N o r t h w e s t e r n U n i v e r s i t y S c h o o l o f M u s i c

Presents

Original „Crossover?‟ Popular Ballad-Tunes as Art-Music for Viols in Seventeenth-

Century England

a Doctoral Lecture-Recital

Phillip Woodrow Serna, Double Bass & Viola da Gamba

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree Doctor of Music

Doctor of Music Major Project Committee: Dr. Linda Austern PhD, Musicology, Committee Chair

Professor DaXun Zhang, Double Bass Professor Mary Springfels, Viola da Gamba

Assisted by:

Lynn Donaldson, Viola da Gamba

Ken Perlow, Viola da Gamba Katherine Shuldiner, Viola da Gamba

Mary Springfels, Viola da Gamba Constance Strait, Viola da Gamba

THIS RECITAL WILL BE PERFORMED AT A415 1/6th COMMA MEANTONE TEMPERAMENT

Tuesday, May 22, 2007, 7:00 PM Jeanne Vail Chapel, Alice S. Millar Religious Center

1870 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois

O r i g i n a l „ C r o s s o v e r ? ‟ P o p u l a r B a l l a d - T u n e s a s A r t - M u s i c f o r V i o l s i n S e v e n t e e n t h - C e n t u r y E n g l a n d

L e c t u r e R e c i t a l P r o g r a m

Original „Crossover?‟ Popular Ballad-Tunes as Art-Music Phillip W. Serna for Viols in Seventeenth-Century England Lyra-Viol Arrangements of Popular Ballad and Dance-Tunes Performed on Bass Viol

From the Cambridge University Manuscript Dd.5.20, fol.19, Published in Musica Britannica, Volume IX, No.109, 1955

Walsingham Anonymous From the Manchester Lyra-Viol Manuscript, Richard Sumarte Mid-Seventeenth-Century, c1660 (15?? – after 1630) Fortune [My Foe] Daphne Queen Marie‟s Dumpe Monsieur‟s Almain Solus Cum Sola (after Dowland) What if a Day [My] Roben to the Greense-Woode Gone Whoope Doe Me No Harme [Goode Man!] Lachrymae (after Dowland) The Nightingale

INTERMISSION Lyra-Viol Arrangements of Popular Tunes Performed on Tenor Viol

From the Published Collection: Musicks Recreation John Playford on the Viol, Lyra-Way from the 1651, 1652, 1669 (1623 – 1686)

and 1682 Editions

Blew Cap, No. 9, Playford 1652 Parthenia, No. 7, Playford 1669 Franklin, No. 23, Playford 1669 Focky Went to the Wood, No. 27, Playford 1682 Gerards Mistresse, No. 55, Playford 1652 The Merry Milk-Maid, No. 30, Playford 1669 None Shall Plunder But I, No. 21, Playford 1651 Now the Fight‟s Done, No. 32, Playford 1682 Farwell Fair Armida, No. 94, Playford 1682 Amarillis, No. 69, Playford 1682

Lyra-Viol Arrangements of Popular Song Performed on Double Bass From the Published Collection: Musicks Recreation John Playford

on the Viol, Lyra-Way from the 1651, 1652, 1669 (1623 – 1686) and 1682 Editions

Ah Cruel Bloody Fate, No. 28, Playford 1682 Could Man His Wish Obtain, No. 88, Playford 1682 Gather Your Rosebuds, No. 13, Playford 1652 Glory of the West, No. 19, Playford 1651 Hunt is Up, No. 122, Playford 1661 On the Bonny Christ-Church Bells, No. 25, Playford 1682 Over the Mountain, No. 4, Playford 1652 Step Stately, No. 5, Playford 1652 The K[ing] Enjoys [His Own Again], No. 7, Playford 1652 The Hobby-Horse Dance, No. 20, Playford 1682 Vive Lay Roy, No. 40, Playford 1661

BRIEF PAUSE/ TUNING

Music Transcribed for Viol Consort Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck Transcribed & Adapted for Viols by Phillip W. Serna (1562 – 1621) Engelsche Fortuyn (Fortune My Foe) For Consort á 5

Music for Consort – Canzon super „O Nachbar Roland‟ Samuel Scheidt Ludi Musici – Cantus XXVIII For Consort á 5 (1587 – 1654)

