Ftna1 Beport

to

Superlntendent of Publtc InstnrctlonDlvtslon of SpeclaL Servlces

Early Edueatlon for the Hand,tcapped

for

Federal Grant Award # G00?01U06

DETIELOPI}IG AI{ EARIY CHITDHOOD SCREST{IHG DEVTcE

by

Internat lonal I'{anagement Syste$s r Inc .55OO II.I{. Torer Drive, Suites 10?-11LKanses Clty, Mlssouri 5l+f:f

on

lfoneriber 30, 19?8

r ablq

I

LIst of Tableg

Trtle

Flfty-Elght Behavlors Used on Four or tbrs ofSevsn Consonly Ueed Devel.opoental Seales

Ptlot Screenlng Dasl8n

Grade r Locatton and tlrrnber of Screened Cht1drGn

Ethnte HakeuP of the SanPIe

Saople vt State Hlnorlty Conposltton' (19??-?8)

Age Dlgtrtbutlon of Saople At Ttne of Screenlng

Donalns and.Behavlors

Plnpotntlng Screenlng 0rder and Prae tlcc/SanplcTines

,:

. Channel" SuunarY

Grade Su arY

Sex Strnnary

llandleapptng Condltlon SumnarY

Blll.rgua1 $t'rutaPY

Re}labtllty of Screeners t

Verlflaatton of the Flve Audltable Plnpotnts

Practtce-Test BeIf$rUtI

Perforaanee Conparlsons of Caucastanc andHinorlty KlndergarLen Studentr

Honths of Age and Perfornance Scores

Plnpolnt Selectlon

Students Banked Lor by Ttretr Teachcrt

?Icc

6

11

w

Llt

15

15

u18

IIIIIIV

v

VI

VII

VIII

20

25

?5

26

25

26

32

35

36

39

b0

l+Z

h6

IX

x

XI

XII

XIII

xrv

xv

xvr

XVII

XWII

xIx

xx

xxr

L

I INTRODUCTION

A. Tnoortance of Th{ s .studI

Internatlonal l8nageuent Systcna, Ino. (IttS) ls proud to'have been a part of SPIta effort ln dsvcloplng a aoncanlng

lnstrunent fon ktndergargsn .puplla. tb€ goala of bhq ltudy

lrere forutdabl'e. They have been uet. ConElnued rcftneocntc

wlII be necessary; however, at thls tlne tbere erlcts a

screenlng devtce rhlch can be glven ln flve to slx utnutcsr bas

practlce-best rellablltty and has content and teachsr nanlclng

valtdlty

Ttrla developoent ls lrportant for at Lcast tro rGatons.

Flrsf, Lhere ls a lack of, oontlnulty betreen developcntal

scales f,or assesslng young ehlldrenrs pre-acadentc rkl,Ilg and

school required skllls. Thls sereenlng lnstrtnent saoples nany

of the gare sklIls that puplls nlll use as they procaed through

school

Second, thene ls a need for teachers and plnclpals to have

an alternatlve !o retentlon, Thls scneen!.ng instrlEent 1111

glve teachers ln the classroon support for recoullendlng

klndergartners for a detailed dlagnosts and posslbly speclel

learnlng asslstanoe. The cost of retentton to thc chlld

soclally and to the school syaten flnanclally should bc

reduced.

tllbh experlence, use of lhts lnstrunent n111 lrelp

adnlnlstralers to knor Ln advanee hor oany puptls w111 pnobably

need speclal servlces.

3

1]. PURPOSE

A. NqSUC for Tdentlfvl-nr Youna Handicaooed Chll{Eln

Procedures for 'ldenLlfylng youtg ohlldnen rho Eay havc

pendlng. or actual handlaapplng condltlons of a clld naburc arq

lnadequate.' Chtldren rltb obvtouc phyaleal handterpr anc

generally referred for specl.al asslstance. But chlldrcn rtthvarlous developoental probleus are not genenally neferrcd for

asststanoe.

Aocondtng to the handlcapped enrollnent ltrililatTr tn thc

State of tlashlrgton (1219 Report) for ghe.psEt thrcs !rGar!,

preschool enrollnen! of handlcapped siudcnts averagcd 533

annually. Of the 533, over 861 of the enrolled puptlc ucrc

sevenely handleapped. Durlng lhe satre tlne pertod thc

elenentary and secondary progran had only 17/ of the enrolLed

puplls ln the saue handlcapplng categorl.es. Flgure 1,

Proportlonal Dlsplay of Young to 0lder Handlcapped, Ch116"*,

shows thts dlscrepaRcy. There ls a clear need to dLsoover

procedures rlrtch w111 ald educatorg of handlcapped puplls to

ldentlfy young ehlldren who wtll eventually need speclal

servtces.

In a recent study 1n lhe State of t{ashington handleappcd

puplls rrere screened along ulth thelr regular class pccrs.

