Chapter 10staff without background...Chapter 10 Commas Series Use commas ...

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management system for classroom use.

Chapter 10

Commas

Series

Use commas to separate three or more equally ranked elements (words, phrases, or short clauses) in a series.

A comma before the conjunction ensures separation of the last two items.

10-2© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Series of Words:

• He submitted all production,

distribution, sales, and financial data.

10-3

Series of Phrases:

• Government is of the people, by

the people, and for the people.

Series

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

Series of Clauses:

• Lee investigated hiring, Kelly studied compensation, and Mark researched benefits.

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Repeated Conjunctions (no

commas needed)

• I copied and Mike collated and Lisa

stapled.

Series


Direct Address

Use commas to set off words and phrases of direct address.

• We assure you, Ms. Ortiz, that your bill will be corrected.

• Do you know when the results will be available, Dr. Martin?


10-6

Parenthetical Expressions

Use commas to set off nonessential words, phrases, and clauses

• Examples of parentheticals:

as a matter of fact

by the way

for example

in addition

incidentally

in fact

in the meantime

needless to say

no doubt

of course


10-7

• By the way, have you made your appointment yet? (Beginning of sentence)

• You did, no doubt, make payment with a

credit card. (Middle of sentence)

• We’ll need an answer immediately, needless to say. (End of sentence)

Exception:• We have no doubt that your plan will succeed.

Parenthetical Expressions


Dates

Use commas to set off the second and following elements when dates contain more than one element.

10-8

• A sales record was set November 14 in Chicago.

No comma needed for one element.


10-9

• A sales record was set Wednesday,November 14, in Chicago.

Two commas set off second element.

• A sales record was set Wednesday,November 14, 2014, in Chicago.

Commas set off second and third elements.

Dates


10-10

• In April 2013 we opened a second office.

Exception: The comma is omitted in writing month and year only.

Dates


Time Zones

Use commas to set off time zones used with clock times.

• His flight left at 11:10 a.m., EST, and

arrived in Los Angeles at 1:50 p.m.,

PST.


Addresses and Geographical Items

Use commas to set off the second and following elements in addresses and geographical items that contain more than one element.

• The letter from Jane Mangrum,

Miami-Dade Community College,

Miami, Florida 33176, was provocative.


• We received inquiries from San Antonio,

Texas, and Tampa, Florida, about the job.

• Last summer we traveled to Paris,France, and London, England, for our honeymoon.

10-13

Addresses and Geographical Items


Appositives

Use commas to set off an appositive that provides information not essential to the identification of its antecedent.

10-14

• Douglas Dawson, the wireless

customer service rep, called.

The appositive adds nonessential information; commas set it off.


10-15

• The wireless customer service rep Douglas Dawson called.

In this case, the appositive is needed to identify which customer service rep called; therefore, no commas are used.

• My brother Keith will visit in December.

One-word appositives do not require commas.

Appositives


Try Your Skill

1. Conservationists are working to save endangered tigers whales pandas and rhinos.

2. They fear as a matter of fact that the great apes will soon become another threatened species.

10-16

Insert needed commas.

, ,

,,

,


Try Your Skill

3. George Schaller who is a world-renowned field biologist said that conventional approaches have not worked.

4. Our next meeting is at 1 p.m. EST in Albany New York.

10-17

,

,

, ,,



Try Your Skill

5. Conservation International held an important meeting on Monday November 17 in Rio de Janeiro Brazil to discuss the Amazon ecosystem.

10-18

, ,,,Insert

needed commas.


Independent Adjectives

Separate two adjectives that equally modify a noun with a comma.

• How many laborious, inefficient

procedures can we eliminate?


With the Adverb Too

10-20

When the adverb too is used to mean “also”:--If too is at the end of sentence or clause: omit comma--If too is elsewhere in sentence: set off with commas

• Many employees voted for the proposal too.

• My supervisor, too, voted for the proposal.

When the adverb too is used to mean “excessively”: --Don’t set off with commas

• Some people talk too much during meetings.


Introductory Verbal Phrases

Follow verbal phrases that precede main clauses with commas.

• Hoping to get a seat, James arrived early.

• To complete the job, we must work overtime.

• Shocked, we listened to the CEO’s announcement.


Prepositional Phrases

Follow one or more introductory prepositional phrases totaling four or more words with a comma.

• For the past six months,

wireless service has been erratic.

• In the spring of next year, we will try a new system.


Introductory prepositional phrases of three or fewer words require no commas.

• By next Monday you will receive your order.

• In 2016 the new tax will be repealed.

• In this case we will not intervene.

