TOC 1 Physics 212 and 222 Circuit Elements and Electric Power Resistors Capacitors Inductors.
Passive Components: Capacitors & Resistors Topics: General ...
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Transcript of Passive Components: Capacitors & Resistors Topics: General ...
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Passive Components: Capacitors & Resistors
Passive Components account for:
80% of BOM Count60% of PCB Area20% of BOM Cost
Embedded System Design 8-2003
Topics:General
Thru-Hole & SMT Assembly …pages 3 ~ 6
Products Capacitors …pages 7 ~ 36
Resistors …pages 37 ~ 47
– Types – Markets – Characteristics– Substitution Guidelines– Appearance – Sizes – Marking
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Thru-Hole Assembly
1. Leaded parts are inserted into holes in circuit board
2. Leads are clinched and cut.
3. Molten wave of solder connects leads to board.
Wave of molten solder Direction of Assembly Flow
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1. Solder paste is printed onto land patterns (pads).
Surface Mount (SMT) Assembly
PCB 4
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2. SMT parts are placed (by automatic pick and place equipment)onto solder paste covered land patterns.
Vacuum Nozzle
Surface Mount (SMT) Assembly
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3. Circuit board is run through a reflow soldering oven. Where the solder paste liquefies, and electrically connects the SMT component terminations to the circuit board land patterns. As the circuit board moves out of heating zone the liquid solder solidifies mechanically fixing the SMT components to the circuit board.
Surface Mount (SMT) Assembly
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CAPACITORS
ELECTROSTATIC
CERAMIC FILM ALUMINUM TANTALUM
Capacitor Family Tree
ELECTROLYTIC
• Non polarized
• AC or DC operation
• Lower Capacitance
• Polarized
• DC operation
• Higher Capacitance
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CAPACITORS
ELECTROSTATIC
CERAMIC FILM ALUMINUM TANTALUM
Markets
ELECTROLYTIC
Biggest marketLowest Cost1206 Long Lead Times (LT)0603 & 0402 good choices
Better performance at higher costSMT longer LT
Large Cap in Small Sizes Long LT Price Increases on C/ D/ E sizes
Large Cap at low cost SMT increasing LT Price flat on TH (through hole)
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TANTALUM
ALUMINUM
FILM
FILMCERAMIC
CERAMIC
1.0pF 10uF 1000uF
Capacitance Values
µF = micro-Farad = 1 x 10-6 F = 1 millionth of a Farad
nF = Nano-Farad = 1 x 10-9 F = 1 billionth of a Farad
pF = Pico-Farad = 1 x 10-12 F = 1 trillionth of a Farad
ALUMINUM
TANTALUMCERAMIC
FILM
0.10uF
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Capacitance Values – EIA CodesPico-Farad Nano-Farad Micro-Farad
EIA Code (pF) (nF) (uF)1 R 5 1 .5 0 .0 0 1 52 R 2 2 .2 0 .0 0 2 23 R 3 3 .3 0 .0 0 3 34 R 7 4 .7 0 .0 0 4 76 R 8 6 .8 0 .0 0 6 81 0 0 1 0 0 .0 11 5 0 1 5 0 .0 1 52 2 0 2 2 0 .0 2 22 5 0 2 5 0 .0 2 53 3 0 3 3 0 .0 3 33 9 0 3 9 0 .0 3 94 7 0 4 7 0 .0 4 75 6 0 5 6 0 .0 5 66 8 0 6 8 0 .0 6 87 5 0 7 5 0 .0 7 58 2 0 8 2 0 .0 8 21 0 1 1 0 0 0 .1 0 .0 0 0 11 2 1 1 2 0 0 .1 2 0 .0 0 0 1 21 5 1 1 5 0 0 .1 5 0 .0 0 0 1 51 8 1 1 8 0 0 .1 8 0 .0 0 0 1 82 0 1 2 0 0 0 .2 0 .0 0 0 22 2 1 2 2 0 0 .2 2 0 .0 0 0 2 22 7 1 2 7 0 0 .2 7 0 .0 0 0 2 73 0 1 3 0 0 0 .3 0 .0 0 0 33 3 1 3 3 0 0 .3 3 0 .0 0 0 3 33 9 1 3 9 0 0 .3 9 0 .0 0 0 3 94 7 1 4 7 0 0 .4 7 0 .0 0 0 4 75 1 1 5 1 0 0 .5 1 0 .0 0 0 5 15 6 1 5 6 0 0 .5 6 0 .0 0 0 5 66 8 1 6 8 0 0 .6 8 0 .0 0 0 6 87 5 1 7 5 0 0 .7 5 0 .0 0 0 7 58 2 1 8 2 0 0 .8 2 0 .0 0 0 8 21 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1
3 digit code
(pF)
TANTALUMCERAMIC
FILM
3 digit code
First 2 digits are significant.