Froo the thlrd grade to the slxth grade oven 90, of the

handlcapped puplls feII ln lhe lowegt 251 of tbalr grade.

llorever, ln grades one and tro thls lras not tfr" casg. The

early grades showed a nixture of puplls ln the lorer 25I of, tbe

ranklng wlth only about 60i, of lhe lrlentlfted handtrcappctl

i

puptls sholrlrrg a need for speolal agglgtance. One probleo

encounLered $as that, proportlonally, the thlrd through tbe

slxih grade each contalned foun tlne! the nuaber of ldcntlfled

handlcapped students bhan the flrst grade. Identlflcatlon

tends to be baaed on school fallura over.sevonal yearsr

7

-ltItllllItltlt

4

5It

4

44q

4ll55

55lt44

T

5lt

444Itlt

4

6644It

4

54ltltll5

0-3 Gross Moior0-3 Gross ltlotor0-3 t Gross $otoi0-3 Groes Motor0-3 Gross Hotor0-3 Ftne !'lotor0-3 Ftne Hotor0-3 Pine Motor3-6 SeI f-HeIP3-6 Gross l&tor3-5 Gross t'lotor3-6 Gross tibEor3-6 Gross l{otor3-6 Flne l,lotor3-6 Flne Hotor3-6 Flne HoLor3-6 Flne l.lotor6-9 ser f-Help6-9 Gross t{otor6-9 Gross !{oton6-9 Gross Motor6-9 Gross lbtor6-9 Gross Hotor6-9 Fine lbtor9-12' Gross l{otor9-12 Gross lbtor9-12 Gross Motor9-12 Gross Mofor9-1? Gross Motor9- 12 Gross l,lolor9-12 Gross Mobor9-12 Gross tfirLor9-12 Gross Motor12- 1 I Sel f-Hel p12-1 I Self-Help1 2-1 I Sel f-Hel p12-18 Flne Hotor12-18 Cognttlve1 2-1 I Cognltlve1 8-24 SeI f-HeI p1 I -2 ll Sel f-HeI p18*24 Sef f-Hel p

18-24 Gross l6tor1 E-3ll Gross I'*rtor1 8-2 4 Plne Hotor

Table I

Flfty-Elght Behavtors Usedon Four or lbre of Seven Corsonly

Used Developrental Sea1eg

In prone - Ilfts headChest up prone-welghE on forearusBoIIs slde to suPlneHead up 90 degrees ln PronsHead to one slde tn ProneArus acttvtte on stght of toyGrasps rattle, toy, etc . voluntarllyObJect reach not followed bY ErasPPats bottleHead steady ln supported sltttngBolls prone to suPtneHo head lag rhen PuIIed bo sltttngSlts lndeflnttely lndependentlSr-handsEyea follow Boving obJ . to slttlngHands reaeh close to dangllng toySuccessful reach and grasPPlctcs up saall obJ ectDrinks froo cup held by anotherStands holdlng onGets to slbtlng wiLhout helPPulls to standtng at furnltureLlfts heed ln suptneStands rrbrokrg onThunb-flnger grasp :lnferlor plncerHalks wellStands BonentarllyCrawls backwardsSi ts wlthout hands - 10 nlnutesLorers to sttttng from furnLtureHalks holdtng on to furnttureStands a few seconds

ffiHri3'["ilir"r* serlbbre'Removes soeksHolds and drlnks fron cupUses spoon sptll lng soneTower of tuo cubesLooks at place ball rolled ouB of slghbTurns pages tro or three at a tlneHel ps j.n slnple household tasksRemoves shoegUnbuttons large buttonsUpstalrs holdtng ratl-tuo feet on stepJumps ln place : both feetInltates vertlcal str"oke

HonthgofAge Area

llunber of Scales ont{htch Ptnpolnt lrppearsl,la:rtnun of

ldenttfled by an asEeasoent tnsbrr"nent should be nlnorlfy. fte

reagon for fhls clause ln the law nas that by uging I.Q. ina

achleveuent iests fon placlng cblldren, tt rac fourd that thc

handlcaBpecl group oontalned pnoporttonately trto to lhnec tlnea

the nunber of nlnorlty studenbs than Caucaslang. Thua futunc

aasessoent developoent nust lnsure that lnstrrsents ured for

tdentlfylng handtcapged pupLls are ethnlcally ron-

dlscrlolnatory.

Given the need for early ldentlfloatton and the oument

problens of assessuent, the Superlntendent of PubIlc

Instructlon of the State of Washlngton lseued a Request for

Proposals (RFP) wlth the followlng general obJecllves:

1. Develop a learnlng/screenlng devlce for ure wlthchlldren of klnderganten age.

2. Fleld tesb the screenlng devlce on aE least 350chlldren of lclndergarten age.

3. Statlsttcally valldate the results of the screenlng.

q. Develop procedures uhereln the screenlng devlce can belnexpenslvely and practlcal.ly uaed ln a publlc school-Ilke setiing.

