Part I: Petrine Era (2)
description
Transcript of Part I: Petrine Era (2)
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Part I: Petrine Era (2)
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L03 Petrine State-Building Reforms
• Supreme Power
• Administration
• Finances
• Military
• Church
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I. Main Themes
1. Systematization, rationalization
2. Petrine, not Peter’s, reforms
3. Multiple Western models, but adapted
4. Shifting focus: mil/financial to new areas
5. Upgrading, not integrating, the Church
6. Uneven impact
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II. Supreme Power
1. Personal absolutism:
a. Theorize: Truth of the Monarch’s Will
b. Romanize
c. Personalize
d. Bureaucratize
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II. Supreme Power
2. The Missing Cabinet
a. Demise of the Boyar Duma
b. 1699: “Near Duma” (blizhniaia duma)
c. 1708: “Consilium of Ministers”
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II. Supreme Power
3. Senate
a. Why established?
b. Subsequent elevation
c. Supreme administrative organ
d. Post-Petrine: Senate role, claims
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Senate (St. Petersburg)
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Petrine Senate (1912 painting)
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Senate Chamber1993
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Senate Interior (Archive)
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III. Administration
1. Early measures:
a. 1699: Urban and provincial reform
b. Creating, abolishing prikazy
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III. Administration
2. 1708-15: Decentralization
a. 17th Century: Prefects (voevoda)
b. Guberniia reform 1708
c. Dolia (fractions), 1711-15
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III. Administration
3. Collegial reform, 1715-1718
a. Foreign models
b. Initial system (1717)
c. Modifications
d. Durability Leibniz to Peter: “There cannot be good administration
except with colleges; their mechanism is like that of watches, whose wheels mutually keep each other in movement.”
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Colleges
Original 9 (1717) Additional (by 1721)
Foreign Relations Manufacturing College
State Revenues Spiritual College (Synod)
State Expenditures
State Control
Justice
Army
Admiralty
Commerce
Extractive Industry
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Missing Units
• Interior
• Agriculture
• Education
• Court
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III. Administration
4. Provincial Reform (1718)
a. Model and enactment
b. Structure
c. Shortcomings
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III. Administration
5. Judiciary
a. Antecedents
b. Law: proliferation, failure to codify
c. Political police
d. Judicial reform (1717-1719)
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III. Administration
6. Civil Service
a. Key problems
b. Building a bureaucratic class
c. Table of Ranks (1722)
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Menshikov
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Boris I. Kurbatov
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Iaguzhinskii: Procurator-General
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IV. Finances
1. Emergency measures: debasement, special levies, trade monopolies, tariffs
2. Household tax: problem of “population decline”
3. Poll tax (1718)
4. Impact of poll tax system
5. Petrine state budget
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Population “Loss” 1678-1710
• 154,000 Households (19.5%) vanish. Reasons from reports on 19,000:37% Landlord, state exactions
20% Conscription
1% Brigandage
42% Natural causes (death, pestilence)
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Impact of Poll Tax
1. Social: freezes social order (males)
2. Bifurcation
3. Amalgamation
4. Immiseration
5. Collective barrier to flight
6. Religious resistance: Old Believers
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State Budget
Year Nominal Amount
Adjusted for Inflation
1680 1.5 million rubles
1.5 million rubles
1724 8.5 million rubles
4.5 million rubles
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V. Military
1. Problems:
a. Ineffective
b. Unreliable
c. Evasion
d. weak administration
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V. Military
2. Reformsa. Recruitmentb. Structure (shtat of 1711)c. Logistics, provisioningd. Military Code (1716)e. Administration:
Military Prikaz (1701)Military Chancellery (1706)Military College (1718)
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V. Military
3. Officer Corpsa. Key problemsb. Recruitingc. Trainingd. Russifying
1711: reduce by 1/3
1714: dismiss unfit1720: Ban on new foreign hires
1722: Foreigners beneath Russian in rank
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V. Military
4. Navya. Costsb. Military role
1705 expendituresFleet: 175,000 rublesArtillery: 263,000 rublesAdministration: 12,166 rublesEducation: 3,786 rubles
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V. Military
5. Impact of Petrine military reforms
a. Regularization paradigm
b. Military experience of elites
c. Education
d. Social and economic costs
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VI. Church Reform
1. Why reform? Politics, finances, culture, efficiency
2. Finances: De facto secularization (Monastery prikaz, 1701-24)
3. Church Role: auxiliary servitor
4. Synodal reform (1718-1721)
5. “Spiritual Command”
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Patriarch Adrian
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Stefan Iavorskii
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Feofan Prokopovich
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VII. Conclusions
1. Growing complexity, deliberation of reform
2. Shortcomings: lack of human, material resources
3. Indigenize, not westernize
4. Military paradigm
5. Political culture: identity of ruler, elites