• On Friday I placed an order on your Web site.

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10-24

• We do not at this time anticipate layoffs.

Do NOT use commas to set off internal prepositional phrases that do not interrupt the sentence.



Independent Clauses

When a coordinating conjunction joins independent clauses, use a comma before the conjunction.When short clauses (up to 13 words) are joined by the conjunction and, no comma is needed.• The computer is an efficient tool of

management, but it does not eliminate the need for managers.

• We have tried many times and we have failed. (No comma)


Introductory Clauses

Follow dependent clauses that precede independent clauses with commas.

• When Mark was hired, his manager outlined his duties.

• If Jennifer applies, we will surely hire her.


Terminal Dependent Clauses

Use a comma before a dependent clause at the end of a sentence ONLY if the clause adds nonessential information.

• Information is considered essential if it answers questions such as When? Why? and How?


10-28

• We are usually open from 10 until 5,

although we can make special

arrangements if necessary.

An although clause adds extra nonessential information.

• His duties were outlined when he was

hired.

When clause adds essential information.

Terminal Dependent Clauses


Nonessential Clauses

Use commas to set off clauses that are used parenthetically or that supply information unneeded for the grammatical completeness of a sentence.

10-29

• Claudia Paredes, who teaches

in California, submitted excellent suggestions.


Try Your Skill

1. Traveling across the country I wanted a hotel that was technically equipped.

2. I hoped for a room with an adjustable comfortable work station chair.

10-30

Insert needed commas. Some sentences are correct.

,

,


Try Your Skill

In the past I had difficulty finding rooms with high-speed wireless access and I was not hopeful this time.

10-31

,Insert needed commas. Some sentences are correct.


Try Your Skill

I checked into a Hilton and immediately locked myself in my room and opened my laptop.

Our sales rep Tom Tyler prefers Marriott hotels.

10-32

Correct

Correct



Try Your Skill

7. When I finished my report Iwent down to the hotel restaurant for a burger and some fries too.

8. Liz Cabiles who travels frequently recommends Hyatt hotels.

10-33

,

,,



Degrees and Abbreviations

Set off degrees, personal titles, and professional designations following individuals’ names with commas (except for Jr., Sr., and Roman numerals).

• Fritz Werner Jr. and Fritz Werner Sr.

attended Stafford Smith III’s graduation.

• Paul William Murphey, PhD, is the keynote speaker.

• Expert witness Todd James, MD,

supported the defense.


Set off the abbreviations Inc. and Ltd.

with commas if the company’s legal name includes the commas.

• Scandia, Inc., advertised this dining set.

• Lamps Ltd. is now located in the mall. (Legal name does not include comma before Ltd.)

10-35

Degrees and Abbreviations


Numerals

Separate unrelated figures appearing side by side with commas

• By 2016, 54 franchises will be in operation.

Numerals of more than three digits require commas.

4,321 43,210 4,321,000


Omitted Words

Use a comma to show the omission of understood words.

• Some employees leave work at 5 p.m.; others, at 5:30 p.m.


Contrasting Statements

Use commas to set off contrasting or opposing expressions.

• Managers are made, not born.

• The greater the sales, the greater

the profits.


Clarity

Use commas to separate words repeated for emphasis and words that may be misread if not separated.

• We had a long, long meeting to iron out differences.

• In short, employees must be more courteous.

• What it is, is hard work.


Short Quotations

Use a comma to separate a short quotation from the rest of the sentence.

Use two commas if the quotation is divided into two parts.

• Mark Twain said, “We all have our limitations in the matter of grammar.”

• “I have never seen a book,” he added,

“which had no grammatical defects in it.”


Try Your Skill

1. Speakers included William Lee PhD and Phyllis Wilson MD.

2. By December 1 45 people had applied for holiday jobs.

3. Last year we hired 120 temporary workers; this year only 50.

10-41


,

,

,

,

,


Try Your Skill

4. Although tired workers tried to stay alert during the night shift.

5. Suzy said “Are you sure this is the last question?”

10-42

,

,Insert needed commas.


10-43

Which is correct?

• The actress Amy Adams says Meryl Streep is the best actress in films.

OR

• The actress Amy Adams, says Meryl Streep, is the best actress in films.

See the difference?


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10-44

Which is correct?

• Mr. Lee, the secretary is two hours late.

OR

• Mr. Lee, the secretary, is two hours late.

See the difference?




10-45

Which is correct?

• I’m hungry so let’s eat John.

OR

• I’m hungry so let’s eat, John.

See the difference?




Chapter 10staff without background...Chapter 10 Commas Series Use commas ...

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