5. Conplete the developuent, fleld testlng, valldatlon andprocedure developoent .

5. Present the screenlng devlce and procedures ln awrltten report to Ehe Superlntendent or hls deslgnee.

I

Table II

Pi lclt Screen ing Desi gft

Eight lear OldsFive Year OldsFour Year OIdsAges

5O handicappedkindergarteners200 regularkindergarteners

50 children whowere handicaPPedin kindergarten( aoo regularpuptls iro, Past aata)

Populatlons 50 randompreschoolers

See-SaySee-l{riteHear-I{rite

See-SaySee-WriteHe&r-I{rite

See-SaySee*Hrltef,ear-Wrlte

Pinpoint s

Performance Perfo nanceIde asure sre

Performance

DistributionDl fferencesBetween- Five year old

hand,icappeda Firre ye ar o1d regular

Di st rubution DtstrlbrrtlonDlfferences DlfferenceaBetueen BetweenG ftro groups a $ro groups- Etght year o1d handlcapPeda Ei ght year oId regul"ar

9ggrpefllglrp

t{hich chlld,ren at wtrat 'location in the&lstribution are in:- Handicapped, at age fine- Begular at age fLve- Handlcapped at age eightr BegpJ.ar a,t ege eigfit

Hhieh chllclren at shatlocation tn thedistrlbutlon ere l"n:

I

- Handlcapped at ege elghtF Regular at age eight

Htrich children arestill ln:- Hand'icaPPed 8t ege

nlne, ete.- Begular at age

nlne , ete.

FolIou-Up

F

NUED:I

r.riETJ,fGi'II E

-!''lf 13 T'. ...Lt:)ol ).*

'.i iiii Rr.:I

:iE I BE

-"FF.j1i. o

l3Exhtblt 1

Early Chtl,dhood Screenlng ProJect

\ overrrler i

and, Bequest for Aseistanee

Proiidures for titentlfylng young chlldlren vho uay bave gendtpq 9r. actuallrandlceps of e aild nelure are lnedlequate' Eoo ofbea thesc studleats do

ioi r"""fve the neededl speclal asalatance untll tbe aeeond ot' nore l'lkely'the thirdl or later gPades. .

Stnce the screenlng procedlures for tdeattfytng young ehlldrea rrltb varloua

ierefopnentaf p"oUi"i", vhleh nay later lncreese ln se'irerlty' are'lnadequatetA#ffigrans for tbese gtudlentE are also oflen delayed'

When young stud,ents are referredl, they.nust. tlren get tn }lne for lcngthy andl

e4nnstve ."r.rrriot proceclur"t io lt"itry their problen' over 501 of tbe

tlme the referraf'pioi"". is tnadlequate because the rcferretl studeat f,a119

to quallfY for tbe requested servl'ces'

Clearlyr there 1s a needl for a lov eost accurate screenlng proeedurc rhlebleads directly to spectal serviceE'

To neet this need., the Speeial Education Sectlon of OSPI has'issuedl a

conpetitive contiact for the dlerrclopnent of a-sereenlng lnstrlsent forffniergarten chlldren $hicb neets these spectfileatLons;

1' tekes 10 or feuer mlnutes trg Errrninl'gtet?. can be adroinlEtered by the clessroom teaiher, trolr:nteer or

aide3, does not requlre speclel naterlels or equipnentlr. ls developr"fr"f iifr" oia"r the chlldt tne frigUer the ecorc)

,. is cultrrrally non-dlscrininetorT (rutuority chllclren ere uot'as a grouP, lower or slower)

6. LncreLes-ihe aeeuraey of, ltenttfying young chlldtren rlthspeelal needs

fnteruetlonal Managerent Systerns, Inc' (It'6), an independent eontractorop"r.tftg out of KLsas Clty, Missouri has beea anardetl the OSPI contract'f!8 has developed a sereenlng lnstrrsoent that is nor at the fie1dl-testing*ftn"r"rrt stage. Begtrlar preschool, klndergarten andt older hancltcapped

chiLdren need to be screenea tn tbls'phase o.i tt'e proJect'

We nould I1f6 to screen'the chllctren ln one or Bore of, your kindergarteaclessroons. The screenlng Process ltself lrl11 not tale a'ny teacher' tlue'i;;;;t, we viII need' abofo \5 ntnutes of the teaclrer's tlre to collectoplnlons aborit tfre-instrumentrs coatent end Etudentsr perforEance' We

uill lndividlua-Ily slrnd about lr5 minutes uith each student'

.JOUR

-:,:I? D TqLt.tLll av

-4:i i;:i I'ttlD :

6

?able V

Saople vs Stabe Htnorlby Conpositlon

( 1 g7?-?8 )

Publle SchoolsNunber Percent

Ethntc

BLackHl spanicIndlanAsian

22516 zgl20548 26r1 8953 z[r16885 ur

SaEpI eNunber Pereent

63 UTt14 10r16; l?f42, 31I

Total s 79002 100r 1 00,

. Another lnportant dlnenslon of thts proJect called fon

tdcnllfylng behavlors the fneEuency. of whlch lncrcased rtth

age. Therefore, the age dlstrlbuBlon of the saople sas

luporiant. Table VI shows the age dlstrlbublon tn nonths of

lhe saopled students,. t.

