Pb Monitoring

AMTAC; April 12, 2011

Gwen Yoshimura

Pb Monitoring Rule Revision Rule published December 27, 2010 Requires:

Monitoring at sources emitting ≥ 0.5 tpy Pb Monitoring at airports emitting ≥ 1.0 tpy Pb Monitoring at 15 “study” airports

Includes three in Bay Area, two in San Diego Monitoring at NCore stations

Replaces CBSA monitoring requirement Pb-TSP or Pb-PM10

Monitors included in July 1, 2011 network plan Monitors operational by December 27, 2011

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1) Aviation Gasoline (avgas) accounts for nearly half of the Pb NEI

Leaded avgas is used only in piston-engine aircraft: Personal

transportation, instructional, business/ corporate, air taxi, other

Lead needed to prevent knock

2) Petition

Why are we looking at airports?

Pb Monitoring at Airports AvGas Endangerment Finding Petition:

Oct 2006 – Friends of the Earth petition EPA to : a) make endangerment finding and issue a proposed emissions standard, or b) do a study

Nov 2007 – EPA solicited information 2008 – initiated Pb study at Santa Monica Airport April 28, 2010 – EPA publishes ANPR seeking comment on the

data available for evaluating Pb emissions, ambient concentrations, potential exposures, approaches for phasing-down or eliminating leaded av gas.

Aug 27, 2010 – comment period closed

Monitoring Contribute information to aviation gasoline discussion Will be used assess need for Pb monitoring at airports

Pb Airport Monitoring in California Over 1 tpy:

South Coast: Van Nuys Airport Study Airports:

Bay Area AQMD: Palo Alto, Reid-Hillview, Santa Clara

San Diego: McClellan-Palomar, Gillespie

Additional AvGas Information

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Background on Avgas and Piston-Engine Aircraft Leaded avgas use and concentration

Tetraethyl lead first used in aircraft 1927 “100 Octane” has 4 grams Pb/gal

used in commercial and military aircraft until the 1950s

“100 Low Lead” has 2 grams Pb/gal most common leaded avgas used currently

• Piston-engine aircraft• There are about 200,000 piston-engine

powered aircraft as of 2008• Annual new sales of 1,800 in 2008• We estimate 7 grams Pb emitted per

landing/take-off cycle

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Leaded Avgas is Roughly Half the National Inventory

Metal industries (23%)

Manufacturing industries (14%)

Waste incineration

(8%)

Boilers --industrial, commercial,

institutional, utility (6%)

Other (small) categories (5%)

Source Sectors of Lead Emissions in the U.S.

Leaded aviation gas used in piston-engine aircraft(45%)

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Public and Private Airport Facilites Servicing Piston-Engine Aircraft

From Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association www.gaservingamerica.com

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Potentially Impacted Population About 16 million people live within 1 km of the

20,000 airport facilities About 3 million children attend schools that

are located within 1 km of the 20,000 airport facilities airports Includes more than 8,000 schools

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Lead in Avgas Leaded Avgas was not banned in 1990 CAA

amendments Industry agreed to work toward solutions

FAA, Coordinating Research Council and industry have been testing fuel alternatives since the late 1990’s

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Regulations Governing Aircraft Lead Emissions

EPA can set exhaust emissions standards under CAA section 231 States are preempted under the CAA

EPA does not have authority under CAA section 211 to regulate fuels solely used in aircraft engines FAA has exclusive authority to regulate aircraft fuels

A positive finding of endangerment puts EPA and FAA under a duty to exercise their respective regulatory authority to limit lead emissions