Open Access

@SridharGutam

Opening up of Scholarly Outputs for Public Good

ISSN - Indian Journals• Assigned during 1986 – 2015 : 18,702 • During 2015 : 2,462 • During 2016 : 855

Publishing Companies• Social Science Research Network (SSRN) was

acquired by Elsevier $2 billion publishing company.• Study published in PLoS, revealed that Reed-

Elsevier, Springer, Wiley-Blackwell, Taylor & Francis and Sage published more than 50% of all research articles in 2013. • Reed-Elsevier $5,362 million revenue in 2014 &

$6,093 (2013) • Its time for authors to move away from these for-

profit publishing corporations?

Fig 2. Number of journals changing from small to big publishers, and big to small publishers per year of change in the Natural and Medical Sciences and Social Sciences & Humanities.

Larivière V, Haustein S, Mongeon P (2015) The Oligopoly of Academic Publishers in the Digital Era. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0127502. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127502http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127502

Sci-Hub Sept. 2015 - Feb. 2016.

Source: http://www.nature.com/news/paper-piracy-sparks-online-debate-1.19841

Open Access? ?• Open Access literature is digital, online, free of

charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions (Peter Suber, 2004)

Why Open Access?• Open Access seeks to return scholarly publishing to

its original purpose: to spread knowledge and allow that knowledge to be built upon.• http://www.righttoresearch.org/learn/whyOA/index.shtml

• It ensures that the community has free and immediate access to the literature before and after it has been reviewed and published.• http://www.jneurosci.org/content/26/36/9078.full

Benefits of Open Access• For researchers, it brings increased visibility, usage

and impact for their work. http://www.openoasis.org/

• Scholarly articles that are available in open access form are downloaded and cited more often than articles published only in subscription-based journals, and that citations occur more quickly than with a traditional publication cycle. http://library.duke.edu/

• Universities & Research Institutes - greater visibility, clearer management information. http://sparceurope.org/

Strategies to Achieve Open Access

• Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002) recommends:• Self-Archiving – Depositing

refereed journal articles in open electronic archives.• Open Access Journals – New

generation of journals committed to open access which will not invoke copyright to restrict access.

Source: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/boai-10-recommendations

Self Archiving• Pre-Prints : first draft of the article - before

peer-review, even before any contact with a publisher

• Post-Prints : version of the paper after peer-review, with revisions having been made.

Eprints• Eprints - free software

interoperable with all other open archives, ready to be registered and for their contents to be harvested into searchable global archives.• University of Southampton• http://www.eprints.org/

SHERPA/RoMEO• Publisher copyright policies & self-archiving• http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/

• 68% of publishers formally allow some form of self-archiving.• 31 publishers from India.• 1024 globally.

Institutional Repositories• An Institutional Repository is an online locus for

collecting, preserving, and disseminating, in digital form, the intellectual output of an institution (INASP, 2013).

DOAJ – Indian Journals

https://doajournals.wordpress.com/2016/05/09/doaj-to-remove-approximately-3300-journals/

AcaWiki• http://acawiki.org/Home• There are currently over 1,017 Creative Commons

(CC-BY) licensed summaries of academic papers on AcaWiki. • AcaWiki enables you to easily post

summaries and literature reviews of peer-reviewed research. • Many summaries on AcaWiki come up high on

Google results.

WikiProject Open Access• Wikipedia:WikiProject Open Access, a

collaborative attempt at improving the coverage of topics related to Open Access and at improving other articles with the help of materials from Open Access sources. • If you would like to participate, you can visit

the project page for more information.• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Open_Access

Open Access Mandates

http://roarmap.eprints.org/

National Data Sharing and Access Policy

• Aims at the promotion of a technology-based culture of data management as well as data sharing and access.

• It opens up, proactively, information on available data, which could be shared with civil society for developmental purposes.

• The policy has limited its scope to data owned by the agencies, departments/Ministries and entities under the Government of India.

http://www.dst.gov.in/national-data-sharing-and-accessibility-policy-0

IARI – Availability & Accessibility

• Publications from IARI are available to subscribers of the CeRA – public availability to IARI publications is very meager.• Availability and accessibility of IARI publications

(2008–2010), only 9% were open access journals and 14% of the published articles could be found on Eprints@IARI.• Thus, only up to 23% of the IARI’s published

literature is available and accessible to the public.

Tandon et.al. 2013 (pre-print)

The Barriers• No mandate for researchers to make their data,

information and knowledge publicly accessible.• Does not have infrastructure and tools to make

data, information and knowledge openly accessible.• Insufficient technical expertise on opening up

access to knowledge.

Source: CIARD

The Solution• Institutes should have the policies and resources to enable to harness the new digital technologies and to make data and information more easily accessible.

Source: CIARD

Data and information power innovation — restricted access represents a barrier to innovation.

Greater Openness to Research Outputs

• Improves the potential social and economic impact of research.•Makes research outputs travel further.• Enables researchers themselves to

benefit.•Provides greater value for money

to funding bodies.