' Table VI

Age DlstrtbuE ton of SanpleAi Tloe of Screening

Age ln Honths Nunber Percentage

ll0-4950-5960-69?0-7 980 -8990-g 9100-1091 10+

10

3386

176u011

llt7

2.7rg. gtr

22.8r46,7 r10.6'2.gl3.lf1.9r

Tota1 s 377 100.1I

0f course, the preschool chlldren generally ranged fron ll0

to 55 uonthsl ktndergarten sBudents fron 65 to 85 uonths; and

the handtcapped ftrsb, second and thlrd graders 85 oonlhs and

older. Ttre age distrlbutlon rras approprlate for bhe purposes

of thls project.

1

t7

C Content of SeneenLnn fnstrument

The conLent for lhe soreenlng lnsfrunent nas 8ulded by four

crlLerla. Flrst, the nfP spectfled slr llsiLaBlons.; Ttrese

,irrere:

1. Takes ben or fewer utnutas to adnlnlster.

2, Can be adolnlsbened by the elassroon beaoher, volunteeror alde.

3. Does not require speclal naterlals or equlpaent,

4. Is developoental (ene older the chlld lhe hlgher tlr"score)

5. Is culturaliy non-dlscrlnlnatory (olnorlby ch!.Idren areno!, as a Eroup, loner or slouer).

5. Increases the accuracy of ldenblfying yolxlg chlldrenulth speclal needs

Second, lt was clear Chag aII donalns of pqrforoance

noroally agreed on as lnportant should be oovered. Table VII,

Donalns and Behavlors, glves coononly found behavlors that can

be observed and scored ln sooe .nanRer, AIso, by uslng

behavlons that matched the dooalns 1i wlll be posslble ln the

fubure to ext,end Ehe sbreenlng procedures upuard and domrard

by age.

Table VII

Domalns and Behav tors

Gross MotorFlne !,l,otorSeI f-Hel p

Soc la1-EtrotlonaICognl t lveLanguage

t{alk_pu1_J rrnpl{riLe letters-slashegTurn pages, bouch body partsSay firsi nase- tell storytlrl te lebters-flu$bersSay picture nan€s-nutrbers

Per,lounance noBAins. 4fhaVloL F'xaluol..es

lq

pinpolnted and oeasured behavlorr. And last, the staff of Il'tS

uas polled for thelr experlences wtbh young children.

The resuLts froo uslng theae three sources ere shor*n ln

Table YII,I, Ptrnpolntlng Screentng 0rder and Praetlcc/Sauplc

Tioes. By observatlon lt oan be noted that all dooalns of

perfornance uer6 covered, correet frequency Eeasuret rerc

posslble, Lhe learnlng channels uere covered and no vlolatton:

of the HFFrs llnttatlons were brotcen

Tab1e VIIIPtnPolntlng Screenlng Orderand Practlce/SaoPle rlnes

1. S-S Plctures?, S-D Touch Boxes3. S-t{ SlashesU. S-S Letters (n-Z)5, T-S Couni ( 1 -10 )6. T-S FlrsL Name

7 . T-S Favoriie SLorY8. s-h, x0x09. H-D Touch Body ParLs

1 0, H-H X0X011. S-S Nunerals (O-9)1 2. S-D Turn Pages1 3, S-S Letters ( A-C )14. S-t{ }lrlte ersI 5. S-S Numeral s 1 -5

( serlal )16. S-D Penctl Drop1 7. S-1, l st Letter of Narue

18 . S-S Nuneral s 1-5( randoo )

19 . T-D Jump

$/6A Seeonds15 /30$/6a1 5-6015/3015/1530 ( sample only rno practtce)15 /6015nA15 /6015/60$na15/6A15 /60

15 /6A15/1515/60

$/6a15 (sample only, JusE deno.)

The learnlng channel coverage ras of eoneern. Past

experlences as Leachers told us bhaE bhe see-tay channel

eventually 1s readlng (a hlgh prlorlt,y baslc sktll) and

see-rrtte, naih, also a htgh prlority. An analysls of the

channel eoverage ts shoun In Table IX, Channel Suuoary. There

uas clearly an emphasis on the see-say and see-HriLe channel.

Pract lee/ Sa.uple TlmePln polnt

..

2t

Conduct{n{ the ScFeenlna

Screenlng of younB siudenba prasento a unlque of

probleos and opporiurrlLles' The probleos ralrge froo puplls

belng'afratd of a new person lo not nantlng Uo qult playlng'

The f,ear ts nosily unfaolllarlty nlth fhe sltuatlon and ts

overcooe by bhe persbn adulnlstenlng the screenlng betng

f!.endX.y' $alt and t*ouehy' 'l{hen puplls donr! nant to stoP bhe

screenlng, nlee firsnegs ls necessary'

' The opportunltles ar€ thaB the adnlntstraber of the legt

may be settlng the stage for the young pupltt t future teoLlng

behavlor. l{hen lhe pupll leaves the settlng wlth a fcellng of

aceonpllshnent, bhen ihe adglnlstrater probably tras helpcd the

chtld as rrel1 as aec@plished the screenlnB' '

