Open Data in Developing Countries: State of the Art

Supported by 1Authors: Stephane Boyera (stephane@sbc4d.com)

CarlosIglesias(carlos@sbc4d.com)Date:6June2014Version1.00

Executive Summary This report summarizes the StateoftheArt study developed by SBC4D for the Partnership for 2Open Data (POD). This study had the objectives to identify key stakeholders that could be potential partners with POD, enabling the Open Data domain to achieve its full potential in terms ofdevelopmentopportunitiesforlowandmiddleincomecountries.Interviews and online questionnaire among the 160+ actors identified has led to a number of 3findingsthataresummarizedbelow:

The number of actors interested in Open Data in Developing Countries is growing quickly. The study has identified 160+ organizations. It is important to note that a majority of them are just engaging in the domain and have little past experience. Most of these actors are focused on OD as an objective not a tool or means to increase impact or outcome.

In terms of countries, 44 Low and Middle Income Countries are engaged in opening their publicdata.

In terms of topics, Transparency and Accountability of governments, donors and corporatesisthefocusofmostorganizations.

Local actors are strong advocates of public data release. Lots of them are also promoting the reuse of existing data (through e.g. the organization of training, hackathons and alike). However, the study has not identified many actors practically usingODintheirworkorengagedinreleasingtheirowndata.

There is very little connection between OD and initiatives focusing on expanding ICT accessandbenefitstounderprivilegedcommunitiesindevelopingcountries

Traditional development sectors (health, education, agriculture, energy, transport) are not yetthetargetofmanyinitiatives,andareclearlyunderdevelopedintermsofusecases.

There is very little connection between horizontal (e.g. national OD initiatives) and vertical

1ThisresearchwassupportedbythePartnershipforOpenDatacontactPODatinfo@p4od.organd/orjointhemailinglistathttp://lists.p4od.org/mailman/listinfo/p4od2http://www.sbc4d.com3Seetheconsolidatedresponsesathttps://docs.google.com/a/sbc4d.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Aj2gGPdyh5L7dHk4U3Bhd0tCMTZTLVcxQURHVVA2YXc&usp=drive_web#gid=0

(sectorspecificinitiativesone.g.extractiveindustry,ordisastermanagement)activities In terms of geography, while some countries are at the early phases of their OD

engagement,itseemsthatsomeofthefirstmovershavelosttheirearlymomentum. In terms of funding, very few donors have a dedicated budget line attached to Open Data.

Most of them mix OD funding with funding dedicated to Open Government. Some major players(e.g.TheWorldBank,DFID)arestartingtomainstreamODinalltheiractivities.

Based on these key elements, the study proposes a set of recommendations summarized below:

This study provides a snapshot of the actors in the domain as of April 2014. Given the pace of evolution, it is likely that this repository will get outdated rapidly. Therefore, it would be critical to use the data collected in this study to build a live searchable repositoryofactorsinthedomainthatcouldbeupdatedbythecommunity.

It is essential to create links and synergies between vertical and horizontal activities. It would be very valuable to integrate all the domainspecific initiatives in national initiatives andverticalinitiativesshouldalsoexplorefurtherhowtolinkwithNationalODInitiatives

InordertostrengthentheODecosystem,itwouldbecriticaltobuildcapacitiesamongCSOsnotonlytoreusedatabutalsotopublishtheirowndata.

Along the same line, the quality, completeness and reliability of data has been highlighted as a major challenge in the domain. There is low confidence and trust in the data published e.g. on national open data portal of developing countries. It is essential to address this area. For instance consider using an OD process for improvement through mashupfromdifferentsourcesthatwouldleadtoglobaluptake.

In terms of investment, in order to establish stronger foundation for a national ecosystem, it may be interesting for POD to support components that may be more difficult in terms of time and costs to launch but which could have a greater lasting impact. Examples of suchcomponentsincludemobilelabinitiatives

There is a growing interest in privacy and anonymization of data. Further research in this area should be engaged to identify risks and challenges, and to establish processes to improvecitizenprivacyprotection.

Global data standards are required to ease country comparison and mashup of data. It would be beneficial for the domain to revive initiatives like GODI (Global Open Data Initiative).

In order to bring more social and economic benefits to Developing Countries, it would be important to develop further OD focus on development sectors (health, agriculture, education, etc.). In each of these sectors, it would be important to identify the few areas where OD could make a difference and start the development of related vertical activities. One possible way to initiate this process is to engage cooperation with the ICT for Development(ICTDorICT4D)sectorandleverageexistinginitiatives.

Finally, a few new untapped opportunities are starting to appear. In particular, mobile operator data seems to be a source of incredibly valuable information given the importance of mobile in Developing Countries. While there a tremendous work to do in

such areas in terms of data standards, algorithm for analysis, anonymization, application of results, etc., specific workstream and investigations should be launched with mobile operatorsthatarepioneersinthedomain.

Along with this document, the study comes with a list of actors that were covered , as well as a 4state of OD in Low and Middle Income Countries , and the list of questionnaire responses and 5interviewsforwhichparticipantsagreedtohavetheircontributionpublished .6

4https://docs.google.com/a/sbc4d.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Aj2gGPdyh5L7dHdpcmRES3ludDFBbDdjbWMzTUhwT0E#gid=05https://docs.google.com/a/sbc4d.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Aj2gGPdyh5L7dEtSVWladjBnOUllbWswRDIwU2U3ZEE&usp=drive_web#gid=06https://docs.google.com/a/sbc4d.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Aj2gGPdyh5L7dHk4U3Bhd0tCMTZTLVcxQURHVVA2YXc&usp=drive_web#gid=0

Table of Contents

ExecutiveSummary1.Introduction2.Keyfindings

2.1.GlobalFindings2.2.Vision&Angleofattack2.3.Activities2.4.Countries2.5.Funding

3.KeyActors3.1.MajorGlobalactors3.2.MajorRegionalActors3.3.InnovativeActors

4.GlobalSurveyResults5.Recommendations

5.1.Activities5.2.Countries

6.Conclusion

1. Introduction This report summarizes the StateOftheArt (SOA) study developed by SBC4D for the Partnership for Open Data (POD). Open data as a concept has its origins in the belief that data should be freely available for use and publishing without limitations or control. This fundamental idea has spread across the world and is increasing the demand for data to be made available in nonproprietary, machinereadable formats without limitations on use and reuse. Demand is especially strong for governments to follow suit and release all public data under Open Data. While the developed countries of the world like the UK and the US have been the early movers, demandisescalatinginthedevelopingcountriesaswell.Several developing countries have either launched reservoirs of such datasets online, or are working towards implementing open data initiatives in the near future. At the same time they are grappling with issues linked to niche areas of data demand and linked supply. National and international organizations, CSOs, academic institutions and private sector companies have alsojoinedforcedtowardsamoredataenabledsociety.On the nonprofit side demand for data is usually linked to ensuring transparency and accountability of the local and federal governments, while the private sector is seeking new

products and avenues to unlock economic value. This movement is perhaps still in its infancy in the context of the developing world and there are lots of opportunities to learn, adapt and grow thesector.There is also a critical work that needs to be carried out to explore the commonalities but also the differences between developed and developing countries in terms of OD initiatives. Challenges and opportunities are indeed slightly different. Elements such as (un)availability of electronic data, data collection, release of data in countries with centuries of tradition of secrecy, etc. must be carefully taken into account. On the other end, improvement of public services, jobs for youth, social and economic development are major opportunities. How to address the challenges to unlock this potential is the key question to address in the future, and where POD hasamajorroletoplay.This study is a first small step in that direction and fulfils one key requirement: identifying key stakeholders that could be potential partners with POD, enabling the OD domain to achieve its fullpotentialintermsofdevelopmentopportunitiesforlowandmiddleincomecountries.Thedocumentisstructuredin4majorsections:

Key findings summarizing the the key elements that emerged through interviews and onlinequestionnaires

Keyactorshighlightingthemajoractorsinthedomain Global Survey Results summarizing the output on the online questionnaire used for the

study KeyRecommendationsproposingafewdirectionstoexploreinthenearfuture.

