Commas, Conjunctions, and a Million Dollars Commas after Introductory Elements.
On Direct and Reported Speech Transformations. Put “he said,” etc. before, in the middle, or...
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Transcript of On Direct and Reported Speech Transformations. Put “he said,” etc. before, in the middle, or...
Calvin and HobbesOn Direct and
Reported Speech
Transformations
• Put “he said,” etc. before, in the middle, or after the quote.
• Place commas, periods, question marks, and exclamation points before the closing quotation mark.
He said, “I live in Parañaque.”
“I will give Jack a call,” he said.
“Where is the supermarket?” he asked.
Form and Punctuation of Direct Speech
Other verbs you may use to quote statements
(Use them wisely!)
Present Tense Past Tense
answer answered
declare declared
reply replied
say said
state stated
tell [+ direct object]
told [+ direct object]
utter uttered
• Depending on the context of the sentence, we change “I” to “he” or “she,” “we” to “them,” etc.
• We usually change first-person personal pronouns (I, we) to third person (he, she, they).
He said, “I live in Parañaque.”
Direct-Indirect Pronoun Change
He said that he lived in Parañaque.
• If your verb is in the past tense (“he said”), you must change the present tense verbs inside the quote to past tense.
• For known facts (such as, “The sun is round”), you always use the present tense.
Direct-Indirect Tense Change
He said, “I live in Parañaque.”
He said that he lived in Parañaque.He said, “I am cooking dinner.”He said that he was cooking dinner.
• If your verb is in the past tense (as in, “he said”), you must change the simple past tense verbs inside the quote to past perfect tense, since you are talking about an event which had happened before another past action (“said”).
Direct-Indirect Tense Change
He said, “I went to Tagaytay last week.”
He said that he had gone to Tagaytay the weekend before.
• If your verb is in the past tense (as in, “he said”), you must change the simple past tense verbs inside the quote to past perfect tense, since you are talking about an event which had happened before another past action (“said”).
Direct-Indirect Tense Change
He said, “I went to Tagaytay last week.”
He said that he had gone to Tagaytay the weekend before.
When there is a modal inside a quote...• will becomes would• shall becomes should• can becomes could• must becomes had to• may becomes might
Direct-Indirect Modal Change
He said, “I may buy a new car.”
He said that he might buy a new car.
• If there are demonstrative pronouns (such as this, that, these and those) in a quote, and you want to change direct to indirect speech, make sure your reader still understands what your speaker is referring to.
Direct-Indirect Pronoun Change
“I need to finish this movie,” he said.He said that he needed to finish the movie he was watching.
• If there are time elements in a quote, you must change it to fit the time of the reporting.
“I’m going to school tomorrow,” he said.
Direct-Indirect Time Signifier Change
He said that he was going to school the next day.
Time Signifier Change
Time Expressions for Quoted Speech
Use in Indirect Speech
this evening that eveningtoday/now then, …these days those days
(a week) ago (a week) beforelast weekend the previous
weekendnext (week) the following
(week)tomorrow the next/following
day
• When reporting questions, instead of that, use where, what, when, which, how to indicate a question asked.
Reported Questions
“What time is it?” he asked.
He asked what time it was.
• Use if or whether to indicate a question answerable by yes or no.
Reported Questions
“Have you eaten?” he asked the girl.
He asked the girl if she had eaten.
Reported Questions
REMEMBER!The order of the pronoun
and the verb in a quoted question interchanges when changed to reported speech!
“Have you eaten?” he asked the girl.
He asked the girl if she had eaten.
• When reporting commands or requests, instead of using that, use the infinitive to+verb instead.
Reported Commands and Requests
“Practice CLAYGO,” he reminded the students.
He reminded the students to practice CLAYGO.
Your checklist for direct to reported speech transformation (and vice
versa) word that introduces the reported
quote (that, where, why, if, whether, to+verb, etc.)
change in verb tense change in pronouns change in modals change in demonstrative pronouns
(this, that, those, these, etc.) change in time signifiers
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
“When I grow up, I’m going to be phenomenally rich! I’m going to be the richest man alive!” (1)_________.
Calvin said that when (5)____ grows up, he (6)_____ to be the richest man alive.
“But I won’t let wealth change me!” Calvin continued.
His dad replied, (2)_____________
Calvin went on to say that he (7)_____ let wealth change (8)_____, to which his dad replied that it (9)______ (10)_____ last hope.
Calvin (3)_____ “You’re going to be pretty lonely in the nursing home.”
(4) ________ said his dad.
Calvin replied that (11)_______ (12)_____ to be pretty lonely in the nursing home.
His dad said that maybe by then, (13)____ (14)_____ finish (15)______ book.
Exercise 2. Calvin and Hobbes
Direct Speech Indirect Speech