Music for Consort – Ricercar „Bonny Sweet Robin‟ Thomas Simpson

For Consort á 4 (1582 – 1630?) Music for Consort – Go from my Window Orlando Gibbons

For Consort á 6 (1583 – 1625)

Lynn Donaldson, Viola da Gamba Ken Perlow, Viola da Gamba

Katherine Shuldiner, Viola da Gamba Mary Springfels, Viola da Gamba Constance Strait, Viola da Gamba

THIS RECITAL WILL BE PERFORMED AT A415 1/6th COMMA MEANTONE TEMPERAMENT

O r i g i n a l „ C r o s s o v e r ? ‟ P o p u l a r B a l l a d – T u n e s a s A r t – M u s i c f o r V i o l s i n

S e v e n t e e n t h C e n t u r y E n g l a n d L e c t u r e R e c i t a l P r o g r a m N o t e s

T h e B r i t i s h B r o a d s i d e B a l l a d The English term ballad is derived from the Middle English balade. A ballad, as a musical and poetic form, is simply a song that contains a strong narrative element. A broadside was simply the medium in which these ballads were transmitted. “Broadsides”, also referred to as “broadsheets,” were large uncut sheets of paper printed on one side. Broadside publications encompassed many types of popular street literature, including handbills, proclamations, advertisements, religious documents, as well as songs and ballads. While the earliest newspapers began to appear in English in the 1620s in Europe, it would take another two centuries for the general public to receive news from sources other than broadsides. Broadside publications covered a variety of other subject matter from news, gossip, scandals, trials, satirical poems, invectives, lamentations, and godly miracles, to fantastic monstrous births or witchcraft. Broadsides were the cheapest form of print media available in seventeenth century England. They were distributed in mass quantities in churchyards, inns, fairs, taverns, and ale houses. The most common method of distributing ballads was through the employment of ballad-singers, while keeping supplies of ballads fully stocked and displayed in book-stalls. Dating of broadside ballads is difficult before 1556, the year the Stationers‟ Company was incorporated. The Stationer‟s Company required legal registration of all ballads. Many ballad-printers ignored registration, but with over three thousand entries, the Stationers‟ Company preserved a large number of ballad titles for posterity. The most significant collection of print ballads, consisting of 1376 ballads, was owned by John Selden. Later, this collection was completed by Samuel Pepys. In the Samuel Pepys collection, there are approximately 1800 ballads and only 167 of them have accompanying music printed before the verses. Ballad singers often had hundreds of tunes in their repertory. Many of these melodies survived due to the adaptive nature of the repertory. Lyrics were exchanged, inserted and substituted against easily identifiable tunes during London daily life. A number of other ballad melodies have only survived through notated instrumental music. Sixteenth and seventeenth century instrumental works often employed divisions (variations) on ballad tunes. Composers who set ballad tunes for instruments included William Byrd (1542-1623), John Bull (c1562-1628), Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625), and Thomas Morley (1557-1602).

The Viola da Gamba Family Although the viol became part of English court music-making during the reign of Henry VIII, the seventeenth century was the period in which the viola da gamba spread throughout England. At a time of changing tastes in England, it was prophetic that the insistence by Tobias Hume (c1569-1645) that the viol „shall with ease yeelde full various and as devicefull Musicke as the Lute‟ would signal the impending emergence of the viol as a solo, ensemble and continuo instrument. The viol and lute were both instruments that “anybody could (and did) play, while the keyboard

Reproduced from William Corkine‟s was reserved for the serious First Booke of Ayres (1610) musician.” The two types of literature