The Annex A presents the methodology used in the study and some background information for readerswhoarenotfamiliarwiththespecificitiesofDevelopingCountriescontext.Along with this document, the study comes with a list of actors that were covered , as well as a 7state of OD in Low and Middle Income Countries , and the list of questionnaire responses and 8interviewsforwhichparticipantsagreedtohavetheircontributionpublished .9

7https://docs.google.com/a/sbc4d.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Aj2gGPdyh5L7dHdpcmRES3ludDFBbDdjbWMzTUhwT0E#gid=08https://docs.google.com/a/sbc4d.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Aj2gGPdyh5L7dEtSVWladjBnOUllbWswRDIwU2U3ZEE&usp=drive_web#gid=09https://docs.google.com/a/sbc4d.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Aj2gGPdyh5L7dHk4U3Bhd0tCMTZTLVcxQURHVVA2YXc&usp=drive_web#gid=0

2. Key findings This section summarizes the key findings of this study. It is structured in 5 parts detailing the overall findings, then the specificities in terms of vision and approaches to OD, activities that are deployedinthefield,countriesandfunding&investments.

2.1. Global Findings Thestudyhighlightedimportantelementsinthedomainofopendataindevelopingcountries.

Size of community: at least 160, mostly new The first noticeable point is the size of the community. While there are only a few major actors that are wellknown and highly visible (see the Actors section in the document), the community includes a large number of smaller organizations that are usually working at a local level, focusing usually on one topic and on one activity. We have identified in total more than 160 actors, and there is a possibility of far more because the study didnt have the scope to investigate country by country. Several actors are noncommercial, and even the commercial onesareusuallysmall.However, it is interesting to note that the topic seems trendy, and majority of actors have very little past experience but are planning to engage in the domain in the near future. This is an 10

opportunity for POD to be an umbrella partnership to engage these actors, help them in building their capacities in the domain, and becoming contributors in the future. The detailed analysis is in thethirdsectionofthisdocument,GlobalSurveyResults.

Focus of actors: OD as objective not a tool The second interesting point is related to the focus of the different actors the study covered. The vast majority are focused on OD as an objective not a tool or means to increase impact or outcome. Moreover, lots of actors are approaching OD from the Right to Information/Freedom of Information (RTI/FOI) perspective, creating a bias in the way they consider OD. Very few actors, particularly those working at the local level, are (re)users of OD in their work, but most of them are promoting the reuse, or advocating for more datatobereleased.In the same way, the study didnt find many actors, outside governments where there is a national initiative, that are releasing data about their own operation. More generally, there is a strong separation between the socalled demandside and supplyside of data, and we have foundalmostnoactorsbeingbothaproviderandareuserofopendata .11

10 Some organizations are saying that this is a new focus for them, some are saying that they have experiences, but without providing any evidences or the projects they mention to demonstrate their experiencearenotrelatedtoOD11AnexceptionthatisworthnotingistheFrenchGovernmentwhodiddesignaninnovativeportalfor

In the same way, the study has found very little evidence related to work improving the quality of data through an OD process. A number of actors highlighted the fact that despite many countries engaging in releasing their data, the quality and the reliability of this data in LMICs is questionable. The release of datasets could be an opportunity to improve them through comparison with other primary sources (e.g. household surveys run by international organizations), but the study didnt find examples of such a process taking place, and the focus isusuallyonlyonthereuseofpublisheddata.

Little connection to ICT initiatives Finally, it is important to note that while ICT and the Web are important building blocks of OD, the study found very little connection with initiatives focusing on expanding ICT access and benefits to underprivileged communities in developing countries (see the Context section). While there are lots of investment in this area, and in particular the ICT for development sector (mHealth, mAgriculture, mEducation etc.), any of these initiatives are linked one way or another to availability of specific datasets. This might be related to the limited work happening in the development sectors (Agriculture, Health, Education) around OD (see the next subsection), butitisclearthatthetwocommunitiesarenotwellconnected.

2.2. Vision & Angle of attackTransparency and accountability This subsection highlights the focus of the different actors in terms of vision and role of OD in their strategy. The vast majority of organizations the study covered are centred on transparency and accountability. This concerns all actor categories (public or private donor, international organizations, CSOs, etc.), and most of the activities are about on using OD for greatertransparencyandaccountability.In most cases, the focus is on government transparency and accountability, but some specific sectors (e.g. extractive industry, construction sector) or specific type of organizations (e.g. donors) are also the target of some of the initiatives. It seems that this angle of attack (OD for transparency) is growing and targeting more and more sectors and actors (e.g. private companies).The theme of transparency and accountability is an umbrella under which a growing set of initiatives are developing targeting mainly for now finance aspects: Open contracting, Open Budgeting,OpenAid(IATI),etc.

data.gouv.frthatleveragecooperationwithcivilsociety,andincludeintheportalexternaldatasets.

Traditional development sectors: The missing piece Outside the transparency area, it seems that the traditional development sectors (health, education, agriculture, energy, transport) are not yet the target of many initiatives, and are clearly underdeveloped in terms of usecases. The only area that seems to be developing is related to climate change where a few initiatives are complementing each other. Transport is also a domain area of focus in a few countries, but not as developed and integratedasinclimatechange.The situation may change rapidly, and new approaches are developing. For example in agriculture, the newly launched Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition initiative (GODAN) is the first integrated step in the sector . In the energy sector, the Renewable Energy and 12

Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) is planning to take the lead on the role of OD. In health oreducation,thestudywasnotabletoidentifysuchglobalapproach .13

In summary, the study didnt find any integrated approach exploring the role of OD in these development sectors, with the exception of climate change and, to a smaller extent,transport.

2.3. Activities Intermsofactivities,thestudyshowsthatthereareclearly2typesofinitiativesoractivities:

Horizontal activities: Activities that are looking towards opening data in a sectoragnostic way and creating an OD ecosystem. This is typically OGDrelated approaches(OpenGovernmentDataakadevelopinganationalopendatainitiative)

Vertical activities: Activities that are focusing on a specific sector or theme: Extractive industry,Aid,Transport,Media,etc.

Horizontal activities Concerning horizontal activities, The World Bank (TWB) is clearly the major actor in this area and has designed an Open Data Readiness Assessment methodology covering the whole 14

project lifecycle of developing a national OD initiative. A couple of other actors (e.g. Web Foundation, UNDESA) have developed their own methodology for OD assessment, which does

12AfewspecificpiecesofworkonODandAgriculturearealsodrivenbyspecificactorsatverylowscalee.g.VUUniversityworkaspartofW4RA13Someinitiativesineachareahavebeenidentifiede.g.Checkmyschool:http://www.checkmyschool.org/inEducation,orPublicHealthResearchDataForum(http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/Aboutus/Policy/Spotlightissues/Datasharing/Publichealthandepidemiology/WTDV030689.htm)ledbytheWellcomeTrustandthatgather19donorspromotingOpenresearchandsharingofdatainhealth.Inthesameway,theILDAprojectinLatinAmericacoversthesethemes.However,theseinitiativesdonothaveanholisticapproachtothedomainorarelimitedtoe.g.research&documentationfornow.14http://data.worldbank.org/opengovernmentdatatoolkit

notsignificantlydifferfromTWBs,evenifinsomecasesthereisagreateremphasisonCSOs.These horizontal activities always aim at developing a global ecosystem, and always take into accountintheirroadmapthedevelopmentofreuseofdata(akathedemandside).However, it is important to note that the approach developed by TWB should be considered as a kickstart process that aims to create rapid early interest among the different stakeholders leading to a longterm engagement with the ecosystem. Lots of activities are therefore oneshot, shortterm actions such as organization of hackathons or bootcamps, and only a few are looking at the long term (e.g. code4 fellowship model) and at the establishment of longterm instruments (e.g.opendatahub).

Vertical activities Concerning vertical activities, lots of subdomains of the transparency area, particularly related to public finance management (PFM) have a dedicated initiative. Some other domains as well e.g. Open Climate, Open Transport, etc. The Key Actors lists most of them. All these initiatives followmoreorlessthesamepatternstructuredaround4dimensionsorcomponents:

1. Data standards: Data standards are developed to cope with the specificities on the domain considered, allowing interoperability, mash up and comparisons among datasets. E.gIATIstandard,oropencontractingextensionforextractiveindustryspecificities

2. Tools: Initiatives are supporting the development of tools to exploit data available. This includes2elements:

a. Core tools of the domain: Specific applications that are essential for the domain considered(e.g.OpenStreetMapforOpenDRI).

b. Innovative tools: the organization of competition to leverage innovation around the datasetsofthedomain.

