World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS
description
Transcript of World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS
![Page 1: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
World HistoryEra 4: Part 3
NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS
![Page 2: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Byzantium
Russia
Islam
![Page 3: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Byzantine CivilizationA. The Rise of New Rome
1. Name: Greek Byzantium, Constantinople, Istanbul
2. Location: peninsula on the Bosporus Straits separating southeastern Europe from Asia Minor; present day Turkey
http://carpenterinternational.com/ages/pics/byzantine.gif
![Page 4: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
3. Importance
a. Commercial center where east/west trade routes met
b. Capital of the eastern Roman empire
c. One of the major patriarchates of the early Christian church
d. Replaced Rome (after 476) as the primary city of the empire
e. Byzantine civilization was more Greek than Roman, more Asian than European
![Page 5: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
B. The Reign of Justinian
1. His chief objective was to restore the greatness of the Roman empire by
a. Recovering the Roman territory in the West that had fallen to the barbarians (Italy, Southern Spain, France, and Northern Africa)
b. Revitalizing the Roman legal system. This became known as the Justinian Code.
http://historyofinformation.com/images/justinian.jpg
![Page 6: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
2. His reign was the Golden Age of Byzantine Culture
a. Extensive building programs – public buildings, roads, aqueducts
b. Art and architecture developed and prospered -- mosaics
http://0.tqn.com/d/historymedren/1/0/1/F/2/theomosaicCU.jpg
![Page 7: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
3. His successors were not prepared to rule
a. Financially, the empire was drained from wars and building projects
b. The eastern and northern borders were unprotected
C. Separation of the eastern and western churches
1. Constantine legalized Christianity and his city became the natural center of this “new religion”
2. Religious rivalry resulted in the bishop of Rome excommunicating the patriarch of Constantinople and vice versa
![Page 8: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3. Differences between the two churches
a. Control of religious affairsb. Celibacyc. Iconsd. Western influenced by Roman and German
tribes; eastern influenced by Greek and Oriental ideas
http://www.orthodoxchurchsupplies.com/cover.gif
![Page 9: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
http://www.gsinai.com/rw/icons/fresco_in_a_church_files/page33_1.jpg
![Page 10: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
D. A Chronology of Byzantine History
1. 4th-5th : Heavy barbarian attacks
2. 7th: Arab Muslims advanced into all of Byzantium except the most western areas
3. 850-1050: Revival of Byzantine culture
4. 1000-1100: Rivalry with Italian commercial cities
5. Seljuk Turks from Central Asia conquered Asia Minor
6. 1204: the 4th Crusade sacked Constantinople
7. 1453: Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople
![Page 11: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
E. The Contributions of the Byzantine Civilization
1. A shield to protect Europe from the spread of Islam
2. The means by which the classical heritage of Greece and Rome was preserved and transmitted to the West
3. A model for the “less civilized” people to copy the culture, government, and religion
4. Art and architecture intended to glorify God: mosaic and domed buildings
![Page 12: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Islamic CivilizationA. The Land of Arabia
1. Barren wilderness and desert kept Arabia isolated until the birth of Islam.
2. Descendants of Abraham through Hagar’s son Ishmael.
3. Bedouins: nomadic herdsmen with little organized government
4. Some cities developed along major routes: Mecca, Medina
![Page 13: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
B. The Religion of Islam
1. The founder
a. Muhammad, claiming to be the last and greatest prophet of Allah, founded Islam
b. He believed the angel Gabriel gave him a revelation to warn the people of Allah’s judgment
c. His teaching was rejected by the people of Mecca and conflicts forced him to flee to Medina—the Hegira (722). There, he was well received and his teaching spread
![Page 14: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2. The holy book of Islam: the Koran (recitations)
a. Central doctrine: monotheism; unity of Islam
b. Allah is to be feared because he will reward good and punish evil
c. Muhammad borrowed from Judeo-Christian religion, but changed those doctrines
![Page 15: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3. The Five Pillars of Islam
a. Reciting the confession “There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet”
b. Reciting prayer 5 times a day while facing Mecca
c. Giving alms to the poor
d. Fasting from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan
e. Making a pilgrimage to Mecca; Kaaba (black stone which gives forgiveness)