cultivated for the viol in early modern England were solo literature and consort, or chamber music literature. The solo literature can be divided into two categories: literature for the division viol, and literature written for the lyra-viol (or viol played lyra-way). The lyra-viol (or „harp viol‟) developed in England during the reign of Elizabeth I. Italian composer Alfonso Ferrabosco I (1543-1588) was credited to bringing the lyra-viol to England. The term „lyra-viol‟ was occasionally applied to a viol sized between a consort tenor and bass. Through comparison in Christopher Simpson‟s publication The Division-Violist (1659), we can deduce that the lyra-viol weighed less than a consort bass viol, or a division viol. The lyra-viol also had a less rounded bridge making it ideal for playing chords. The composer and luthier, Daniel Farrant, experimented with sympathetic strings behind the fingerboard, similar to a viola d‟amore. These attempts to provide the viol with sympathetic strings did not become standardized and had no lasting influence. Later in the seventeenth century, it was common practice to play lyra-viol music on a standard viol played lyra-way. The majority of the literature for lyra-viol was printed or written in what is referred to as French lute tablature notation. This would incorporate six lines, representing the strings on a lute or viol, with rhythm placed above the

score. This system used letters to represent the location of which fret to play. Among 18 Elizabethan and Jacobean publications for lyra-viol between the years of 1601 and 1682 , there are Tobias Hume‟s First Part of Ayes (1605), followed by Captaine Hume‟s Poeticall Musicke (1607), William Corkine‟s First Book of Ayres (1610) and Second Book of Ayres (1612). Over 75 sources exist from various countries of music for lyra-viol in tablature form. These manuscripts exist in fragments, while others in larger anthologies. In printed and manuscript sources, we find many works for lyra-viol by such composers as John Coprario (c1575-1626), Simon Ives (1600-1662), John Jenkins (1592-1678), William Lawes (1602-1645), Christopher Simpson (c1605-1669) and others. One of the largest surviving lyra-viol manuscripts is the Manchester Lyra- Viol Manuscript, also known as the Manchester Gamba Book. Reproduced from John Playford‟s In regards to the sizeable consort Musick‟s Recreation on the Viol, literature, two primary forms of Lyra-Way, 1669 Edition seventeenth century music are written for the viol consort in England: dance forms and contrapuntal compositions such as fantasias. Popular dances included the almain, ayre, courante, galliard, pavan, and sarabande. The consort fantasia for viols was a popular medium for composers in seventeenth century England. The fantasia, a composition whose form was derived „solely from the fantasy and skill of the author who created it,‟ was a form of composition that varied from improvisatory works, to strictly contrapuntal works, to works with sectional forms. During the seventeenth century, viol consort literature “was widely cultivated at court, in cathedral closes and university colleges, and in the homes of many gentlemen and noblemen.” Composers who wrote specifically for viol consort include William Byrd (1542-1623), John Coprario, Thomas Lupo (1571-1627), John Ward (1571-1638), Alfonso Ferrabosco II (c1572-1628), Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625), John Jenkins, William Lawes and Henry Purcell (c1659-1695). For chamber music, a variety of different sizes of viols were employed, particularly in chamber music. A typical English „chest of viols‟ used in chamber music would be comprised of six viols: two treble viols, two tenor viols and two bass viols, or occasionally two treble viols, three tenor viols and one bass viol. Phillip W. Serna

M u s i c a l E x a m p l e s i n C o n c e r t

All ballad examples can be found in Claude Simpson‟s The British Broadside Ballad and its Music. Rutgers University Press, 1966. All of the

accompanying texts can be found in Ross Duffin‟s Shakespeare‟s Songbook. Norton, 2004

B a l l a d – B o n n y S w e e t R o b i n o r R o b i n i s t o t h e G r e e n w o o d G o n e Robin is to the greenwood gone Leaving me to sigh all alone. Yet I am resolv‟d to have no other bo y, For bonny sweet Ro bin is all my joy.

The y bore him bare- fac‟d on the Bier, And in his grave rain‟d man y a tear, Fare you well my Dove, my boy, For bonny sweet Ro bin was all my joy.

Reproduced from A Courtly New Ballad of the Princely Wooing of the Fair Maid of London, the Early Modern Center, English Ballad Archive , University of California-

Santa Barbara Online, the Samuel Pepys‟ Collection, 3.235.

B a l l a d – D a p h n e

When Daphne from fair Phoe bus did fly, o the west wind most sweetly did blow in her face.

Her silken skirt scare cover‟d her thigh; the god cried, o pity! and held her in chase .

Stay, nymph, stay, nymph, cried Apollo, tarry, and turn thee, sweet nymph, stay,

Lion or tiger, doth thee follow turn thy fair eye s and look this way.