3. Registry(ies): Data portal where the datasets related to the domain are stored and accessible

4. Geographically Approach: Most of the initiatives mix global approach (i.e. the 3 elements mentioned above) and local actions to ensure that there is a local impact of the initiative. E.g. EITI (Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative) hackathon is Ghana or Nigeria.

Interaction between vertical and horizontal activities It is interesting to note that while it seems that synergies should exist between the vertical and the horizontal approaches, there is close to no link between the two. For instance, none of the vertical initiatives explore (or at least expose) how to take advantage of a national OD initiative, which datasets the domain specifically needs etc. In the same way, the horizontal approaches do not explore in a systematic way the opportunities for specific vertical initiatives to develop in a givencountry.

One exception is the work around media led by a number of partners (TWB, AMI, etc.) that work handinhand with the development of a national initiative, and have designed a set of activities to ensure that media in a given country is a strong part of the demandside. This example shows thatlinkagescanbedevelopedbetweenhorizontalandverticalactivitiesatacountrylevel.Finally, it is interesting to note that the notion of common data standards for OD is a topic that is surfacing in almost all vertical activities, but are not really addressed at the global level. There are no common standards for most of the datasets and this is a major issue to leverage mashup,comparisonandexploitationofdatasets.

2.4. Countries In terms of countries, there is clearly a growing interest and number of initiatives developing in LMIC. In most cases, the incentive is linked to the participation in the Open Government Partnership (OGP), even if the number OD commitments are low. OGP seems clearly to be a catalyst, together with the World Bank activities and promotion of OD as part of its technical assistanceportfolio,forbringingLMICsonboard.However, it is important to note that countries engagement is not geographically homogeneous. While many Englishspeaking countries in East and West Africa, many countries in Latin America, and a few leading countries in central America, Eastern Europe and South and SouthEast Asia are engaging in OD, there are almost no countries from the Frenchspeaking West Africa or northern Africa and very few countries in southern Africa, central America or 15SouthandSouthEastAsia. Finally, it is interesting to note that while some countries are at the early phases of their OD engagement, it seems that some of the first movers have lost their original momentum. A good example is the case in Kenya, that was the first African country engaging in a national OD initiative. Partly due to the recent political change (2013), the KODI (Kenya Open Data Initiative) is now more or less stalled, and would need a new series of activities to move again. This might be the results of the type of activities engaged at the country level (oneshot type of activities as describedintheprevioussubsection).

2.5. Funding In terms of funding, the study covered a wide variety of organizations from private donors, to internationalorganizationstocountryspecificdevelopmentagencies.With the exception of a couple of donors (e.g. IDRC), none of the organizations investigated have a dedicated budget line attached to Open Data. It was almost impossible to have a sense of the amount of investment that have been engaged in OD or that are planned for the nextfewyears.

15OneexceptionisBurkinaFasothatisdevelopingitsNationalODinitiative,supportedbytheWorldBankandPOD.Theinitiativeisabouttobelaunched.Seehttp://alpha.data.gov.bf/

Lots of organizations, particularly those funding activities related to transparency, are mixing OD fundingwithfundingdedicatedtoOpenGovernment.Major players (e.g. The World Bank, DFID) are starting to mainstream OD in all their activities, and are not able to identify the specific amount dedicated to OD. It is a very similar process compared to ICT a decade ago, where lots of donors used to have ICT has a specific program, and have not stopped these programs, and mainstreaming ICT activities across their differentsectorprograms.Finally, there seems to be a growing interest from donors to coordinate their action on specific themes. The format of such coordination varies from jointfunding (e.g. Making All Voices Count ), to coordination of research (e.g. Transparency & Accountability Initiative or 16 17Public Health Research Data Forum). These examples, while not exclusively focusing on OD, areinterestingforatocoordinateactionswithonspecificthemes.

3. Key Actors This section highlights the key actors of the domain that the study identified. The first part of this section explores the major actors in terms of size, investment and/or geographic coverage. The second part aims to identify the leading organizations in the different regions. Finally the last part highlightsinnovativeactorsthatareusingapproachesthatlookpromisingforthefuture.

3.1. Major Global actors This section summarizes the list of key actors in the domain of Open Data in Developing Countries. There are 3 categories of organizations: Donors (IDRC, DFID/UK Aid, Hewlett Foundation, Open Society Foundations), International Organizations & partnerships (the World Bank,UNDESA,OGP)andNGOs(ODI,OKFandWebFoundation).

3.1.1. World Bank The World Bank (TWB) is by far the biggest player in the domain. TWB is active in all developing regions, is leading a wide variety of sectorial initiatives, and has a holistic approach integrating mostofitsactivitiesonthesupplysideandthedemandsideofOD.From a supplyside perspective, TWB provides technical assistance and support to governments in almost all regions of the World. The following countries have already engaged in ODactivitieswithTWB:

Africa:BurkinaFaso,Ethiopia,Kenya,Mauritius,Nigeria,Rwanda,Tanzania,Uganda Latin&CentralAmericaandtheCaribbean:Antigua&Barbuda,Mxico,Per

16http://www.makingallvoicescount.org/17http://www.transparencyinitiative.org/

EasternEurope:Moldova,RussianFederation. Asia:Indonesia,Mongolia,Philippines.

The list of past, current and future activities in each country is available online . In most cases, it 18includes an open data readiness assessment (either the formal ODRA Methodology or a 19derivative if it was done prior to the publication), the definition (and sometimes the execution) of the corresponding action plan. The execution of the action plan includes in most cases the assistanceinthesetupandlaunchofthenationalopendataportal.These activities aim at creating a global OD ecosystem at a country level but is sector agnostic in the approach. TWB also has a series of sectorial initiatives that can complement this national OGD approach. In some cases these initiatives are developed to support a national initiative. In other cases they are developed without a national initiative, and sometimes lead to the development of a national initiative. The study has identified 10 sectorial initiatives that are summarizedbelowanddetailedintheonlinesheet .20

Global Media Development Program TWB recognizes that Open Data initiatives around the world are premised on the recognition that 'opening' key government & development information is a global public good. However, setting this information free doesn't address the deep capacity gaps had by the target users and beneficiariesofthis'opened'data. For Open Data to make a real difference, a key step is to build 'Open Data Literacy of strategic demandside "mass mobilizers" of information, including and particularly mass media (print, broadcast,bloggers,socialmedia,andcitizenjournalists/civichackers).Accordingly, TWB and key partners including the African Media Initiative, Code for Africa, a series of Knight Fellows, and the International Center for Journalists, designed and launched the Open Data Literacy program, an intensive, handson, 'learningbydoing' training program and projectbased learning process focused on enabling mass media to become change agents to translate Open Data into actionable intelligence for mass public consumption & to inform decisionmakingatalllevels.In practice, the aim is to grow Pipelines for capacity development, grassrootsdriven (systemic) complementary engagement, toward inaugurating selfreinforcing communities of practice. For example, modular components can be aligned to maximize value both for stakeholder

18Seehttps://docs.google.com/a/sbc4d.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AusBhfiVWz93dE13OHpNMWRBYjk1UWRual9uWW5EaFE#gid=019Seehttp://data.worldbank.org/about/opengovernmentdatatoolkit/readinessassessmenttool20Seehttps://docs.google.com/a/sbc4d.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AusBhfiVWz93dE13OHpNMWRBYjk1UWRual9uWW5EaFE#gid=0

institutionsandstakeholdersthemselves:

1. Baseline Skills Gaps Survey to get clear idea of landscape , customize content to maximize grassroots utility, & grow dedicated network (example: Public Finance Management (PFM) Literacy survey in South Sudan and Budget Data Literacy survey 21 22inGhana)

2. Awarenessraising & prioritysetting exercises (to answer the for what question. TWBcallsthese'DataClinics')

3. GateKeeper Roundtables to present the business case for the valueadd of this process to decisionmakers, e.g. Media Owners and Editors (including encouraging these decisionmakers to open the space for participants to systematically engage & to invest their own resources into adopting a stronger dataorientation). For example, MediaLeadersRoundtables .23

4. Code Fellowships (embedding coders/civic technologists directly into newsrooms, civil society and government. For example: CodeforAfrica CodeforIndia CodeforPakistan 24 25andimminently,CodeforLatinAmerica.26

5. Capacity Development PFM Literacy & Budget Data Literacy Bootcamps, e.g. in South Sudan , Sudan , Bolivia , Ghana, Jordan , Nepal , Malawi , South Africa , 27 28 29 30 31 32 33Tanzania ,Tunisia ,Ethiopia ,Uruguay ,etc.34 35 36 37

6. Linked Acceleration Funding & Competitions for datadriven news content & tool/platform/service creation (e.g. two $1m News Innovation Challenges in Africa a 38$150KMediaChallengeinLACandmore).