Third digit is number of zeros.
101 = 100pF
3 digit code
“R” represents decimal point
4R7 = 4.7pF
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Capacitan
ce Valu
es –EIA
Codes
Pico-Farad Nano-Farad Micro-FaradEIA Code (pF) (nF) (uF)
1 2 2 1 2 0 0 1 .2 0 .0 0 1 21 5 2 1 5 0 0 1 .5 0 .0 0 1 52 0 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 .0 0 22 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 .2 0 .0 0 2 22 7 2 2 7 0 0 2 .7 0 .0 0 2 73 0 2 3 0 0 0 3 0 .0 0 33 3 2 3 3 0 0 3 .3 0 .0 0 3 33 9 2 3 9 0 0 3 .9 0 .0 0 3 94 7 2 4 7 0 0 4 .7 0 .0 0 4 75 6 2 5 6 0 0 5 .6 0 .0 0 5 66 8 2 6 8 0 0 6 .8 0 .0 0 6 88 2 2 8 2 0 0 8 .2 0 .0 0 8 21 0 3 1 0,0 0 0 1 0 0 .0 11 2 3 1 2,0 0 0 1 2 0 .0 1 21 5 3 1 5,0 0 0 1 5 0 .0 1 51 8 3 1 8,0 0 0 1 8 0 .0 1 82 2 3 2 2,0 0 0 2 2 0 .0 2 23 3 3 3 3,0 0 0 3 3 0 .0 3 34 7 3 4 7,0 0 0 4 7 0 .0 4 75 6 3 5 6,0 0 0 5 6 0 .0 5 66 8 3 6 8,0 0 0 6 8 0 .0 6 88 2 3 8 2,0 0 0 8 2 0 .0 8 21 0 4 1 0 0,0 0 0 1 0 0 0 .1 01 2 4 1 2 0,0 0 0 1 2 0 0 .1 21 5 4 1 5 0,0 0 0 1 5 0 0 .1 52 2 4 2 2 0,0 0 0 2 2 0 0 .2 23 3 4 3 3 0,0 0 0 3 3 0 0 .3 34 7 4 4 7 0,0 0 0 4 7 0 0 .4 75 6 4 5 6 0,0 0 0 5 6 0 0 .5 61 0 5 1,0 0 0,0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 .02 2 5 2,2 0 0,0 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 .23 3 5 3,3 0 0,0 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 .34 7 5 4,7 0 0,0 0 0 4 7 0 0 4 .76 8 5 6,8 0 0,0 0 0 6 8 0 0 6 .81 0 6 1 0,0 0 0,0 0 0 1 0,0 0 0 1 02 2 6 2 2,0 0 0,0 0 0 2 2,0 0 0 2 2
104 = 100,000pF
104 = 100nF
104 = 0.1uF
106 = 10,000,000pF
106 = 10,000nF
106 = 10uF
103 = 10,000pF
103 = 10nF
103 = 0.01uF
3 digit code
(pF)
TANTALUMCERAMIC
FILM
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Capacitance Values – EIA Codes
Pico-Farad Nano-Farad Micro-FaradEIA Code (pF) (nF) (uF)
R10 100,000 100 0.1R22 220,000 220 0.22R33 330,000 330 0.33R47 470,000 470 0.471R0 1,000,000 1 0 0 0 12R2 2,200,000 2 2 0 0 2.23R3 3,300,000 3 3 0 0 3.34R7 4,700,000 4 7 0 0 4.7100 10,000,000 1 0,0 0 0 10220 22,000,000 2 2,0 0 0 22330 33,000,000 33,000 33470 47,000,000 47,000 47101 100,000,000 100,000 100221 220331 330471 470102 1000222 2200332 3300472 4700103 10,000223 22,000333 33,000473 47,000
3 digit code
(uF)
3 digit code
First 2 digits are significant.