O turn, o pretty sweet and let our red lips meet: Pity, O Daphne, pi ty me!

She gave no ear unto his cry, but still did neglect him the more he did moan;

Though he did entreat, she still did deny, and earnestly prayed him to leave her alone.

Never, never, cried Apollo, unless to love thou wilt consent,

But still, with my voice so hollow I'll cry to thee while life be spent.

But if thou pi ty me „twill prove thy felicity. Pity, O Daphne, pi ty me!

Away, like Venus‟ doves she flies, the red blood her buskins did run all a-down.

His plaintive love she still denies, and cries: Help Diana, save thy renown!

Wanton, wanton lust is near me, cold and chaste Diana‟s aid.

Let the earth a virgin bear me Or devour me, quick, a maid!

Diana heard her pray and turned her to a bay. Pity, O Daphne, pi ty me!

Amazed stood Apollo then while he beheld Daphne turn‟d as she desir‟d.

Accursed am I above gods and men, with grief & laments my sen ses are tir ‟d.

Farewell, fal se Daphne, mo st unkind, my love lies buried in thy grave!

Long sought I love, yet love could not find, there fore, this is my epitaph:

Thi s tree doth Daphne cover that never pitied lover. Farewell, fal se Daphne, that would not pity me : Although not my love, yet art thou my tree.

B a l l a d – F o r t u n e M y F o e

Fortune, my foe, why dost thou frown on me? And will my favours never greater be? Wilt thou, I say, forever breed me pain ? And wilt thou ne'er restore my joys again? Fortune hath wrought me grie f and great annoy, Fortune has fal sely stole my love away. My love and joy, whose sight did make me glad; Such great misfortunes never young man had. Had fortune took my tre asure and my store, Fortune had never griev‟d me half so sore, But taking her whereon my he art did stay, Fortune there by hath took my life away. Far worse than death, my life I lead in woe, With bi tter thoughts still tossed to and fro, O cruel Chance, thou breeder of my pain, Take life, or else restore my love again. In vain I sigh, in vain I wail and weep; In vain mine eyes refrain from quiet sleep; In vain I shed my tears bo th night and day, In vain my love, my so rrow do bewray. My love doth not my piteous plaint espy, Nor feels my love what gripping grief I try: Full well may I false Fortune‟s deeds reprove, Fortune, that so unkindly keeps my love.

Where should I seek or search my love to find, When fortune fleets and wavers as the wind: Sometimes aloft, some times again below, Thu s totterin g Fortune totte reth to and fro. Then I will leave my love in fortune‟s hands, My deare st love, in most unconstan t bands, And only serve the sorrows due to me, Sorrow, hereafter though shalt my Mistress be. And only joy, that sometime s conquers kings Fortune that rules on earth, and earthly things, So that alone I live not in this woe, For many more hath Fortune served so. No man alive can Fortune‟s spi te withstand, With wisdom, skill, or mighty strength of hand; In midst of mirth she bringeth bi tter moan , And woe to me that hath her hatred known. If wisdom‟s eye s blind Fortune had bu t seen, Then had my Love , my Lo ve forever been: Then, love, farewell, thou gh Fo rtune favor thee, No Fortune frail shall ever conquer me.

Reproduced from Save a Thief from the Gallows, and He‟ll Hang Thee if He Can , the Early Modern Center, English Ballad Archive, University of California-San ta Barbara

Online, the Samuel Pepys‟ Collection, 2.196-197.

Reproduced from The Lamentable Burning of the Citty of Corke, the Early Modern Center, English Ballad Archi ve, Universi ty of California-Santa Barbara Online, the

Samuel Pepys‟ Collection, 1.68-69r.

Reproduced from Anne Wallens Lamentation, the Early Modern Center, English Ballad Archive, University of California-San ta Barbara Online, the Samuel Pepys‟ Collection,

1.124-125.

B a l l a d – G o f r o m M y W i n d o w Go from my window, love go, Go from my window, my dear.

The wind and the rain will drive you back again;

You cannot be lodged here.

Begone, my juggy, my puggy, Begone, my love, my dear.

The weather is war, „t will do thee no harm;

Thou can‟st not be lodged here.