![Page 16: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Allah u Akbar, Allah u Akbar -- Allah u Akbar, Allah u Akbar Allah is Great, Allah is Great -- Allah is Great, Allah is Great
Ash-hadu al-la llaha ill Allah – Ash hadu al-la llaha ill AllahI bear witness that there is no divinity but Allah
Ash-hadu anna Muhammadan RasulullaahI bear witness that Muhammad is Allah’s Messenger
Ash-hadu anna Muhammadan RasulullaahI bear witness that Muhammad is Allah’s Messenger
Hayya la-s-seleah – Hayya la-s-saleahHasten to the prayer, Hasten to the prayer
Hayya la-l-faleah – Hayya la-l-faleahHasten to real success, Hasten to real success
Allah u Akbar, Allah u AkbarAllah is Great, Allah is Great
La llaha ill AllahThere is no divinity but Allah
![Page 17: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
http://mypost.muslimville.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/kaaba-makka1.jpg
http://www.theislam
icemailcircle.com
/downloads/K
aaba.jpg
![Page 18: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
C. The Spread of Islam
1. Caliphs (successors of Muhammad) directed a rapid expansion of Islam
a. Islam spread into productive land of the weakening Byzantine and Persian empires
b. Islam organized the Arab people around a common cause, but not wholly united
c. Sunni: leadership belongs to “one who follows…the Prophet”; Shia: leadership belongs to a hereditary descendant of Muhammad’s household (imam)
![Page 19: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
2. Umayyad Dynasty (671-750)
a. Capital: Damascusb. Hereditaryc. Extended the empire from France, northern
Africa and into India
3. Abbasid Caliphate
a. Capital: Baghadb. Non-Arab Muslims became dissatisfied being
treated as second class citizensc. Revolted against the Umayyads and
established their own dynasty d. Worked to create a multi-cultural Muslim
empire
![Page 20: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
D. The Contributions of the Muslim Culture
1. A unified civilization through a blending of the cultures of the conquered people
2. Economics: extensive trade routes: spices, silk, muslin, carpets
![Page 21: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
3. Academics: copied and preserved many manuscripts which may have been lost
4. Medicine: hospitals, pharmacies, delicate operations
5. Literature: picturesque poetry and prose
6. Mathematics: Arabic numerals, decimal, zero
7. Art and architecture
a. Islam forbids the representation of man and animals in art
b. Calligraphy: elaborate, beautiful handwriting
c. Mosque: place of Muslim worshipd. Manuscript illumination: illustrated
writing
![Page 22: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Early Russian CivilizationA. Beginnings of the Russian State
1. The Slavs are the most important and numerous people of the multi-racial Russian heritage.2. Varangians. Bands of Swedish Norsemen who sailed along the Russian waterways plundering Slavic villages in hopes of joining in the prosperous trade with the east. They were eventually welcomed and their culture was absorbed.
http://www.ssqq.com/travel/images/russia2012x072.jpg
![Page 23: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
3. Rurik established the first ruling dynasty of Russia (capitaled at Novgorod)
4. Under Oleg, Kiev became the prominent city in a loose confederation of city-states
a. Along the shores of the Dnieper River, centrally located between Scandinavia and the Byzantines
b. Became “Russia”, land of the Rus (sea-farers, rowers)
http
://cd
n.di
pity.
com
/upl
oads
/eve
nts/
5b65
516d
09ec
52ca
ca11
9abf
ca24
e004
.jpg
![Page 24: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
B. Influence of Byzantine Culture
1. Close cultural ties with Constantinople
2. Cut off from western thought and ideas; a “southern” connection
3. Accepted Orthodox Church
4. Russian language from Slavic, from Greek
5. Russian architecture patterned after Byzantine models
![Page 25: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
C. The Height of Kievan Russia
1. Yaroslav the Wise
a. Great territorial expansion
b. Marriage alliances with royal families (FR, PO, SW, NO)
c. Sponsored Russian code of laws
d. Made Kiev a rival of Constantinople
e. Built schools and libraries
http
://uk
rmap
.su/p
rogr
am20
09/u
h7/7
_12/
Yaro
slav.j
pg
![Page 26: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
C. The Height of Kievan Russia
1. Yaroslav the Wise
a. Great territorial expansion
b. Marriage alliances with royal families (FR, PO, SW, NO)
c. Sponsored Russian code of laws
d. Made Kiev a rival of Constantinople
e. Built schools and libraries
![Page 27: World History Era 4: Part 3 NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062816/56816583550346895dd829ce/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2. Civil war over succession to the throne—even though he told his children how to manage the kingdom
3. New trade routes and other cities (Moscow) grew more popular, decreasing the importance of Kiev
4. The Tartars/Tatars destroyed Kiev in 1240 and ruled Russia for 200 years.
The Tatars (meaning mounted messengers) originated somewhere in northern Mongolia; they became part of the Mongol’s Golden Horde that swept across the steppes of Russia. The name Tartar may originate from the Greek mythology (the lowest regions of Hades/hell)