Third digit is number of zeros
471 = 470uF
3 digit code
“R” represents decimal point
R33 = 0.33uF
ALUMINUM
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Capacitance Values
Standard Capacitance Values:
Electrolytic Capacitors: Aluminum & Tantalum10 22 33 47
Examples:0.1, 0.22, 0.33, 0.47… 1.0, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7. 10, 22, 33, 47…
100, 220, 330 …
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Capacitance Values
Standard Capacitance Values: (PER EIA-575 & RS 460) Electrostatics: Ceramic & Film E12 : 10 12 15 18 22 27 33 39 47 56 68 82
Examples:1.0, 1.2, 1.5,…. 10, 15, 22,… 100, 180, 270,… 1K, 3.3K, 4.7K,…
10K, 33K, 56K,… 560K, 680K, 820K,… 1uF, 2.2uF, 4.7uF,…
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Capacitance Values
Standard Capacitance Values: (PER EIA-575 & RS 460)
Electrostatics: Ceramic & Film E24 : 10 11 12 13 15 16 18 20 22 24 27 30 33 3639 43 47 51 56 62 68 75 82 91
In-between Values Shown In Red Are Considered “Odd” Non-Preferred Values And As Such Are Not Stocked
And Should Be Discouraged From Being Selected
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» Capacitance Value SubstitutionCapacitance Value SubstitutionIn many cases increasing to higher capacitance value is acceptable
i.e… 2200uF part can be considered for use in place of 1500uF part
i.e… 3.3uF part can be considered for use in place of 2.2uF part
i.e… 0.22uF part can be considered for use in place of 0.1uF part
Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors
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Tolerance
Capacitance Tolerance :
The allowable window - limits that the capacitors’ +25°C (room temperature) capacitance value will be within.
1 digit code
ALUMINUM
TANTALUMCERAMIC
FILM
CERAMIC FILM
CERAMIC
CERAMIC
CERAMIC
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» Capacitance Tolerance SubstitutionCapacitance Tolerance Substitution“A component with a tighter (better) tolerance can replace a looser (worst) tolerance component.”
i.e... ±1%(F) tolerance part can replace ±2%(G), ±5%(J) or ±10% (K) tolerance part
i.e... ±2%(G) tolerance part can replace ±5%(J), ±10% (K) or ±20% (M) tolerance part
i.e... ±5%(J) tolerance part can replace ± 10%(K) or ±20% (M) tolerance part
i.e… ±10%(K) tolerance part can replace ±20%(M) or +80%/-20%(Z) tolerance part
i.e… ±20%(M) tolerance part can replace +80%/-20%(Z) tolerance part
Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors
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Voltage Rating
Voltage Rating
The maximum VDC that can be applied to the capacitor
Range of Voltage Ratings: 2.0VDC ~ 15,000VDC
2 digit code
CODE VDC0G 4.00J 6.31A 101C 161E 251V 351H 501J 632A 1002D 2002E 2502V 3502G 4002W 450
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Component Derating/Safety Factor
Components should not be operated at their maximum ratings. Components should be derated in designs, such that component maximum ratings are not approached or exceeded. The amount of derating to apply depends on the circuit and operating environment. As a general rule of thumb, derate components by 50%. For example, a decoupling capacitor used on a 5V bus should have a voltage rating of at least 10V.
» Capacitance Voltage Rating SubstitutionCapacitance Voltage Rating Substitution“A component with a higher voltage rating may be used in place
of, or as a substitute for, a lower voltage rated component.”
i.e… 1000V rated part can replace 500V, 250V or 100V rated part.i.e… 500V rated part can replace 250V , 100V or 50V rated part.i.e… 250V rated part can replace 100V, 50V or 25V rated part.
i.e… 100V rated part can replace 50V or 25V rated part.
i.e… 50V rated part can replace 25V or 16V rated part.
i.e… 25V rated part can replace 16V or 10V rated part.
Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors
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TC Characteristic
Each Capacitor will have a temperature coefficient (TC). TC is ameasure of how the capacitance value behaves over temperature.