B a l l a d – L o r d W i l l o u g h b y - R o l a n d

Reproduced from Lord Willoughby, the Earl y Modern Center, English Ballad Arc hive, University of California-San ta Barbara Online, the Samuel Pepys‟ Collection, 2.131.

B a l l a d – W a l s i n g h a m As you came from Walsingham

from that holy land,

Met you not with my true love

by the way as you came?

How should I your true love know,

that hath met many a one

As I came from the Holy Land , that have come, that ha ve gone?

She is neither white nor brown, but as the heavens fair:

There is none hath a form so divine

on the earth , in the air.

Such a one I did meet, good sir,

with an angel-like face;

Who appear’d like a nymph, like a queen

in her gait, in her grace.

She hath lef t me here alone,

all alone as unknown:

Who sometimes loved me as her life, and called me her o wn.

What is the cause she hath lef t thee alone, and a new way doth take,

That sometime did thee love as herself ,

and her jo y did thee make?

I have loved her all my youth, but now am old as you see:

Love liketh not the falling fruit,

nor the withered tree .

For love is a careless child

and forgets promise past,

He is blind, he is deaf when he list, and in faith never fast.

His desire is fickle, fond,

And a trustless joy: He is won with a word of despair,

And is lost with a toy.

Such is the love of women kind & the world so abused:

Under which many childish desires

and conceits are excused.

Yea but love is a durable f ire,

in the mind ever burning:

Never sick, never old, never cold, from itself ever turning.

Reproduced from Frauncis New Jigge, the Earl y Modern Center, English Ballad Archi ve,

University of California-San ta Barbara Online, the Samuel Pepys‟ Collection, 1.126 -127.

Photo courtesy of photographer Magdalena Serna

e d i c a t i o n s

This lecture recital is dedicated to my family: Kathleen, Fred (whom I owe my introduction to the viol) and Paul Serna,

Bogdan and Sofie Mikol łajczyk, Alex, John, Jacob and Amanda Tsang, for their steadfast support of my endeavors; to Martin Simmons for his creative ideas and support; and especially to my dearest wife and best friend, Magdalena, for whose example, wisdom, friendship, love, and encouragement has always sustained and inspired me.

c k n o w l e d g m e n t s

I would like to acknowledge the support from so many individuals: This lecture-recital would not have been

possible without the efforts of my committee chair Dr. Linda Austern, whose advice and suggestions have proved invaluable. I would also like to thank my doctoral committee for their guidance, especially DaXun Zhang for seeing me through my final exams. I would also like to thank Mary Springfels for being an exceptional musician and wonderful mentor, always inspiring the best in performance. I would like to thank Russell Wagner and Ken Perlow, for all of their kindness, generosity and thoughtful advice while preparing the recital. I would like to offer credit to Gary Berkenstock of the Chicago Early Music Consort for the suggestion of the Walsingham divisions during a concert in 2006. Lastly, I would like to thank my other colleagues who are performing in my lecture recital: Lynn Donaldson, Katherine Shuldiner and Constance Strait.