7. Iterative follow up for continuing skills building through target mentorship and support for existing grassroots communities (e.g. Hacks/Hacker chapters, GDGroups, ODINodes,OKFNChapters,etc)ineachcountryofengagement.

8. Complementary institutionalization of Skills in Universities through, e.g. elearning /

21http://southsudan.dbootcamp.org/registrationform/22http://ghana.dbootcamp.org/survey/23http://africanmediainitiative.org/article/20130717medialeadersroundtableonopendataandthefutureofnews24http://www.codeforafrica.org/25http://www.codeforindia.org/26http://www.codeforpakistan.org/27http://southsudan.dbootcamp.org/28http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/stories/helpingsudansmediafollowmoney29http://bolivia.databootcamp.org/30http://jordan.dbootcamp.org/31http://nepal.databootcamp.org/32http://malawi.databootcamp.org/33https://sites.google.com/site/databootcampsa/34https://sites.google.com/site/databootcamptz/35https://sites.google.com/site/databootcamptunisia/36http://ethiopia.dbootcamp.org/37http://uruguay.dbootcamp.org/38http://africannewschallenge.org/

MOOCs & embedding World Bank Data Journalism curriculum into University Colleges ofJournalism/Communications/grassrootstrainingorganizations.

A further approach is to enable grassroots partners to fill key market gaps with free, open source, and locally managed support architecture such as free parking for scraped data AfricaOpenData and OpenDataLatinoAmerica , for hackathons, Bootcamps, or any 39 40datafacingengagementsbyanyandall.Thetargetcountriesoftheprogramcanbesplitintwocategories:

Those in which an enabling environment is already present and where there is a high demand for intervention. This includes countries engaged in a national OD initiative, countries with OGP commitments, and countries with a clear national plan on the development of OD etc. The program will help enrich other programs of TWB and its partners.

The second category includes countries where the environment is not entirely positive and there might be some scepticism around OD, but at the same time there is a demand for exploration, and evaluation. This includes countries that are about to design plans relevant to OD or are already engaged in initiatives leading up to OD. Such interventions havethepotentialtoactascatalystsinafullODinitiative(s).

Open Transport The work on Open Transport is part of the unit in charge of providing loan for the development 41oftransportinfrastructures.Up to now, the process before engaging in the development of infrastructure needs the collection and analysis of massive data before engaging in the project. This process takes usually one year and costs around 1M USD because most developing countries do not have reliable data and capacities to collect and analyse the data needed for decisionmaking. Then usually, after this phaseoftheprocess,thedatadisappearsorisneitherexploitablenormaintained.The essence of the program, started in 2011 is to improve this situation and use open data, and open source software to save time and costs in this process, and ensure that the data is maintainedandupdated.Itisbasedaround3principles:

Opendatastandards Opensourcesoftware

39http://africaopendata.org/40http://www.opendatalatinoamerica.org/home/41https://docs.google.com/a/sbc4d.com/file/d/0B5Ot4FPs1rW6SU5OSDQwX0ZiS2s/edit

OpenDataItfocuseson3areas:

Datacollection Datastorage,management,sharing,andreuse Analyse&visualization

Few experiments have been undertaken, e.g. in the Philippines, that includes the development of tools to support more efficient and economical transport data collection, data storage and management, data visualization and analysis, and data sharing. The pilot activities also included organization of a national transport app competition, the objective of which was to support the development of applications on top of transport data to increase public pressure for maintenance andaccuracyofthedata.The pilot activities covered the following types of data: multimodal public transit service information (e.g., route and stop locations, operating schedules, etc.), real time road network travelspeeds,androadaccidents.Thenextstepsinclude:

Support the improvement of open data standards in particular to cover the case of developing countries (e.g. informal bus network). Current public transit service data standards are for developed countries transit network, and needs to be adapted to the conditionofdevelopingcountries.

Crowdsourced repository: capturing in a central place all the data about publicly available transit maps across countries. For now it is a volunteer work that would benefit from beingformalizedandproperlyfunded

Complete the toolkit: most of the work has been experimental so far. It would be critical to complete the toolkit to have an integrated solution that covers the majority of transport agencies'basictransportplanningandmanagementfunctions

Expandgeographicallyandsupportimplementationindifferentcountries Supportstartupstodevelopappsontopofopentransportdata Support countries in the development of their capacities in using ICT tools to do a better

job in data collection & management. This would include online training on new methodologies&tools

In the future, reusing other sources of data to improve the information collection should be explored. In particular, lots of data about usage of transports by citizens is based on household surveysthatveryrarelyhappenindevelopingcountries.On the other hand, mobile operator information is almost real time information about how people move. However, mobile operators are not releasing data yet, there is no standard format for that,

it is a huge volume of information and there is not yet algorithm to extract relevant information etc.Sowhiletherearesomeexperimente.g.inBrazil,thisisfarfrombeingmainstream.

Open Finance TheOpenFinance activitiesstarted3yearsago.Theprogramhas5tracks.42The first track is about opening Bank financial data, giving access to information related to projectsindifferentregionsandcountries,financialstatementetc.The second track is a mobile application that mashes up the financial data with other datasets and provides visualization and easy access to key information. The audience for this app is multiple: ministries and governments, internal Bank teams, Bank board. Ultimately, everyone might be interested but the public at large is not easily reached, and even in Asia where theusageishigh,wecannottellwhoisusingit.These two tracks are global and do not focus on developing countries in general. They are now mainstreamedwithinBankactivities.The three other tracks are more focused on Developing countries, but are more at a research/pilotingstage.The operational track is focusing on different dimensions: there are a couple of projects investigating the role of OD in development. E.g. in India, there is a project exploring how to use Open Data to define government strategy and monitor this strategy. In Afghanistan, the Bank is managing a 7 billion USD trust fund, and has released the operations of these funds in OD and build local capacities on how to manage this. The objectives are to provide information to the donorsonhowthefundismanaged,butalsosupportthetransitionthatwillcompletein2014.The second dimension in the operational track is focusing on the demand side. This includes a survey that has explored the demand for Open Data (awareness, use, etc.) and a few pilots in KenyaandIndonesiatoexplorehowofflinecommunitiescouldbenefitfromOD.A new study is ongoing (see the survey and the description ) to find out what is the use of OD 43 44indevelopingcountries.The fourth track of the program is data analytics and big data: the objective here is to see how to mix OD and nonopen data to make predictive analysis. A set of predictive tools are being developed in particular to help detecting fraud and corruption, or to use OD as a proxy to

42Seehttps://finances.worldbank.org/43https://docs.google.com/a/sbc4d.com/forms/d/1R6EWnq86n68kYMlfV7vs2fuOo1bYnWwXQgO0Z2w83c/viewform44http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/opendatamakinggoodpromiseturboboosteddevelopmentoperationaluseopendata

measurepovertyThe final track is related to the business sector and the commercial use of OD. The Bank together with IFC and with the support of the POD is setting up an Open Data Fund to support startups in developing countries to develop businesses around OD. For now countries where the tech communities are more developed and where the government is strongly pushing for OD aretargeted.ThisincludesIndia,BrazilandafewcountriesinAfrica.In term of next steps, the major focus of the program is to continue building awareness among entrepreneurs and client countries about the opportunities that OD brings. The objectives is to mainstream the work that has been piloted, and ensure that all future projects of the Bank raise itseffectivenessbyintegratinganODmoduleand/orexploitingtheopportunitiesprovidedbyOD.

