Organizational BehaviourThe Individual

Motivation II

Need and Process Theories

Motivation II

Need Theories

Use the concepts of individual needs to explain why people have different needs at different times.

What motivates people

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological

Safety

Belongingness

Self-Esteem

Self-ActualizationThe need to develop one’s true potential and skills (creative, autonomous tasks)

The need for feelings of adequacy, competence, and confidence (awards, prestigious titles, promotions)

The need for social interaction, affection, friendship (opportunities to interact, supportive supervision)

The need for security, freedom from anxiety, order (job security, comfortable work environment, adequate pay)

The needs for survival, such as, food, water, shelter (minimum pay and existence level support)

Deficiency Needs

Growth Needs

Aldefer’s ERG Theory

• Existence Needs – needs satisfied by material substances

• Relatedness Needs – the need for meaningful social relationships

• Growth Needs – need for developing one’s potential

Relationship between Maslow and Alderfer Need Theories

Physiological

Safety

Belongingness

Self-Esteem

Self-Actualization

Higher order needs

Basic needs

Growth

Relatedness

Existence

Intrinsic motivation

Extrinsic motivation

McClelland’s Need Theories

• Need for Affiliation (N Aff) – desire to establish and maintain friendly interpersonal relationships

•Need for Achievement (N Ach) –

Desire to perform challenging tasks

•Need for Power (N Pow) – desire to have significant impact over others

Hierarchy of Needs for China

Belongingness

Physiological

Safety

Self-Actualizationin the service to society

Process Theories

Describes how need deficiencies are translated into behaviours

Equity Theory

•Comparison of inputs and outcomes

My Outcomes My Inputs

= Comparison Outcomes Comparison Inputs

Responses to Inequity

• Distort one’s own inputs/outcomes• Distort the comparison person’s

inputs/outcomes• Choose another comparison person• Alter inputs or outcomes• Leave the exchange relationship

Issues of Equity Theory

• The comparison other???

• Over-reward versus under-reward

• It is all perception

Expectancy Theory

Effort Performance Reward Outcome

Expectancy (E) Instrumentality (I)

(probability of Effort leading to Performance)

(probability of Performance leading to Reward Outcome)

Force = E x Σ(I x V2) = expectancy x Σ instrumentalities x 2nd-level valences = expectancy x valence of 1st-level outcome

Valence (value) of Outcome 2 (V2)

(E > P) (P > O)

Valence (value) ofOutcome 1 (V1)