0nce the setblng has been agreed upon by the adnttrl'sbrager

of the bulldlng and the feacher ' a

follor*ed. Chalrs and Eables should

ferr ruleg ghould be

be for Young chlldren '

fron the flox of trafflc ' LtghBlng should be at a sbandard

iFtra r ltnoY hor and lnsitlllar to the classrooa' Ttre screener ahould I

)'' 'e and reburn to bbe classrooo'

nhai order the PuPlls will leav

t{hen. the above tteos are ' checked and a pupll ls seated and

ready, Lhe follotrlng three aeLs of tnstrucblons apply'

D

They should face aray froo the class or ' lf ln the hall ' affiY

E. PaEA R,q.P.q.ting- S)'liU

Flgure 2 ts a copy of ihe standardlzed reportlng foru used

throughou! fhe screentng. The lnsBnuctlons provldad bclor are

ldentlcal Eo lhose used Bo traln the soreenans. One plnt ls

vorth speclal nenllon. Practtce gesslons Here provlded for

oost of bhe behavlors. The practloe score $aa sloply wrltten

belou the boxes eonialnlng the students aclual perfot'aance.

This enabled laier rellablllty checks. .

1. StudenE NaEe - IndlcaBe studentrs flrsi and last nane, IefbJusdtrueo.2' Grade I; ffi:Illl.".

1 = flrsb grade2 = second gradeJ = thlrd grade

3. Sex - iarx X for-oale (M) or feoale (F)

4. BlrthdaLe - TrlLe date l1ke fhe folLowlng:1? APR ?8, use 0 ln froni of slngle dlgli(e.g., 01).

5. Speclal Educatlon .

Placeoent - IndlcaLe nI[ for yes or rNil for no'6. H/C-HandlcaPglng

Condltion : Indlcate trPr for phystcally handlcappedt'Ztt for ntld retardedrEr for eootlonallY dlsEurbed

( behavloral dlgturbed)trLtr for learnlng dlsabllttYsOtr for no handtcaPPlng condltlon

1. Ebhnlc - Indlcate trBtr for ElackrrCrr for CaucasianItArr for Aslan or Paeiflc IslandernHn for Hlspanlc - Hexlcan Anericanrrln for Indian (Anertean) or

,,0, lll"l?1"1""'"8. Blllngual - Indlcabe rIr for yes; nN'r for no'9. Bul}dlng - Sbandard codes ntII be added'10. Dtsbrlct - Standard codes wiII be added.1 1. Date - tlrile ln date screenlng takes place ln

daylaonth/year foro (e.E.r 18/APR/?8).12. Per foroance

Boxes - t{rlle ln correci perllornance for praciteesesslon under each box. l{rlLe ln comectperforoance for real sample ln boxes, rlghbJ ustl fled .

23

Belon ts a stJntrary

approPrlaLe varlablas no!

thru XIV) .

Table X

Grade SunnarY

Tabte xI

Sex SunnarY

GradePereentageHunber

TotaI1 00r

PercenbageNuuberSex

H HaIeF FenaleUnsPec I fled

5ur

::l2021?3

?

1 00rTOTAI

aK.U'

reEpont€s to each of the

,

I

80e59

It

I1

25

P

K

1

23.SP ( Speclal

( Ungraded )

2116e1

10I

377

377

And flnally, screenlng ras conducted ln 3t classnooos

Iocaued ln 23 bulldlngs ln eight dlfferent dlslrlcts.

Ttre pneschool and klnderganten classrooo teachers uere

asked to conplete the Ktndergarten Screenlng Report shorn ln

Flgure 3. Tho screeners copleCed lten nunber 1 of Lhc foro

and llsted lhe studsngts naue for lteu tl. The lnstnucblons

uere revlered rith'lhe beachers and they rere asked to nall the

foros bo IUS upon completlon. For bhe 339 Preschool and

klndergarten sLudents, aoadeolc and soclal ranklngs lrer.t

received for 311 for a 921 relurn rate.

27

0 Chronolocv of Events

AfLer contrac! approval (March 2?, 19?8), IHS had a.total

of ben raeks to destgn tha tnatnnent, conduat a prelttlnary

fleld Up:t, revlse the lnrtrtuent, hlre and traln lcreencr!,

establlsh rellablllty, and rorocn 350 studctrts.

Slnce 1t plnpolnta ncre practlced and assessed, the proccas

Eook fron 45 to 60 ulnutes per student. llttb rcortng,

recondlng, travel tloe and other loglstlcal probleua, each

adulE screened Ehree students per day, on the average.

In the fleld test, Dr!. Koenlg and Starltn and Hr.

Kunzeluann conducted all of the screenlng, raflncd thc

procedure and revlsed the lnstruoent. Then three screenert

Here blred and tralned. Ihese aoreenersr akays under thc

on-slte supervlslon of it least one IMS staff ueober (Koenlg,

Stbrlln or Kunzel"aann) conducted the oaJor portlon of the

screening.