Fiscal Transparency and Accountability The Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Public sector (PRMPS) anchor is undertaking a number of knowledge management activities in relation to budget/fiscal transparency and participation in FY14, including 1) conducting a stocktake of the Public Sector Governance group's work on fiscal transparency in the public financial management arena, 2) collaborating with WBI on strengthening legislature oversight in its role in the budget process, 3) facilitating and managing the Bank's Fiscal Transparency, Participation and Accountability Community of Practice, and 4) supporting Bank wide efforts and global partnerships such as BOOSTandtheGlobalInitiativeforFiscalTransparency(GIFT).1. Stocktake of the Bank's work on fiscal transparency in public financial management (PFM)PRMPS is working on a stocktaking exercise to understand the Bank's approach to fiscal transparency within PFM in its lending projects. It will describe the nature, main trends, and patternsoftheBank'sworkonfiscaltransparency.2.StrengtheninglegislatureoversightofthebudgetPRMPS is collaborating with WBI on how to engage with parliaments. Parliaments are institutions that authorize the budget and hold the government to account, and exercise oversight and demand accountability, At the same time, parliaments are central to efforts aimed at opening the budget process, as a user of government information, but also as a provider of information to citizens, and a bridge between executive and citizens. However, engagement with parliamentarians has been a limited part of the Banks work on governance. The focus is to learn from Bank's experience and capture good global practices. Key outputs include: 45 case studies in South Korea, Niger, Tanzania, Sri Lanka and a country in the Latin America and Caribbeanregions,alearningcontent,anelearningcourse,andaguidancenote.3.FiscalTransparency,ParticipationandAccountabilityCommunityofPracticeThe purpose of the Fiscal Transparency CoP is to connect staff across the Bank and outside

practitioners engaged in the various dimensions of fiscal transparency, public participation and accountability. With the growing importance of this area over the past decade, different parts of the Bank are working on this issue and clients are asking for assistance. Therefore, we felt the need to create a space where people will be able to find, generate, and exchange ideas and lessons learned from practices (especially at the country level). The CoP aims to bring in both thesupplyanddemandsideengagementswhenthinkingaboutfiscaltransparency.4.SupporttoBankwideeffortsandglobalpartnerships

1. PRMPS supports BOOST in expanding access and use of open budget data, particularly with the release of the BOOST Open Budgets Portal . See details of BOOST in the next 45section.

2. PRMPS and WBI are engaged with GIFT as one of the core leading members. GIFT is a multistakeholder action network working to advance and institutionalize global norms and significant, continuous improvements on fiscal transparency, participation, and accountabilityincountriesaroundtheworld.

It seeks to accelerate achievement of these goals by bringing together a diverse group of international and national partners including Brazil, the Philippines, IMF, WB, International Budget Partnership, Hewlett Foundation, and civil society. PRMPS is also providing support to GIFT through the Development Grant Facility (DGF) which is the Bank's financing mechanism to encourageinnovativeglobalpartnership.GIFT'sworkfor2014includesthefollowing:

1. AdvanceUNConventiononfiscaltransparency,participationandaccountability2. Further the coherence and comprehensiveness of the global architecture of fiscal

opennessnormstoaddresscurrentgapsandinconsistenciesbutalsoopportunities3. Advance research and learning of impacts, incentives, practical approaches and

innovationsinfiscalopenness4. Coordinate the Open Government PartnershipGIFT Fiscal Openness Working Group to

share experience among OGP member countries and to encourage more ambitious country commitments. GIFT will also encourage nonOGP members to commit and improvefiscalopenness.

5. HarnessnewtechnologyandopendataActivitiesinthepipelinearethefollowing:

1. BBLseries: ParliamentaryBudgetOffices Innovationstoexpandaccessanduseofopenbudgetdata Taxtransparency

45http://wbi.worldbank.org/boost/

Subnationalexperiences(Cambodiaandothers) Publicfinanceandaccountabilityproject(DRCandothers) Howtonoteonsocialaccountabilityinextractiveindustryoperations

2. LessonsfromthePEMPALeventonfiscaltransparencyandaccountabilityinRussia3. Elearningmoduleonstrengtheninglegislativeoversightofthebudget4. Training on introducing social accountability in fiscal transparency components of

projects5. Trainingonfiscaltransparencyandmonitoringinextractiveindustriesoperations

Open Budget (BOOST) The BOOST program is a Bankwide collaborative effort to increase the accessibility and use 46of expenditure data to serve as a platform to promote enhanced expenditure analysis, support fiscaltransparencyeffortsandanenablingenvironmentforopenbudgets.The appeal of the BOOST approach which is anchored around rigorous principles of data quality including comprehensiveness, reliability, granularity, and integrity is that it provides userfriendly platforms where all expenditure data can be easily accessed (often in conjunction with nonfinancial indicators) and used by researchers, government officials and ordinary citizens to examine trends in allocations of public resources, analyse potential sources of inefficiencies, andbecomebetterinformedabouthowgovernmentsfinancethedeliveryofpublicservices.Currently, the initiative has been rolled over in roughly 50 countries across all regions, ranging from narrow support to Public expenditure reviews, to wider programs of transparency and capacitybuildingintheuseoftheexpendituredata.Ongoing engagements include among others Paraguay, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Togo, Brazil (states), Mexico, Guatemala, Peru, Mauritius, Seychelles, Niger, Burundi, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Ghana, Bangladesh, Tunisia, Yemen, Mauritania, Namibia, Solomon, Kiribati, Moldova, Poland, Armenia, Serbia, Kosovo. Tajikistan, Kyrgyz, Haiti and El Salvador. 14 countries are currently featured in the Open Budgets Portal with more expected to join in 47comingmonths.

Open Private Sector The objective of this new initiative is to support worldwide companies to embrace and take advantage of the Open Data trend to become more accountable and transparent in terms of governance,socialresponsibility,environmentalimpactetc.The core principle of the initiative is to demonstrate to the companies all over the World that engaging in the process of opening their data will have a positive economic impact for them, and helpthemincreasingtheirbenefits.The strategy of the initiative is structured around 5 elements that answer major challenges of

46http://wbi.worldbank.org/boost/country47http://wbi.worldbank.org/boost/

entrepreneursandprovideincentivesforcompaniestoengageintheprocess.

An Open Company Data Index realized with OpenCorporates that exploits all open 48 49company registries provided by government and ease the duediligence and competitiveness analysis. This helps companies reduce their risk when working with others

An Open Supply Chain initiative helping companies from top to bottom (e.g. lowest producer level) to manage their supply chains, and increase transparency, traceability, certification,identificationofrelevantpartnersetc.

A Beneficiary Feedback App Store to support links, feedbacks, and resolution of 50conflicts between the different actors of the supply chain, the customers etc. This store offers free tools to help companies, even the small ones that do not have access yet to suchproducts

An Open Contracting initiative with Govini to help companies and governments 51

accessing contracts, bid, announcements globally at a national level from multiple sources.

A platform to leverage publicprivate dialogues and cooperation between companies and governments

From an OD perspective, the initiative plans to work on both supplyside and demandside. On the supplyside, the initiative will work with government to release information about company registries, contract data (at national/federal level but also at the subnational/state/city level). It will also work on the legal aspect such as e.g. CSRrelated law, corporate requirements of informationdisclosure,gov.requirementsofinformationdisclosure(e.g.underFoIactoralike).On the demandside, it will provide tools, indexes, and central registries for companies to exploit theinformation.In terms of countries, few countries have already invested in pieces of the overall framework (e.g. publicprivate dialog platform, open contracting), but a few have already expressed interest in the big picture and the global approach. There are demands of assistance through the OGP mechanismfrome.g.Philippines,India,Mexico,NepalandRussia.

Open Climate The Open Climate Initiative started in 2011 and has the objective to use open data in the 52

climate area to be able to predict in a more accurate way the global change or specific disasters thatmayaffecttheWorldingeneral,andthedevelopingworldinparticular.

48http://registries.opencorporates.com/49https://opencorporates.com/50http://www.thefeedbackstore.com/51http://www.govini.com/52http://data.worldbank.org/news/newdataandtoolsonclimatechange

The core of the initiative is structured around the Climate Change Knowledge Portal for 53

developmentpractitionersandpolicymakers.The strategy is to gather and give access to as much datasets as possible related to climate change indicators (also known as Open Climate Data). The datasets are available globally at the international level, but are also grouped with a set of complementary indicators in a countryspecific page to help designing specific plan to address the change at the country level (see the section Climate Country Adaptation Profiles on the portal that references 50+ 54

countriesprofiles).Around the data, a set of tools have been developed, and innovation through app competition have been organized (see e.g. App for Climate competition ) to help tracking changes and 55

adaptation.Twootherinitiativesarepartofthistheme:

The Open Data for Resilience initiative described below in this document that focusesondisasteranddisasterrisksmanagement

The Climate Investment Funds (CIF). The CIF, while not specifically focused on Open 56

Data, is a facility for countries to access to funds to tackle challenges and mitigate risks relatedtoclimatechange.

