The evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a

huge problem in public health.

• Antibiotics are being used more selectively.

• Many farmers are reducing the use of antibiotics in

animal feed.

Evolution Connection:



93

• It is important to note that the adaptation of

bacteria to an environment containing an antibiotic

does not mean that the drug created the antibiotic

resistance. Instead, the environment screened the

heritable variations that already existed among the

existing bacteria.

Evolution Connection:



32

94 Figure 1.19

Co

lori

ze

d S

EM

Chapter 1 1profwelday.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/0/0/23005790/_01_lecture...Chapter 1 Introduction:...

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 1 1profwelday.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/0/0/23005790/_01_lecture...Chapter 1 Introduction:...