Patrick Tolan, Ph.D. - "Positive Youth Development and Physical Health and Well-Being"
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The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development PYD Approach To Development Into the Third Decade of Life Patrick Tolan Ph.D. University of Virginia, Youth-Nex Center October 23, 2012
description
Tolan is Professor at the University of Virginia in the Curry School of Education and the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences in the School of Medicine. He is director of Youth-Nex: The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development. Wrap-Up Panel - This panel kicked off the final discussion of the conference's two day dialogue. Panelists suggested directions for public policy to help promote physical activity, health and well-being in children and adolescents.
Transcript of Patrick Tolan, Ph.D. - "Positive Youth Development and Physical Health and Well-Being"
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
PYD Approach To Development Into the Third Decade of Life
Patrick Tolan Ph.D.
University of Virginia, Youth-Nex CenterOctober 23, 2012
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
YOUTH-NEX Mission
• Promote Healthy/Effective Youth Development
• Enhance Potential of Youth as Healthy Productive Citizens
• Reduce Developmental Risk
– Through Focused Research, Training and Service
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Transition to Adult Status & Roles (Outcomes)
• Key Functional Outcomes (Education, Marriage, Parenting, Work)
• Key Social Roles (Community Involvement, Ownership, Conventional Roles)
• Key Self-Definition Changes• Behavioral Continuity
Horney, J., Tolan, P.H., & Weisburd, D. (in press). Contextual Influences. In R. Loeber & D. Farrington (Eds.), From Juvenile Delinquency to Adult Crime: Criminal Careers, Justice Policy and Prevention. Oxford University Press.
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Transition or Further Trajectory?
• Past Predicts But Not Well
• Enter At Different Age With Different Supports, Possibilities
• Different Opportunities
• For Many Transition is Transitional
• Co-Occurring Development of Family, Friends, Society
All are Same (Transition), All are Similar to a Subgroup (Variations), All are Unalike (Individual Variations)
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Transition or Further Trajectory?
• Genetic/Inherited Propensities
• Gene Environment Correlation, Interactions, etc.
• Assortative Mating, Luck of the Draw
• Access to Social Resources
• Exposure to Social Risks
• Access to Family and Community Support, Role
• Mattering
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Child
Family
Community
Neighborhood
Child
Family
Community
Neighborhood
Multiple Influences Interacting Over Development
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Chicago Youth Development StudyChicago Youth Development Study
Patrick H. Tolan, Deborah Gorman-Smith,
David B. Henry, Michael Schoeny,
Susan Scrimshaw, Co-PI, Ethnography
Funded by NIMH, NSF, NICHD, CDC-P and W.T. Grant Foundation
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
SAMPLE
• 341 African American and Hispanic adolescent males (148 African American, 193 Latino
• Recruited from 17 Chicago public schools
• high poverty, high crime communities
• Half of the sample were selected because they had already displayed above average for community (95th% for US) levels of aggression
• Mean age was 12.31 at the beginning of the study (range 10-15 years), first 4 waves annual
• Seven Waves over 17+ years
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
How Adolescent Trajectories Can Relate to Early Adolescent Functioning
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Delinquency Clusters/TrajectoriesBased on 4 annual waves of data from Self-Report of Delinquency
► Non-offenders: those with no or minimal aggression, but no delinquent behavior (24.3%).
► Chronic-minor offenders: those consistently involved in minor offenses over each of the four waves (34.4%).
► Escalators: those starting delinquent involvement at a later wave and escalate to serious offending (frequent & violent) (13.5%).
► Serious-Chronic: involved in serious and frequent (including violent) offending at every wave (27.4%).