Open Data for Resilience Initiative (OpenDRI) The objective of OpenDRI is to support countries in their management of disaster and climate 57risks,throughbetterunderstanding,quantificationandcommunicationoftherisks. The essence of OpenDRI involves working with government to release existing datasets related to the disaster risks, such as geospatial maps on exposure and natural hazards. The program then works with communities to create, improve and exploit these datasets (updating maps, capturingcommunityknowledge,etc.).A successful intervention where governments are sharing key data related to risks, and are engaging volunteers, government officials and universities to gather and share information that are essential understanding disaster and climate risks and therefore the management of these

53http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm?page=why_climate_change54http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportalb/home.cfm?page=country_profile55https://wbchallenge.imaginatik.com/wbchallengecomp.nsf/x/competition?open&eid=2011111685257879005955D5106826456https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/57https://www.gfdrr.org/node/28076

risks. This should ultimately result in fewer lives lost, less economic damage and a faster recoveryintheeventofanaturalhazardoccurring.Understanding disaster risks requires datasets from all government ministries transport, health, finance, education, disaster management, planning etc and so the initiative works across sectorsbutfocused100%ongeospatialdatarequiredtounderstandrisk. In some countries, this type of approach has led to a greater interest in Open Data for example in Sri Lanka, which is now designing a full national Spatial Data Infrastructure. The initiative can work as a standalone initiative or together with others and is also starting to use the Open Data ReadinessAssessmentinprojects.For future work, the initiative is responding to more requests for the OpenDRI approach in countries and also continuing to support countries in which the program has already been deployedin.Internal software developers are also improving the geonode and InaSAFE tools as part of a global opensource developer community that is growing around these tools. Finally, the initiative continues to see how linkages with approaches such as OSM, remote sensing etc. can be improved.

Open Aid Partnership The Open Aid Partnership (OAP) started 2.5 years ago and has the broad objective to map all 58the development projects at the subnational level. The plan is to support this objective through the development of a platform consisting of methodology and tools to provide information about Aiddata.The work has started at a country level, in four countries (Nepal, Bolivia, Malawi and Kenya). The principle of the work at a country level is to help governments to publish aid data out of their own AID mapping system. Most countries have some kinds of system managed by the ministry of financeorministryofplanningthatmapsaidsfromdonorwithprojectsandplaces.The role of OAP is to support government to clean, curate, geocode and publish the data they have on Aid projects and donors. OAP also helps collect more data, in particular geographically disaggregated data (financial data, contract data, and when possible result data). This is currentlybeingpilotedinNepal.OAPnotonlyworksonthesupplysidebutalsoonthedemandside.On the demand side, 2 major audiences are targeted: the first one is CSOs and media/journalistsandthesecondoneisgovernmentofficialsanddonors.For the first category, bootcamps and workshop are organized to build capacity on how to exploit

58http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/openaidpartnership

the Aid data, how to visualize and mashup with other sources, how to write evidencebased articleonhowaidisusedetc.For the second category, the approach is to help governments to use this information for better planning for use of Aid money, particularly targeting specific geography that is likely to be impacted. The aim also is to help governments manage their donor community, collaborate with themondesigninginterventionsetc.ThispartofthemethodologyisbeingtestedinMalawiOAP has now established a complete methodology to apply in countries. This includes activities, toolsandprocessesworkingbothonthedemandandsupplyside.In some countries like Bolivia the whole package is applied, while in some others only some parts. OAP has experience working in countries with or without OD initiatives. In some countries, e.g. Bolivia, the work started with OAP, but it is helping opening the OD agenda. Now the government is interested in expanding it to other financial domains and not just Aid. The project will therefore expand to other areas of financial management and Bolivia will participate in BOOST. In long term, this will lead to a larger buyin of OD, potentially leading to a national OD initiative.The selection of countries was done carefully based on the importance of Aid, the donor fragmentation and the interest of the countries. The work is in the process of being expanded to fragile states, in particular Afghanistan and Sierra Leone, where the situation is more difficult. OAPisalsoactiveinIATIandinparticularinthegeocodingstandardpartofit.

Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) While the Bank has been involved in EITI and mining, oil & gas initiatives since more than 10 59years,theworkonopendatahasstartedabout2yearsagoandisstillinitsearlyphase.So far, only pilot activities have been organized. This includes a competition on application development based on datasets provided by EITI initiatives, and a data bootcamp in Nigeria that involved mostly journalists and media to train them on how to access, understand and use all the datarelatedtoextractiveindustries.WBI also created some country extractives data maps, scraping datasets from a range of public sources and creating a platform where you can layer different data points related to the sector. Theseprovedpopularandwerehandedovertolocalinstitutionstomaintain.The major challenge here is the availability of massive sets of information on the sources, such as increasingly on the contracts between the different stakeholders, but the lack of standards in how to represent this information leads to lack of interoperability, major challenges to mash different sources of information or to compare between countries. Standards are needed to represent information about the activities of the extractive industry and the sources, but are also

59http://eiti.org/

neededforthecontractpublication.There is an ongoing initiative as part of the open contracting initiative to develop a specific extensionoftheopencontractingdatastandardfortheextractiveindustry.The critical next steps are to define a global framework that will tell a good story for countries. Thisneedstoinclude:

Datastandardsforstoring,publishingandcomparingdataabouttheindustry Datastandardsforcontractsintheextractiveindustry A methodology for countries that will identify the type of datasets that are necessary to

release, the type of applications and the potential impact of the release and reuse of thesedatasetsandthestructureanddevelopmentofanODecosystem.

In order to address these issues a new work program on good governance and extractive industry and a new trust fund proposal are being developed. In the next 6 months, it will be clear iftheWorldBankwillengagefurtheranddeeperintheimplementationoftheframeworkornot.In few words, there is a general agreement that OD has a lot of potential to support good governance in the extractive industry, EITI international board is aware and convinced about this potential too, but there is a need to define now practical methodology, data standards and implement them in different countries. In term of countries, Nigeria and Ghana have expressed stronginterestinthis.

Other Initiatives Apart from these 10 sectorial initiatives, two other should also be mentioned as they related to OD:

Asia Knowledge and Innovation Lab (AKIL): The Asia Knowledge Innovation Lab (AKIL) 60

is incubated from the PSF PNPM Support Facility, AusAid and the World Bank in Indonesia. AKILs mission is to trial and support the innovative use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve the effectiveness of programs targeting Indonesias increasingly connected poor. In the context of Open Data AKIL aims to improve accessibility of development data owned by government and donors, and enhanced publishing in open data formats for broad use and accountability. AKIL recently sponsored 2 workshops in Bandung and Jakarta with focus on engaging academic institutions and ICT communities. The objective was to educate participants on the current state of Open Data for Development in the country, clarify concepts, highlight bestpracticesandcasestudiesandprovideaforumfordiscussionandideasharing.

Countrylevel Open Data Trainings: these initiatives aim at developing capacities at the local level as well as promote the reuse and exploitation of TWB internal data published onTWBopendataportal .61

60http://akilnews.wordpress.com/about/61http://data.worldbank.org/

3.1.2. OGP The OGP Steering Committee has decided to pilot several thematic working groups with the goal of supporting OGP governments in implementing their commitments and developing more ambitiousandinnovativeactionplans.Given the popularity of open data commitments across the Partnership, one of these thematic groups is focusing on supporting OGP governments in implementing their open data commitmentsanddevelopingmoreambitiousactionplans.The OGP Open Data Working Group is being driven by the Government of Canada and the WorldWideWebFoundation,anditsobjectivesinclude:

Providing a forum for peertopeer sharing and learning on open data policies and initiativesamongmembers.

Offer participants access to experiences, best practices, tools, and technical expertise onopendataissues.

Helpidentifytechnicalassistanceandpartnershipopportunitiesonopendata. IncreaseawarenessofopengovernmentdataissuesacrosstheOGP.

To achieve these objectives the Working Group will conduct its activities within four main work streams:

Prepare a common set of open data principles to support the development and implementationofstrongeropendatacommitmentsbyOGPmembers.

Measuring the impact of open data going beyond purely economic gains and extending to socialandpoliticalimprovementsforabetterunderstandingofitsfullpotential.