The sunner nontbg of JunE, JuLy and August rere used for

data couputerlzatlon (sLortng, edltlng and prellninary

analysls). The ftnal coaputer progrannlng and analysls rrerc

cooplebed ln Septeober and thts flnal report by the end of

Noveuber.

Below ls a chronology of these events. Nots: the dates

lndlcate the blne frane in whlch the events occurred and do no!

1oply person days ln every case.

3a

^V. BELIABILITI

Prlor Eo and followtng the screenlng procesa, rellablllby was

assessed tn bhree Hays. Flrst, the relLablllty of bhe gonccnens

lras oeasured .following one day of trainlng. Second, practlce-test

rellablllty coefflcients uere ealculated. And thtrd, the accuracy

of countlng, oorreeilng and reportlng nas ueasured

A. Re1iabllltv After Tralntnr

Dunlng the process of tralnlng the soreenersr a rellablltty

cheok was sade for each of the 19 plnpolnta by eoupanlng caeh

screenerrs reported score to a standard. The atandar<l Haa

establlshed by the projcci staf,f one person eolttcd thc

behavtor and three staff, nenbers (non-screeners) recorded tbe

score. The oedlan of bhe three. staff neoberts scores ser'rred as

the gtandard. Table XV shows, by plnpolnt, eaeh.screenertg

reported score eonpared to the standand. Acrosg the 19

plnpolnts, the screenerr s sho$ed perfect agreeuent 60I of tlre

tLne, were wlthlngl 84I of bhe tlne, and wlbhln 12 g5l of the

ttne. 0n1y ln 5/ of Bhe cases nas the abgolute llequency count

off by nore than Ewo. Slnce the average correcb flequency of

the standard Has 42 comee! responses per nlnute (and the

oedlan standard duratlon wlthtn plnpotnt of those chlldren

screened was 11), tb nas concluded that ihe agreenent dlscre-

pancles shorrn ln Table XV were total lnslgnlflcant.

AIso shoum ln Table XV ls the lnterobserver correlaBlon

beLween lhe three acreeners. These correlabions are unlfor"olly

high and signlflcant.

Fron these data 1t uas eoncluded that the screensr!

33

rellably countEd, oornected, soored and reported nlfonoenca

daia for the 19 ptnpolnta soreened. Of courlo, thc next

questlon ls dtd the hlgh lcvel of acounaey luuedlatcly

foltowtng tralnlng generallze to the aatual soreentng procccc?

35

Table WI

Vertflsatlons

Audttable Ptnpotnts

Comelatlong

Plnpolnt N -,,,- Agr?enenf eII K StudcntrHcan SD

3 l{rltes slashes 5,I See-wrlte X0X0 I s 5510 Hear-Hrlte I0I0f s 551ll HrlLe er s 5517 l{rlte flrsl lelter 55

of natrs

283t251442

13141820

T

9q

6

33

1

566

I3

6lte5254622

2310

93012

TotalPercentages

275 14051r

T2261

25el

3814I

Plnpolnt Pearson Product-t'lonent Correlatlon

3 t{rttes slashegI See-wrtte X0X0r s10 Hear-nrtte. X0X0Ig1{ l{rtte er s17 Hrlie flrsb letter

of nane

5555555555

+++++

a 9999988898

3?

D

Thc ecreenera; luoedlataly follontng trrlnlng, produocd

hlghly rcllable data. For Bhosc plnpolnts rcqulrlng e rnlttcn

response f?on bhe studcnts, thc vcrlflcatlon proccss ahorcd

ihat the ronecnert aoouratlly oorr$tqdr oountGd, lcorcd and

neported the screenlng recults. And thc pnactlcc scorcr rcra

slgnlfloantly comelated wtth the screenLng tcorQt.

Beltablltty data, followlng lnlttal tralntnSr u8t not

avatlablc for ctx of tha ntneteen plnpotntt. Tbsgc werc:

5 Say flrst nane7 TeIl favorlte storY15 See-Say nuoerals 1-5 serlal16 Pencll drop18 Sec-Say ntnerals 1-5 randoo19 Junps ln place

The screeners and staff agreed tbat tbc plnpotnt of tct11n3

a favorlte story was dlfflcuLt to score and should bc cxeluded

for laok of rellablllty data. Ihlla thc other flve ptnpolnts

uere falrly eaBy to score, thetr re1lablllty ln the applted

settlng ls yeE to be conflrucd. '

Overall, lhe rellabtllty of the renalnden of bbe rorccnlag

daia lras cubstanclated, 1.o., bhese daLa eould bc uscd vtth

confldence tn thelr accuraoy.

Table XVIII

Perforoance CatrparLsons of Caucasians andt{lnortty Ktndergarten Students

r?, S-D Touch Boxes3 . S-hl Slashesll . S-S Letcer s( A-Z )

15 . T-S Count ( 1-10 )6 " T-S Flrst Nane

17 . T-S 'Favor.