Source: CIARD

Interaction between OA and Article Age

Gargouri Y, Hajjem C, Larivière V, Gingras Y, et al. (2010) Self-Selected or Mandated, Open Access Increases Citation Impact for Higher Quality Research. PLoS ONE 5(10): e13636. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013636http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0013636

Open Access India• Advocating Open

Access in India• Active members

on Facebook Group

Groups – https://www.facebook.com/groups/oaindia/Page – https://www.facebook.com/oaindia/Blog – http://openaccess.org/blog

Union Budget for S & T(allocations in millions of rupees)

Ministry/Department 2013–14 2014–15Department of Atomic Energy 98330 104460Department of Health Research 10080 10177Department of Science and Technology 31843 35440Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 35710 37072

Department of Biotechnology 15020 15172Department of Space 67920 72380Department of Agricultural Research and Education 57290 61440

Ministry of Earth Sciences 16900 16990Ministry of New and Renewable Energy 15340 9560

Source: http://www.nature.com/news/first-modi-budget-spells-austerity-for-indian-science-1.15542

Scholarly ArticlesSl. No.

Country Documents Citable documents

Citations Self-Citations Citations per

Document

H index

1 United States 7,846,972 7,281,575 152,984,430 72,993,120 22.02 1,518

2 China 3,129,719 3,095,159 14,752,062 8,022,637 6.81 436

3 United Kingdom

2,141,375 1,932,907 37,450,384 8,829,739 19.82 934

4 Germany 1,983,270 1,876,342 30,644,118 7,966,777 17.39 815

5 Japan 1,929,402 1,874,277 23,633,462 6,832,173 13.01 694

6 France 1,421,190 1,348,769 21,193,343 4,815,333 16.85 742

7 Canada 1,110,886 1,040,413 18,826,873 3,580,695 20.05 725

8 Italy 1,083,546 1,015,410 15,317,599 3,570,431 16.45 654

9 India 868,719 825,025 5,666,045 1,957,907 8.83 341

10 Spain 857,158 800,214 10,584,940 2,629,669 15.08 531

Source: http://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php

Scholarly Articles – Year WiseYear Documents Citable Documents % International

Collaboration% World

2000 23,776 23,237 14.97 1.912001 24,761 24,052 12.97 1.852002 26,841 25,928 13.26 1.932003 31,323 29,819 18.02 2.162004 34,623 32,925 18.95 2.172005 36,611 34,669 18.99 2.182006 45,979 43,596 19.02 2.402007 50,889 48,126 19.49 2.532008 58,162 54,941 18.66 2.742009 65,995 62,523 18.14 2.972010 78,226 73,924 17.07 3.322011 95,142 89,576 16.12 3.792012 102,881 96,841 16.18 3.992013 106,029 98,968 16.49 4.13

Source: http://www.scimagojr.com/countrysearch.php?country=IN

The Protection and Utilization of Public Funded Intellectual Property Bill, 2008

• Highlights– To provide incentives for creating and commercializing

intellectual property from public funded research.– Requires the scientist who creates an intellectual

property to immediately inform the research institution.• Arguments against– May lead to commercialize all government-funded

research literature and may hamper the movement for open access to scholarly literature.

– Exclusive licensing enables restriction on the dissemination of academic research in the marketplace, and increase in cost of products based on public-funded research.

Source: The Centre for Internet & Society

Alternate Metrics

• San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment– “Do not use journal-based metrics, such as Journal Impact

Factors, as a surrogate measure of the quality of individual research articles, to assess an individual scientist’s contributions, or in hiring, promotion, or funding decisions”

• Altmetric.com• ImpactStory

DST – DBT on Metrics

• “The DBT/DST affirms the principle that the intrinsic merit of the work, and not the title of the journal in which an author’s work is published....”

• “DBT/DST does not recommend the use of journal impact factors, as a surrogate measure of the quality of individual research articles, to assess an individual scientist’s contributions, or in hiring, promotion, or funding decisions”.

Source: dbtindia.nic.in/docs/DST-DBT_Draft.pdf

All Rights Reserved• "All rights reserved" is a phrase that

originated in copyright law as part of copyright notices. It indicates that the copyright holder reserves, or holds for their own use, all the rights provided by copyright law, such as distribution, performance, and creation of derivative works; that is, they have not waived any such right. Copyright law in most countries no longer requires such notices, but the phrase persists.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_rights_reserved33

Public Domain

• Works are in the public domain if they are not covered by intellectual property rights at all, if the intellectual property rights have expired,[1] and/or if the intellectual property rights are forfeited.[2] Examples include the English language, the formulae of Newtonian physics, as well as the works of Shakespeare and the patents over powered flight.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_rights_reserved#Works_not_covered_by_copyright_law

10/21/2010 34gutam@iari.res.in

Copyrights in India

• Life + 60 years (except posthumous works)• 60 years from publication (posthumous works,

photographs, cinematograph films, sound recordings, works of public undertakings, and works of international organisations)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_length

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GNUGPL

• The GNU General Public License, originally written by Richard Stallman, was the first copyleft license to see extensive use, and continues to dominate the licensing of copylefted software. Creative Commons, a non-profit organization founded by Lawrence Lessig, provides a similar license called ShareAlike.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft

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Authors' Rights: Regaining Control• Scholars who sign away all rights must request permission from publishers

(often for a fee) to place their own articles on a personal web site, in a course pack for a class they are teaching themselves, in an institutional repository, or to distribute copies to colleagues.