Promote the use of open data standards to increase the interoperability of open data activitiesacrossmultiplejurisdictions.

Build capacity expanding the reuse of resources, tools, solutions, models, and lessons learnedtosupportmemberstoexpandandimprovegovernmentopendataactivities.

The current work plan , although quite mature, is still a workinprogress subject to change, as 62the Steering Committee is currently gathering feedback from working group members. Feedback received so far is focusing mainly on identifying overlaps and potential areas for collaboration and exchange across the different working groups at the OGP, as well as on ensuring good coverageofgovernance,socialandeconomicdimensions.A revised version of this draft plan with more specific activities and timelines is expected by midAprilaftertheSteeringCommitteemeetingearlierinthemonth.

62http://www.opengovpartnership.org/sites/default/files/attachments/ODWG%20Draft%20Workplan.pdf

The group will work mainly in a distributed by means of virtual meetings and teleconferences, but an annual facetoface meeting is also foreseen, coallocated this year with the third International Open Data Conference in Ottawa, organized by the Government of Canada, in cooperation with IDRC,theWorldBankandotherprivateandpublicpartners.The resources available to support working group activities would be used to support travel expenses of Steering Committee members to regional meetings provide translations of key documents and deliverables into other languages and setup an online platform for collaboration anddocumentsharing.

3.1.3. UNDESA UNDESA is relatively new in the domain. Past work includes the development of OGD for citizen engagementguidelines .Theimplementationguideisunderdevelopment.63The role of UNDESA is to support government in defining their policy framework, and coordinate actions with other UN agencies. UNDESA makes intervention based on government demand, butalsousuallyworkwithCSOsandbusinessesatthecountrylevel.During Spring 2014, a new project will be approved that will focus on 2 regions, Latin America and Asia, and 4 countries (the selection of countries is not confirmed yet): Nepal, Bangladesh, Uruguay,Panama.The objective is to work with corresponding UN agencies (UN ECLAC/UN ESCAP) and support government in their OD roadmap. The selected countries were chosen based on a set of criteria such as internet connectivity, infrastructure or their demographic profile. The idea is to select countries that are advanced, but also countries that are less developed on the OD front but may benefitmorefromtheintervention.The roadmap for country intervention will be to run an assessment first, identify needs and bottlenecks, identify local opportunities, identify players locally and build capacities of the different actors. The objective is to cover both the local needs as well as more global concerns such as transparency or privacy. The objective is also to have the countries drive their own agenda at the endoftheintervention.The project includes the organization of regional conferences to leverage knowledge sharing, and to help other countries to build their own agenda. In terms of methodology, UNDESA will use its internal methodology as well as other methodologies such as the World Bank Open Data Toolkit, and merge them to have the best set of guidelines. UNDESA plans also to link with key

63http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/Internet/Documents/Guidenlines%20on%20OGDCE%20May17%202013.pdf

actorssuchastheWorldBankinthetargetcountries.

3.1.4. DFID/UKAid Open Data is a strategic focus of the UK government and multiple sectors and activities are investinginOD,evenifthisisarelativelyrecenttrendandODisstillatitsearlydaysatDFID.Current principal focus is IATI and Transparency (EITI, Development Tracker etc.). However, DFID is investigating the opportunity to contribute to the call for a data revolution associated with the post2015 MDGs. If this goes ahead, this will be a major stepchange aiming at putting data (includingOD)attheheartofmanyactivitiesincludingresearchandstatistics. DFID has also established a Digital Advisory Panel, one of whose responsibilities will be advising DFID on getting their own house in order with respect to data and management information systems. OD interest is currently expanding and covering many sectors and is also supporting different countries public sector, either directly or through World Bank Trust Funds. DFID supports a set ofinitiativeswithinaseriesofthemesthatexplorestheroleofOD:

Open Data: In this theme, DFID supports different projects and initiatives such as Making All Voices Count, Voices of the Hungry, , Influencing development of IATI standards, Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition (GODAN) , Land 64Transparency, Extractives transparency, Transparency of humanitarian aid, Open Government Partnership (OGP), Aid Transparency Impact Fund, Information and NetworksinAsiaandsubSaharanAfrica(INASSA).

Building capacity of national statistical systems: DFID explores the development of capacitiestomonitoragainstnewmetrics,includingdisaggregation

Measuring progress towards post2015 goals and targets: Work includes exploring metricsforanewframeworkandabighouseholdsurveypushforbetterbaselinedata.

Global Partnership for Development Data: DFID is exploring opportunities to contribute to aNewGlobalPartnershipandcorrespondingmechanism,fundingetc.

Technology Revolution (opportunities from big data, mobile telephony and crowdsourcing etc.). In this theme DFID support different projects and initiatives such as funding for TFSCB to support innovative approaches to data collection, Mobile/digital techs within climate and energy and agricultural programs, Trade Transparency Project, Alliance for Affordable Internet, the Web Index, Amplify (women and girls safety in urban areas), GlobalOpenKnowledgeHub(incorporatesBRIDGEgenderdata)

DFID has also a complete program on Improving the UKs Own Data related to UK open data initiative.

64http://godan.info/

3.1.5. IDRC IDRC has been supporting OD for development since more than four years. IDRC interests focusontwospecificareas:

Research of evidences of impact of OD in as many sectors and contexts as possible (health, education, poverty alleviation, transparency, tourism, smart cities, environment, natural resource management, etc.). These dimensions can be split in 3 areas: transparency,GovernmentEfficiency,andEconomicDevelopment.

Knowledgesharingbothattheregionalandinternationallevel.In the past, IDRC started to invest in the area of OD4D in 2010 and focused first on Latin America and the Caribbean region. In the Caribbean, IDRC supported the creation and launch of the Caribbean Open Institute as a regional hub on Open Data. In Latin America, it funded the 65project OD4D , driven by UN ECLAC and W3CBrazil that had the goal to coordinate 66development of OD4D in the region. This included the organization of a regional conference in UruguayinJune2013.Thefirstphaseofthisprojectisnowover.OD4D has further evolved into ILDA, the just launched Open Data LatinAmerica Initiative, with fourmainobjectives:

1. Governmentengagement2. Awarenessraising3. Researchandpoliciesand4. Datademandactivation.

This new project will be more oriented to the civil society and it is expected to consist of three mainphasescombiningresearchandimplementationonfourprioritytopics:

1. GovernmentTransparency2. UrbanDevelopment3. EducationandHealthPublicServicesand4. AgricultureandEnvironment.

Implementation will be in the form of several pilot projects for the different topics (two or three countries for each of them) supported by a series of microgrants. A final phase will be focused onconclusions,feedbackandcontinuationpossibilities.Since 2012, IDRC has also funded the Open Data Research Network (ODDC) to support 67researchers in Africa and Asia to collect evidences of impact of OD in developing countries. The

65http://caribbeanopeninstitute.org/66http://www.od4d.org/en/67http://www.opendataresearch.org/

researchisfinishingandtheresultsareexpectedinthenextfewmonths.The current focus of IDRC is to support and leverage OGP work, and specifically the Open Data Working Group (ODWG). The Government of Canada is cochair of ODWG, and the objective is to support countries, in particular developing countries, to improve their open data commitments to OGP. There is a steering committee that includes countries (e.g. Philippines, Mexico, and Argentina)andcivilsocietyorganizations(e.g.HivosorSunlightfoundation).The OD4D strategy of IDRC is still to expand regional and international knowledge sharing. The OD4D brand, originally developed for the Latin America project, will be expanded to become a worldwide initiative, which will support regional elements, and work under the umbrella of ODWG.In Latin America, this will lead to a second phase of the previous project (ILDA) that will involve UN ECLAC, OAS (Organization of American States) and Foundation Avina. It will strengthen the LA regional lab for sharing knowledge on how to leverage impact, how to reach underprivileged populationandhavethembenefitingfromtheODprocessetc.A new regional conference will be organized in 2014 in Mexico and will be supported through this project.In the same way, IDRC will support the development of a regional lab in Asia (in Indonesia) and islookingforthesameinAfrica.At the international level, IDRC will cohost the 3rd international conference on Open Data at the endof2014orearly2015,andwillensurethatOD4Disoneofthemajoragendaitem.IDRCs objective is to participate in the development of a common agenda globally on OD4D and avoidworkinginisolation. 3.1.6. William and Flora Hewlett Foundation The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation (WFHF) is heavily involved in different dimensions of OpenData.Asanorganization,itispublishingitsdataonIATIregistry.Then OD is part of multiple programs and components. One area of concentration is research transparency. WFHF is piloting requiring their grantees to prospectively register impact evaluationsdirectlyfundedbyWFHF.It is also piloting an effort to require grantees to use Creative Commons licenses for their publicationsfundedbyWFHF. In this area, WFHF is member of the Public Health Research Data Forum led by Wellcome Trust. This partnership gathers major donors in the health sector and promotes research transparencyonhealth,includingopenaccesstopublication,andpublicationofdata.One of the Hewlett grantees taking an active role in sharing data is the INDEPTH Network, based in Accra. The network is made up of 48 member centres running health and demographic