All parts are supplied to be within tolerance at room temperature(+25°C = +77°F)
Aluminum Electrolytic styles have TC of±20% over -40°C to +105°C
Tantalum Electrolytic styles have TC of ±5% over -55°C to +85°C
Film styles have TC of ±7% over -40°C to +105°C
-50°C +25°C +100°C
+10%
0%
-10%
-20%
-30%
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TC Characteristic
Unfortunately not all capacitance values can be produced from one ceramic dielectric formulation…
A wide range of ceramic dielectrics are needed, and have been developed, to cover a broad range of capacitance values. The EIA (Electronics Industries Alliance) established industry classifications for ceramic dielectrics that are agreed to and met by all ceramic capacitor producers.
These ceramic dielectric classifications are identified by their temperature coefficient (TC) code.
NPO
Y5P Z5UX7R
Y5F
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TC Characteristic
Standard Temperature Coefficients (TC) of ceramic capacitors:
X7R = ±15% ∆C over -55°C ~ + 125°C
Low Temperature Limit High Temperature LimitMaximum AllowableCapacitance ChangeFrom +25°C ( 0 VDC )
X = -55°C 5 = +85°C F = ±7.5%Y = -30°C 6 = +105°C P = ±10%Z = +10°C 7 = +125°C R = ±15%
8 = +150°C (SPECIAL) S = ±22%T = +22% / -33%U = +22% / -56%V = +22% / -82%
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Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors
» Temperature Coefficient SubstitutionTemperature Coefficient Substitution
“A component with a more stable (better) temperature characteristic (TC) can replace a less temperature stable (worse) component.
i.e…an X7R ceramic can replace Z5U or Y5V ceramic parts.
i.e…an NPO ceramic can replace a X7R or Z5U or Y5V ceramic.
MOST STABLE LEAST STABLE
NPO… X7R… X5F… X5P… X5R… XRS… X5T… Y5U… Y5V… Z5U… Z5V...
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Capacitance Range per TCMultilayer Ceramic Chip Capacitor
Temperature Coefficients:
TC CapacitanceRange
CapacitanceValue Code
VoltageRange
StandardTolerance
NPO 0.5pF ~0.056uF 0R5 ~ 563
25VDC ~1KVDC
(J)+/-5%
X7R 100pF ~ 2.2uF 101~ 22516VDC ~1000VDC
(K)+/-10%
Y5V 1000pF ~ 10uF 102 ~ 10616VDC ~50VDC
(Z)-20%/+80%
Z5U 1000pF ~ 10uF 102 ~ 10616VDC ~50VDC
(M)+/-20%
+/-20
0.5pF 1pF 10pF 100pF 1nF 10nF 100nF 1uF 10uF
NPOX7R
Z5UY5V
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Radial Leaded Electrolytic Capacitors • Cathode lead (-) shorter than anode (+)• Cathode polarity band or anode strip• Date code (YYWW) “9614” = 14th week of 1996• Temperature rating• Capacitance value (µF)• Voltage rating (VDC)• Logo
Appearance
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Axial & Snap-In Leaded Electrolytic Capacitors • Cathode polarity band • Date code (YYWW) “9614” = 14th week of 1996• Temperature rating• Capacitance value (µF)• Voltage rating (VDC)• Logo
Appearance
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Ceramic Disc Capacitor (Radial)
Cap Value102 = 1000pF
DielectricY5F
Voltage1KV = 1000VDC
Cap ToleranceC = +/-.25pFD = +/-.5pFF = +/-1%G = +/-2%J = +/-5%
K = +/-10%M = +/-20%Z = +80%/-20%
Example shown P/N: NCD103K1KVY5PTR
DielectricY5P
Cap Value103 = 0.01uF
Voltage1KV = 1000VDC
Example shown P/N: NCD102K1KVY5F 28
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Film Capacitor (Radial Leaded)
• Capacitance value (pF) & Tolerance Code
• Voltage rating (VDC)
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SMT Electrolytic Capacitors • Cathode (-) & Anode (+) markers• Capacitance value (µF)• Voltage rating (VDC)• Date Code
Appearance
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English Metric Length Width
0201 0603 0.6mm (0.02”) 0.3mm (0.01”)0402 1005 1.0mm (0.04”) 0.5mm (0.02”) 0603 1608 1.6mm (0.06”) 0.8mm (0.03”)0805 2012 2.0mm (0.08”) 1.2mm (0.05”) 1206 3216 3.2mm (0.12”) 1.6mm (0.06”)1210 3225 3.2mm (0.12”) 2.5mm (0.10”)1812 4532 4.5mm (0.18”) 3.2mm (0.12”)2225 5764 5.7mm (0.22”) 6.4mm (0.25”)