Sto8. s-l{ x0x0

t9. H-D Touch Body- Parts10. H-1{ X0X011. S-S Nunerals

(0-g )12. S-D Turn Pages1 3. S-S Letters( A-C)

114. S-ll t{rite ef s1 5 . S-S Nuueral s 'l -5

( sertal )1 6, S-D Pencll Drop1? . S-l{ l st Letter

o f Nauer18. S-S Numerals 1-5

( randon )1 9. T-D Junp

rPlnpolnts oeetlng these speelftcailons:1 ) Varlance hooogeneous betueen Caucaslans and Mlnorltlea (F=NS)

2) Means between Caucasians and Mlnorlbles not slgntflcantly dlfferent.

P in po lnt

Caucasi.an vE I'llnortty

SD

Conpartsonof Heanst Dl-

3U.242.768 .0ll2. 1

72,624,532,228.0

E. t210 .323, 1

19,928.77 .3415.8L78

23,5e8 .0

4

7

a 79e 55

ll0,g17 .238.850 .3

15.84 .5816.629.0

57 .623.5

1?.96 .54

25.8 12,1

41.535.4

14.0T ,2A

35. tlll 1.960,?35,671,622.330. 32ll .g

6.111 0.920,81 5.429.7I .2175 "58.31

22,9 q

25.4 7I 4358a

36. g1 5.536. 44{.8

12.711 ,6113.028.4 l

55,224.7

13,914.0

21.9 g.96

39. o32,5

12. 1

g ,37

I1

1

1

1

1

1

1

.00 Ns

.12 NS

.?3 NS

.67,0?"25.04.12

.02NSNSNSNS

1.1?1.01

NSHS

NS

NS

1.1.1"1.

550163 a?0ll

6658

48

NS

1

4

1

,42.01

NS

1 .34 NS

1.69 .a2

2.60.51

2.37?.58

.252.14

,962.68

.01NS

.a2.01NS.05!rs.01

90 NS

50 .02?

221

1

.01

.63

.11

,05.01NS

NS

NSNS

.02

lt0

1 .07_.93

2,54

1 .062.59

NS

,01

39

t

Honogenltyof Yarta$ceF ratlo pLSD

t

a

Plnnolnt Seleetlon

Four ptnpolnLs lrerB selectcd ba.sed on thc follorlngcrlLerlon. Flrst, the plnpolnb had to bc ethnlcetrly rroo-

dlscrininatory. Thls ueans thaL wtren couparlng Ehe pcrforuancs

soores of Caucastran and olnonlty studentr, on a glv.n plnpolnt,

tha varlance of th€ Uuo groupa uusB be houogeneou! end tbeir

Eeans sLat-lar (see Table XVIII). Secondly, the frequenoy ol,

Ehe comect perfortranoe ras expected to lncrease wlth age (cee

Table XIX). And flnally, the data ousb have evldence of belng

rellable 1.e., provlde an aocurate representatlon.of the

studentrs perforuanoe (see Tables XV, XVI and XVII). The foun

pinpolnts neetlng these crlterla are ohornn tn Table XX.

Rellablltty was not establlshed ln the field settlng for

slx of bhe plnpolnts (nunbers 5, 7,15, 16, 18 rnd 19). Only

one p!.npotnb (nuober 18 See-Say rando numerals 1-5) uct all of

the other crlberla bub waa exluded for thc absence of

rellablllty daLa. Certalnly, thlp plnpotnt uay be lncluded ln

the f\rture once lts rellablllty ls deterulned.

The four plnpolnls neellng the ortglnal deslgn orltorla of

bhis proJect are:

2 TOUCHES BOXES (CInCLES)

5 COUNT TO IO.AND REPETT (1-10)

9 TOUCH BODT PArTS

l ll I{RITE er s

HI(-v

I

I

{!fil:

rt.t

I

:

D. Yalt{ltv

1. Content Valldlty

The following four stclll plnpolnts rere selocted out of

19 on rtrlch data ras collected.

Plnoo.Lnt Channels Connon Tenns

a. Touch clrcles See-Do Eyc-hand coordlnatlonFlne notor sldll

b. l{rlte ets See-}frlLe Beglnnlng perunanshlp skllIQulokneca

c. **r.rron 1_10 rhrnk_say :ltlfiI: ffi:liiltil.o. sldlI

d. rouch body parbs Hear-Do *::3"lH"int"i1r,

The four selected plnpotnts cover bhe 1npu0 channels of

seelng, thlnklng and hearlng and the output channels of

wrMngr saXlng and dolng. . These ptnpolnts cover bhe l,nput

and output channels rfi1ch need to be lntact lf a studeni ls

to functlon adequaBely 1n an acadeolc classroou

envlrongent.

In Eore coonon ternlnology, the four plnpolnts cover

bhe beglnnlng readlng, oath and wriblng areaa ag trell at

the f,lne and gross ootor areas a]I of rhtoh relate dlrectly

to perforuance ln klndergarten PrograaE as vell as Eo

penforaance Ln early eleuenbary school subJects.

l+3

b,

Table XXI we'd expect 50I of ?he soores to bc belor thclr

respectlv€ Eeanr. But for the studenBa rankEd low by Ehslr

teachers, 81I $erc belor average. flgaln, a cttntfloant

flndlng supportlng the valldlty of the screenlng prooess.