surveillance systems. 10 of them are now sharing their core demographic data online through INDEPTHs iShare platform. INDEPTHs experience has provided them with lots of insights on challengesaswellasbenefitsofsuchsharing.On the government side, WFHF is supporting civil society organizations and nonprofit that advocate for opening of government data in different countries. For example WFHF supports the InternationalBudgetPartnershipandtheOpenKnowledgeFoundation.WFHF also supports the Open Government Partnership, particularly on how civil society advocates can easily access machinereadable, raw data sets that the government makes available. This involves not only following up on those OGP commitments related to open data (the majority of OGP commitments across all members), but also working to support civil societysabilitytomakeuseofthedataforaccountabilityrelatedadvocacy.WFHF also supports civil society organizations to use OD in their operations for more efficiency and impact. WFHF has just started a new component called "Evidenceinformed policy making" and the strategy that is being developed will surely integrate an OD component, but the details needtobesortedout,andgapswithotheractivitiesidentifiedtoavoidoverlapping.One area of that WFHF is interested in exploring more is interoperability of data across sectors. Many different fields are talking about standards for OD such as open government data and research data, but these communities are not aware of the conversations happening in the others. There may be some benefits of connecting these conversations more and some benefits toensuringdataareinteroperableacrossfields.In terms of investments, it is very difficult to identify the amount of grants that is dedicated to OD. There isn't a dedicated line for OD but multiple OD components across grants and programs. Moreover, WFHF is also providing general operating support grants to a lot of organizations, and itisnotpossibletoseeinthosetheamountdedicatedtoOD.

3.1.7. Open Society Foundations Open Data is an issue that a number of thematic and regional programs at The Open Society Foundations (OSF) touches upon. For the purposes of this document, we spoke with one thematic program, the Information Program that has been involved with open data for several years. Other programs that specifically may touch upon open data issues include the Think Tank Fund, the Human Rights Initiative and the Fiscal Governance Program regional programs including the Africa Regional Office, the South East Asia Program, and the Latin America Programhavealsotrackedthisissueintheirregions.

The Information Programs focus is on the use of data to support evidencebased advocacy, journalism, and public discourse by civic actors, advocates, and citizens as opposed to the release of data through nationallevel open data initiatives or portals. The aim is to help local organizations taking advantage of OD to support citizen engagements, advocacy goals and policy change. Other programs, such as the Human Rights Initiative, have also supported

organizations promoting the opening of data at the local level in various domains such as e.g. education(checkmyschool ),healthorassetdisclosures.68In terms of activities at the global level, the Information Program was an early mover in exploring the potential role of OD in developing countries. Through the Transparency & Accountability Initiative (TAI), the Information Program funded, together with Omidyar Network, Ghana and Chile OD Readiness Assessment in 2010 to investigate how donors in TAI could integrate OD componentsintheirportfolioofactions.Around the same time, the Information Program also commissioned studies to understand the intersection and possible synergies between OD and freedom of information movement. More recently (2012), the program explored the opportunity to launch work around standards to evaluatenationallevelopendataprojects.The analysis of OGP commitments made by different countries led to the conclusion that it is easy to make a commitment, and it is easy for a given country to be transparent on areas they choose, through the building of a national data portal. However, this does not necessarily lead to greater accountability. The critical point is the development of an ecosystem of accountability in whichhighvaluedataisusedeffectivelybycivicactors.In order to address this set of challenges, and the definition of a global framework, the Information Program supported the exploratory stage of the Global Open Data Initiative . Taking 69forward this work, initiated by a coalition of civil society organizations working in the open data space,maybeafruitfulareaforthePODtoexplore.OthertopicstheInformationProgramisexploringthatrelatetoopendataworkinclude:

Civil liberties: the intersection between a citizens right to privacy and open data, including the ways in which governments will need to balance between anonymization and completedatarelease.

Data standards and usercentric design: how the growing number of data standards being developed may connect with ontheground advocates, journalists, and citizens useofdata.

3.1.8. Omidyar Network Omidyar Network (ON) is one of the major actors in the domain since 2009. Concerning its international policy and advocacy activities related to OD, ON structures its strategy around 3 topics:

FiscalTransparency GeneralOpenDataactivities Privacy

68http://www.checkmyschool.org/69http://globalopendatainitiative.org/

Concerning fiscal transparency, ON is investing in 2 dimensions related to the theme of follow themoney.The first one focuses on supporting CSOs and media to use transparency and accountability tools and approaches to track revenues due to the state (in various industries such as e.g. extractive companies) as well as public expenditures. ON also supports advocacy organizations thatpromoteforgreateraccesstoinformationinthatarea.The second dimension that is critical for ON is open data standards to ensure greater accessibility and interoperability of data and to leverage comparison and mashup between different organizations and geographies. ON supports the development of different technical opendatastandardsrelatedtofiscaltransparency,includinge.g.theworkonopencontracting.Concerning general OD activities, ON objective is to understand how to benchmark the numerousOGDinitiativesflourishingallovertheworld.Key investigations include research on how to measure success of an OGD initiative and hold governments accountable for their commitments, or collection evidences of successes and failures.ONactionplanisstructuredaround4components:

1. IncreasinggloballythequalityandquantityofdatareleasedasOD,2. Ensuringthatprivacyrightsofcitizensareprotected3. Supportingreuseofdata,anddevelopmentofecosystem(demandsideactivities)4. CollectingevidencesandmeasuringimpactofOD

On these different components, ON provides funding to most of the global actors of the domain including e.g. ODI, OKF, Sunlight foundation, World Wide Web Foundation, Code for America, etc.Concerning privacy and surveillance, ON is in early stage of investigating where to place its efforts. E.g. including personal privacy protection and ensuring that OD initiative are respectful of citizenrightstoprivacyIn terms of international platforms and partnerships, ON is active in the OGP, the G7 and G20 fora. ON is also involved in the post2015 MDG discussions. Finally ON is an active member of the Transparency and Accountability Initiative (TAI) and the Making All Voices Count initiative (MAVC).In terms of effort, the fiscal transparency area represents 50% of the activities, the OD area 3540%,andtheprivacyandsurveillancecomponent1015%.Apart from the international work, there are also a series of activities related OD driven at the

regional level, e.g. civic forprofit innovation, or support of the development of OD platforms at the subcountries/cities level. In total, the average investment in government transparency (with afocusontechnologyandopendata)annuallyisaround2535MUSD.In terms of geographical focus (LMICs only), ON focused on United States, Brazil and Mexico in Latin/Central America, Kenya, SouthAfrica, Nigeria and Egypt in Africa, India, Pakistan, IndonesiaandthePhilippinesinAsia,andUK,Ukraine,PolandandTurkeyinEurope.

3.1.9. Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) The Open Knowledge Foundation is a nonprofit organisation founded in 2004 and dedicated to promoting open data and open content in all their forms including government data, publicly funded research and public domain cultural content. Since its creation, OKF has been working all over the World, and with public sectors and government as well as civil society organizations. AlltheinterventionsofOKFareneedsdriven.Apart from POD, OKF has a set of initiatives that are executed in developing countries, or cover developing countries. OKF has also a set of local initiatives and local chapters in different 70countriesindifferentdevelopinganddevelopedregions.KeyOKFinitiativesare:

The Open Data Index : The Open Data Index assesses the state of open government 71dataroundtheworld.

The Global Open Data Initiative (GODI): GODI is an initiative led by civil society 72organizations to share principles and resources for governments and societies on how to best harness the opportunities created by opening government data. It is intended to provide a roadmap of policies and institutions that countries can use to build meanin