Dimensions (Surface Mount)
WIDTHLENGTH
No Component Marking
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Surface Mount Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors
Case Code Metric English Length Width
P 2012 0805 2.0mm (0.08”) 1.2mm (0.05”)
A, A2 3216 1206 3.2mm (0.12”) 1.6mm (0.06”)
B, B2 3528 1411 3.5mm (0.14”) 2.8mm (0.11”)
C 6032 2412 6.0mm (0.24”) 3.2mm(0.12”)
D1* 5846 2318 5.8mm (0.23”) 4.6mm(0.18”)
D, E 7343 2917 7.3mm (0.29”) 4.3mm (0.17”)
* - D1 is Japanese size
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Surface Mount Film Chip Capacitors
English Metric Length Width0805 2012 2.0mm (0.08”) 1.2mm (0.05”)1206 3216 3.2mm (0.12”) 1.6mm (0.06”)1210 3225 3.2mm (0.12”) 2.5mm (0.10”)1913 4833 4.8mm (0.19”) 3.3mm (0.13”)2416 6041 6.0mm (0.24”) 4.1mm (0.16”)
No Component Marking 33
Reel Labeling
Part Number, Product Lot Number and Date Code identified on product reel labels provides trace-ability to production
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Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors
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Component Characteristics Substitution Guide: Capacitors
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RESISTORS
LEADED
CARBON FILM
METALFILM
THICK FILM
THIN FILM
Resistor Family Tree
SMT
METALOXIDEFILM
WIREWOUND
+/-5%GENERAL PURPOSE
+/-1%HIGHER
PERFORMANCE
HIGH POWER>2WHIGH POWER
+/-1%+/-5%GENERAL PURPOSE
<+/-1%SPECIAL
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RESISTORS
LEADED
CARBON FILM
METALFILM
THICK FILM
THIN FILM
Resistor Family Tree
SMT
METALOXIDEFILM
WIREWOUND
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Mature MarketFlat PricingDeclining Qty’s
Lowest costLargest Qty’sIncreasing Lead Times &
Pricing for larger sizes (>0805)
Higher costLower volumesPerformance applic driven
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Resistor Characteristics
RESISTANCE VALUERESISTANCE VALUEResistance is expressed in ohms (Ω). Typical resistance values are industry standard (E24 & E96) values from 1.0 ohm to 10 Meg-ohms (10,000,000 ohm = 10MegOhm)
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Axial Leaded Styles
Leaded Types
Metal Oxide
Metal Film
Carbon Film
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Single In-Line Package (“SIP”) in 4 pin to 13 pin package
Leaded Types
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Isolated
Common / Bussed 45
SMT Types
Thick Film Chips
English Metric Length Width0201 0502 0.5mm (0.02”) 0.25mm (0.01”) 0402 1005 1.0mm (0.04”) 0.5mm (0.02”)0603 1608 1.6mm (0.06”) 0.8mm (0.03”)0805 2012 2.0mm (0.08”) 1.2mm (0.05”) 1206 3216 3.2mm (0.12”) 1.6mm (0.06”)1210 3225 3.2mm (0.12”) 2.5mm (0.10”)1812 4532 4.5mm (0.18”) 3.2mm (0.12”)2225 5764 5.7mm (0.22”) 6.4mm (0.25”)
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Thick Film Arrays
SMT Types
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• NPO (a.k.a. C0G) capacitors are the most stable, and are often used for oscillator circuits.
• C0G, X7R, X5R, Y5V, and Z5U are the most common types.• ESR and ESL can limit capacitor performance at high
frequencies. Typically choose low ESR for critical decoupling.• For prototyping on perf board, use leaded (through-hole)
components. SMT can be used to a limited extent.• If designing a PCB with SMT components and planning to
assemble your PCB by hand, use larger SMT packages.1206 and 0805 are relatively easy to handle. 0603 is manageable with practice. 0402 and 0201 are very difficult.
• An 0805 component can fit on 1206 pads.• An 0603 component can fit on 0805 pads.• Derate components to increase component life.
Summary & Recommendations
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