Phillip W. Serna

P h i l l i p W . S e r n a – B i o g r a p h y A native of Houston, Texas, Phillip W. Serna (double bass and viola da gamba) is an active and enthusiastic performer o f early music, as well as the contemporary, solo, orchestral, and chambe r repertoire s. Studying with Jeffrey M. Hill, Phillip earned his high school diploma from the Instrumen tal Music Department at the High School for the Performing and Visual Arts in Houston, TX. Afterw ards, Phillip earned his Bachelor of Music in double bass performance with Stephen Tramontozzi at the San Francisco Conservatory of Mu sic in 1998. Phillip later completed his Master of Music at Northwestern University School of Music in 2001 as a Civic Orchestra of Chicago Graduate Fellow. Currently, Phillip is completing the Doctor of Music degree at Northwestern University, studying double bass with international soloist DaXun Zhang and formerly with Chicago Symphony Orche stra member Michael Hovnanian. Additionally, Phillip studies viola da gamba with Newberry Consort founder Mary Springfels. Since 2003, Phillip has been Principal Double Bass of the Northbrook Symphon y Orche stra and has been recently elected to a two-year term on the Board of Directors of the Northbrook Symphony Orche stra. In addition, Phillip has performed regularly with other orche stras suc h as the Bac h Chamber Orc hestra & C hoir, Chicago Symphon y Orche stra‟s Civic Orche stra of Chicago , Elmhurst Symphony Orche stra, Fort Wayne Philharmonic Orche stra, Illinois Philharmonic Orc hestra, Illinois Symphony Orc hestra, Kankakee Valley Symphony Orche stra, Keno sha Symphony Orc hestra, New Philharmonic Orche stra, Racine Symphony Orche stra, Rockford Symphony Orchestra, Southwest Michigan Symphony Orc hestra, Wisconsin Chamber Orchestra as well as the Memphis Symphon y Orc hestra. In Marc h of 2007, Phillip performed Giovanni Bottesini‟s Concerto No.2 in b-minor with the Wau bonsie Valley High Sc hool Orche stra in Aurora, IL after having performed Estonian composer Eduard Tubin ‟s stirring Concerto for Double Bass and Orc hestra with Northwestern Universi ty‟s Summer Orche stra under the direction of Robert Hasty in July of 2003. Recently joining the board of the Early Music Chicago arts advocacy and performance organization, Phillip regularly pe rforms on viola da gamba and period double bass/ violone with period instrument ensembles and organizations such as the Apollo Chorus of Chicago, Ars Antigua, Chic ago Earl y Music Consort, Period Opera Cosi fan Tutte with C hicago Opera Theater, Classical Arts Orche stra, Comic Intermezzo, Earl y Mu sic Chicago, the Janus Ensemble, the Newberry Consort, the Evelyn Dunbar Memorial Early Music Festi val at Northwestern University, the Orian a Singers, the Second City Musick, the Spirit of Gambo - a Chicago Consort of Viols, the Viola da Gamba Society of America Conclave Consort Cooperative, as well as the Concert for Compassion Viol Consort and the Forces o f Virtue Ensemble and Choir, dedicated to raising money for disaste r relief and other charities. In January 2007, the Viola da Gamba Society awarded Phillip Serna a grant as part of its Grants-in-Aid to Young Artists which will assi st in Phillip‟s man y early music endeavors. In addition to his intense performance schedule, Phillip teache s lesson s on double bass, bass guitar, guitar, and viola da gamba. He also presents master classes and workshops on modern and period double bass, mo st recently for the Illinois American String Teachers Association Teac her Enrichment Workshop in Aurora, IL. As a passionate advocate of earl y music, Phillip has championed the viola da gamba with hi s initiative „Viols in Our Schools,‟ bringing solo and chamber music for viols into Chicago area classrooms. Phillip also currently te aches at the Carl Sandburg High School in School District 230, Glenbard East High Sc hool and Glenbard South High School in School District 87, the Illinois Math and Science Academy, Willowbrook High School in DuPage High School District 88, Neuqua Valley High Sc hool in Naperville‟s Indian Prairie School District 204 and Wheeling High School in School District 214. Phillip formerl y taught at Beauti ful Music in Downers Grove, Maine Township West High School, Maine Township East High School, and Maine Township South High School in School District 207 and the Sherwood Conservatory of Mu sic in Chicago, IL. Phillip lives in Plainfield, IL with hi s best friend and wife, Magd alena.

Photo courtesy of photographer Magdalena Serna

U p c o m i n g S o l o & C o n s o r t P e r f o r m a n c e s a t t h e B o s t o n E a r l y M u s i c F e s t i v a l

On Thursday June 14, 2007 at Boston‟s Saint Paul's Cathedral, Phillip Serna will appear on Viola da Gamba as part of the Boston Early Music Festival‟s

„Fringe Concerts‟. Phillip will appear in a solo recital of unaccompanied Lyra-Viol works of Hume and others, as well as in consort with Viola da

Gamba Consort Cooperative Alumni featuring repertoire from Gibbons to the Chordettes.

The Boston Early Music Festival/ Viola da Gamba Society of America „Fringe

Concerts‟ – Gamut of the Gamba & Phillip W. Serna in Recital Boston Early Music Festival, Saint Paul's Cathedral, Boston, MA

Thursday, June 14, 2007 9:00AM & 11:15AM