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Delinquency Trajectories Distribution
Chronic MinorNon-Delinquent Serious, Chronic, ViolentEscalators
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
ns for any comparison
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
2(3,N=178)=11.70, p < .01 SCV < Others
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
2(3,N=178)=2.35, ns
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
2(3,N=178)=2.78, ns, But, Escalators < Others
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
2(3,N=178)=4.41, ns overall But SCV < Minimal & CM
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
F(3,172)=4.66, p < .01 Escalators and SCV > Minimal and Chronic Minor
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Neighborhood Effects on Trajectory Relation to Functioning
as Young Adult
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
• Community Structural Characteristics: characteristics that reflect the economic and political/civic viability of the community
• Neighborhood Social Organization: social processes or organization for support, regulation, aid
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Effects for Logistic Regression of Neighborhood Social Organization and Adolescent Trajectories
on Young Adult Functioning
• Community Structural Characteristics is not a main effect
• Neighborhood Social Organization is not main effect in multivariate prediction model, controlling for Structural Characteristics
• Primary Finding is interaction of neighborhood with trajectories for some outcomes
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Crimes Committed
SCV vs ND, B = 0.60, 2(1, N=208) = 5.24, p < .05
-2 -1 0 1 2
01
23
45
Neighborhood Social Organization (W1-4)
Wei
ghte
d F
requ
ency
Lev
el
Non-delinquent (ND)Chronic Minor (CM)Serious, Chronic, Violent (SCV)Escalators (E)
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Stable Relationship
Slope: SCV vs ND, B = -0.87, 2(1, N=208) = 3.80, p < .10
-2 -1 0 1 2
01
23
45
Neighborhood Social Organization (W1-4)
O
dds
of a
Sta
ble
Rel
atio
nshi
p (W
7 R
epor
t)
Non-delinquent (ND)Chronic Minor (CM)Chronic Minor (CM)Serious, Chronic, Violent (SCV)Escalators (E)Escalators (E)
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Simplified Presentation of Trajectories on Crime by Neighborhood
Intercept: SCV vs ND, B = 0.85, 2(1, N=208) = 11.29, p < .01
Slope: SCV vs ND, B = 0.60, 2(1, N=208) = 5.24, p < .05
More Criminal
Better Organization
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Applying a PYD/Youth as Manager of Resources Approach
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Moderated Model – Conceptual Diagram
*All moderators inter-correlated (arrows not shown in diagram), Control for ethnicity
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Measures – Outcomes and Stressful Life Events
• Outcome (Waves 4 and 5 ages 16-19)• School Attachment
• Endorsement of Prosocial/Responsible/Optimism Values
• Depressive symptoms
• Externalizing behaviors
• Stressful Life Events – Average numbers across types (wave 2)1. Health-related
2. Economic-related
3. Loss
4. Exposure to crime and violence
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Moderated Model - Results
MeasureSchool
Attachment Prosocial
ValuesCBC
ExternalizingDepression
Age -0.033* -0.003 -0.307 -0.068
African American 0.109* 0.045 -2.542 -0.842
Baseline Aggression
StressCoping
-0.004
-0.004-0.003
0.001
-0.007 0.050
0.096
1.134* 0.506
-0.027
0.910* 0.105
Family Functioning -0.016 0.019 0.184 0.089
Prosocial Activities 0.062* 0.090* -0.567 -0.367
Stress*Coping -0.074* -0.132*
0.572 -0.202*
Stress*Family Functioning -0.011 -0.023 0.666 0.506
Stress*Activities 0.028 0.049 -0.125 -0.002
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Effects Moderated by Coping Effectiveness
Coping and School Attachment
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
Effects Moderated by Coping Effectiveness
Coping and Prosocial Values
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
3 Major Tasks/Areas of Study for PYD
and Youth Development
Conference on PYD & Intervention Evaluation
Youth-Nex Center, University of Virginia
April 2, 2012
YOUTH-NEX
The U.Va. Center to Promote Effective Youth Development
To Map Youth Development from PYD Approach
1. Identify Functional and Process Outcomes (Consensus)
2. Methodology for Multitudinal Programs (Development)
3. Formulate and Test Theories of Transition vs. Subgroup Variation
a. Dynamic-Systems Theory
b. How Local/Ecological
GOAL: TO PRODUCE YOUTH AS CAPABLE APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT INTO THIRD DECADE OF LIFE
