OSCARO.COM : DATA MINING ET STRATEGIE DE TARIFICATION 1 Using Marginal Effective Tax Rates to Assess...
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Transcript of OSCARO.COM : DATA MINING ET STRATEGIE DE TARIFICATION 1 Using Marginal Effective Tax Rates to Assess...
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OSCARO.COM : DATA MINING ET STRATEGIE DE TARIFICATIONUsing Marginal Effective Tax Rates to Assess Tax Incentives in the WAEMU
Charles VellutiniManaging Director, Economic Policy Analysis
Vienna, 14 May 2012
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The Issue
• WAEMU (West Africa) sought to evaluate (i) its tax harmonization policy across member countries ; (ii) the attractiveness of its tax system internationally
• A plethora of tax regimes and tax incentives (General Tax Laws, Investment Code, Special Economic Zone, Mining Codes...)
• Marginal Effective Tax Rates (METRs) account for the complexity of general tax laws and assert the corporate tax burden supported by corporation for each tax regime
3
Result 1: Heavy Tax Burden: the standard regimes METRs in the WAEMU
4
The Effective Corporate Tax Burden – Standard regime (régime général)
5
Result 2: Tax Incentives Are Not so Effective
6
Investment codes (i): Multiplicity and dispersion of regimes
Pays Régime Industrie BTP Commerce Service
Bénin
Régime A,B,et C
Zone I 33,44 %
Zone II 27,71 %
Zone III 23,37 %
Régime D
Zone I 19,22 %
Zone II 15,92 %
Zone III 14,52 %
Régime Spécial 35,79 % 39,72 % 35,50 % 43,59 %
Burkina Faso
Régime A 36,96 %
Régime B 33,06 %
Régime C 30,39 %
Régime D 45,85 %
Régime E 45,85 %
Régime d'exportation 22,69 % 19,89 % 31,40 % 29,55 %
Régime d'exportation (80 % MP locale) 13,34 % 10,52 % 22,17 % 19,73 %
Côte d'Ivoire
Déclaration à l'investissement Abidjan 32,34 % 39,10 %
Déclaration à l'investissement reste du pays
28,98 % 35,29 %
Agrément à l'investissement Abidjan 29,85 % 35,87 %
Agrément à l'investissement reste du pays
26,01 % 31,41 %
Guinée-Bissau
Régime Général 1 6,54 % 1,71 % 8,63 %
Régime Général 2
Entreprise exportatrice 25,27 %
Entreprise utilisant MP locale 25,27 %
Mali
Régime A 35,334 % 31,299 %
34,338 %
Régime B 25,031 % 18,505 %
23,013 %
Niger Régime A, B et C 39,95 % 38,68 % 34,93 % 41,06 %
Sénégal Entreprise nouvelle 27,45 % 23,76 % 40,57 %
Projet d'extension 25,62 % 22,27 % 38,20 %
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Investment codes (ii): METRs only moderately attractive - and dispersed
Indicateur Industrie BTP Commerce Services UEMOA
Moyenne 26,52 % 22,93 % 29,09 % 32,33 % 28,39 %
Médiane 27,58 % 22,27 % 28,34 % 35,87 % 29,70 %
Ecart-type 9% 12% 6% 10% 10%
Minimum 6,54 % 1,71 % 22,17 % 8,63 % 1,71 %
Maximum 39,95 % 39,72 % 35,50 % 45,85 % 45,85 %
Nombre 25 11 8 17 38
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Free zones: Attractive METRs, but fueling general complexity of the tax system
Pays Régime Industrie BTP Commerce Service
Bénin
Zone I 17,43 % 15,93 % 21,97 % 19,64 %
Zone II 14,53 % 11,55 % 19,83 % 15,64 %
Zone III 12,50 % 8,63 % 18,16 % 12,90 %
Mali Zone Franche 1,36 % 0,69 % 1,41 % 0,87 %
Sénégal
Entreprise Franche d’Exportation 16,89 % 15,54 % 16,31 % 20,59 %
Zone Franche Industrielle de Dakar 0,00 % 0,00 % 0,00 % 0,00 %
Zone Economique Spéciale Intégrée 2,26 % 2,05 % 2,17 % 2,80 %
Togo Zone Franche 21,72 % 27,37 % 26,81 % 27,50 %
Indicateur Industrie BTP Commerce Services UEMOA
Moyenne 7,70 % 6,68 % 8,15 % 8,22 % 7,69 %
Médiane 8,38 % 5,86 % 10,33 % 9,15 % 8,68 %
Ecart-type 6,4% 6,1% 6,3% 6,8% 6%
Minimum 0,00 % 0,00 % 0,00 % 0,00 % 0,00 %
Maximum 18,70 % 17,18 % 16,38 % 19,42 % 19,42 %
Nombre 8 8 8 8 8
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The Duration of Exemption Contributes to the Strength of Tax Incentives
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Illustration: Investment Codes in Benin
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The number of tax procedures is positivelly correlated with intra-country METR dispersion
40 50 60 700%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Bénin
Burkina FasoCôte d'Ivoire
Guinée BissauMali
Niger
Sénégal
Togo
f(x) = 0.00392993782967778 x − 0.0621553363226503R² = 0.256816734205171
f(x) = 1.69460659400766E-05 x + 0.127323764852187R² = 5.86269135882667E-06
Nomber of procedures (Doing Business)
MET
R st
anda
rd e
rror
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Number of tax procedures is correlated with time spent on taxation
40 45 50 55 60 65 700
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Bénin
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
Guinée-Bissau
MaliNiger
Sénégal
Togo
f(x) = 12.1272727272727 x − 302.509090909091R² = 0.287444892649697f(x) = 5.90336134453782 x − 1.12815126050424R² = 0.113065391033335
Number of procedures
Tim
e ne
eded
to p
roce
ss ta
xes (
hour
s par
ye
ar)
13
The cost of complexity
Too many tax regimes in a given country – of which tax incentives
Too many tax procedures/ steps needed to access an attractive tax regime
Multiple opportunity for non-transparency Negative impact on business climate
Shrinkage of tax base
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Tax incentives are part of a broader issue: making the tax system work
Heavy and arbitrary tax system
Weak tax compliance
Weak tax revenue
Towards modern business taxation
• Simplify the standard regime and make it more attractive…– Little or no discrimination across sectors– No distinction between new and old investment projects– No ex ante permits/authorizations– Use existing tax and accounting mechanisms
• …To be able to eliminate « incentives » as separate specific mechanisms
• Strategy being implemented by many countries (Ireland, France, etc.)
1515
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Examples of instruments for simple, attractive business taxation
• Reducing the corporate income tax • Tax credit on investment (ex France: Crédit impôt recherche)
• Credit VAT on investment goods with no actual payment of the VAT (ex Guadeloupe) = in effect a tax subsidy on investment
Reform options in West Africa: combine a harmonized 25% CIT with investment tax credit
1717
Significant impact on all countries
METRs as a function of investment tax credit rate (Industry)
-60%
-50%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Bénin
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
Guinée-Bissau
Mali
Niger
Sénégal
Togo
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QUESTIONS?