• And though scholars create the content (i.e., articles) and provide editing and peer review, publishers typically receive both content and quality control at no cost.

• Academic libraries then purchase back this content in an attempt to support all disciplines on campus.

• This contributes to the fact that some commercial publishers post large profits – up to 40% in some cases.

• As a result, publishers rather than scholars manage and control access to scholarship and research.

Kevin Smith (2010) http://www.acrl.ala.org/scholcomm/node/8

• Copyright is a valuable asset, even for academic authors. Although they seldom profit from their works of authorship, copyright, when properly managed, provides a level of control that can be very useful in ensuring the greatest possible impact for scholarship. Librarians, who are often called upon to advise on these matters, need to feel competent and well-versed on the basic principles of copyright.

Kevin Smith (2010) http://www.acrl.ala.org/scholcomm/node/8

10/21/2010 38gutam@iari.res.in

• Copyright law gives the creator of copyrighted works exclusive rights, including principally:

• to reproduce the work in copies (e.g., as photocopies or online),

• to distribute copies of the work; • to prepare translations and other derivative

works, • to perform or display the work publicly; • to authorize others to exercise any of these

rights.

Kevin Smith (2010) http://www.acrl.ala.org/scholcomm/node/8

Know Your Rights as the AuthorThe author is the copyright holder. As the author of a work you are the copyright holder unless and until you transfer the copyright to someone else in a signed agreement. Assigning your rights matters. Normally, the copyright holder possesses the exclusive rights of reproduction, distribution, public performance, public display, and modification of the original work. An author who has transferred copyright without retaining these rights must ask permission unless the use is one of the statutory exemptions in copyright law. The copyright holder controls the work.Decisions concerning use of the work, such as distribution, access, pricing, updates, and any use restrictions belong to the copyright holder. Authors who have transferred their copyright without retaining any rights may not be able to place the work on course Web sites, copy it for students or colleagues, deposit the work in a public online archive, or reuse portions in a subsequent work. That’s why it is important to retain the rights you need. Transferring copyright doesn’t have to be all or nothing.• The law allows you to transfer copyright while holding back rights for yourself and others.

This is the compromise that the SPARC Author Addendum helps you to achieve.

http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtm

Scrutinize the Publication AgreementRead the publication agreement with great care.Publishers’ agreements (often titled “Copyright Transfer Agreement”) have traditionally been used to transfer copyright or key use rights from author to publisher. They are written by publishers and may capture more of your rights than are necessary to publish the work. Ensuring the agreement is balanced and has a clear statement of your rights is up to you.Publishing agreements are negotiable.Publishers require only your permission to publish an article, not a wholesale transfer of copyright. Hold onto rights to make use of the work in ways that serve your needs and that promote education and research activities.• A journal article is often the culmination of years of study, research, and

hard work. The more the article is read and cited, the greater its value. But if you give away control in the copyright agreement, you may limit its use. Before transferring ownership of your intellectual output, understand the consequences and options.

http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtml

What if Publisher Rejects?Explain to the publisher why it is important for you to retain these rights inyour own work. Ask the publisher to articulate why the license rights provided under the SPARC Author Addendum are insufficient to allow publication. Evaluate the adequacy of the publisher’s response in light of the reasonable andgrowing need for authors to retain certain key rights to their works.• Consider publishing with an organization that will facilitate

the widest dissemination of their authors’ works, to help them fulfill their personal and professional goals as scholars.

http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtml42

Hoorn & Graaf (2006) – Surveyhttp://www.dlib.org/dlib/february06/vandergraaf/02vandergraaf.html

Figshare

Why Open Access

Source: http://www.sparc.arl.org/resources/open-access/why-oa

CC-BY Attribution 4.0

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

• You are free to:• Share — copy and redistribute the material in any

medium or format • Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material

for any purpose, even commercially.

• The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.

Knowledge as a Public Good• From Peter Suber’s

November 2009 issue of the SPARC Open Access Newsletter.• “One of the most durable arguments for OA

is that knowledge is and ought to be a public good. Here I don't want to restate or evaluate the whole argument, which is complex and has many threads. But I do want to pull at a few of those threads.”

http://www.sparc.arl.org/resources/articles/knowledge

DOAJ – Members

DOAJ

Open Access India - Advocacy•Advocating for

giving score for Open Access publishing in DOAJ Indexed Journals.•Advocating for not

to use Impact Factors for • assessment• appointment• advancement

Open Science Framework

Open Science Framework

Thank You

Sridhar Gutam, PhD, ARSSr. Scientist (Plant Physiology) ｜  Associate Editor, DOAJ ｜  Convener, Open Access India

ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region Research Centre RanchiTata Road, Rajaulatu Post, Plandu, Ranchi 834010, Jharkhand, India

Mobile:+91-9005760036/8005346136Skype: sridhar.gutam ｜  Twitter: @SridharGutam

Email: gutam2000@gmail.com