And thc thlr{ crlterlon aalrs rhat pereentage of thccc

students screened bchavlors feII belor the lnEcnquartlle

rangel t.€.1 belor the atddle 50! of the rcorea or at or

below the 25th percenblla soore. llhlle tbe expected nunber

ls elght, trenty or 56t of the students ranked }or by tbelr

Eeachens fell belor the 25tb peroentlle acone, Only 3l

scor.cd above the ?5th peraentllc toort

Ustng the bhrge criterlon descrlbed abovc, tbc studants

nanked as acadeolcally lor by Ehelr bcachers dld, ln fect,

score low on the four plnpoinBs neetlng Uhe dcsljn

crlterlon of thls proJeet.

VI. FOLLO}J-UP PLAN

Tbls pnoposal lookc at the f,eagtblltty of followlng up thc 80

preschool and 25g lclndengarten atudents lnvolvsd ln ths tnttlalsoreenlng phasq of Ehe pnoJect aonducted durXag the sprlng of 19?g.

. 'To nee! Bhe requlracnts of tbc lnltlal propolal lt ra!

necsssary to obtaln a populatlon that had an age range flon three

and a half to slx years and that that populatton had a large enougbI

ethnlo populatlon bo deterntne whloh sklIIE wsre

non-dldcnlolnatory.

Ttrc populatlong obtalned uet Bhe above trp crlterle. Horeycr,

due to the late daie tha! Eha contraot rar ararrclcd, lt re!/

neeesrary io work wltb school dlstrlcts rlth rhlch IMS hed alrcadyt

proven oredlblllty. ttre Cloven Park School Dlstntct uas uost

cooperatlve in enabllng Inlernatlonal l{anagenent Sys0ens to obtaln

klndergarten students fnon four schools on the Fort Lcrts Arny

base.

The Fort Lerls populatlon, horever, ls characLerlstically vcry

nobile. Consequenlly, the feaslbtllty of a val1d follou-up ls

dependent on tha nuaber of students sEtII restding ln thc state at

the bloe of follow-up. It ls our Judgenent that' at tha cnd ofI

Bhls flns! yeatr, a ulnlnr.u of 7Al of lhe lnLtlal populatlon be

avallab1e for follor-up (f.e., sttll reslde ln bhe Stete of

l{ashlngton) ln order for a follov-up bo have adequate valldtty.

Elghty preschool students ln flve dlfferent school butldlngs

woul<l be lnvolved ln the_follor{-up. 0f these elghty studcntt,

trenty-n1ns are olnorlby sludents. Ttto hundned and flfBy-nlnc

klndergarten sEudents Ln four school bulldlnEs $ould be lnvolyed ln

L{-?

J B Plan R/New $oneen{nq

If lt ls deterolned thst less than ?0I are found thcn ltu111 be neeessary !o screen a ne$ populatlon, nc nould 1ikely

lncun tno beneflts: 1) $e rpuld be able to lncLude Dore

students thus havlng a larger nnn froo rhleh to generallze

follow-up results, and 2) we rpuld be able to ldentlfy a Eore

stable populatton of students and thus increase the chances

thaL a larger porLlon of the studenls nould be avatlable f,or

fo}low-up

One posslble source of students and a cooperatlve rorking

envlnotrneni trould be Lo lnalude new screentng of preschool and

klndergarten students aE part of the ESD 121 proposal on early

chlldhood screenlng (subnltted to SPI Septenber of 19?8).

The steps that we would follor tf PIan B ls folloned arc

llsted below:

1. M1d-Deceober 19?8 obtaln agreenent fron presehool and

klndergarten sltes and ldenblfy new studenbs to be scrdened

wllh the newly developed lnstrunent,

?. Harch-Aprl1 19?9r 1980, and 1981 - rescreen these students.

3. The lnforoatlon llsted for PIan A uould be collecLed on the

lnltlal ner screenlng as neII as on each of the three

follow-up screenings.

h9

Baged upon our experlence rlgh content selectlon, tbc data

collectlon pnocess and the analysls resultsr H€ neooocnd thc

follovl.ng: '. ,

'l

saoples nean the beglnnlng of the sehool year. Ttre data hereln

descrlbes the behavlor of students near the end of thelr school

year only. ' :

2, More E;tnorllttes - The plnpolnts need to be used nith lnner-oity

groups !o further verlfy Bhelr ethnlcally non-dtscrlalnatory

nature. If the selected perforaance Eeasurea provG to

dlserlrlnafe ebhnlcally, bhen a-bwo step sereenlng pnocest

should be developed ln rtrleh the flrst step conslcts of'

perforoance screenlng, such as ihe one descnlbed ln thls

reporir,.nO lhe second step conststs of repeat,ed ueasures uslng

tlae serles analysls to lnsure results whlch are non-dlscrl-

nlnaiory of, olnorltY ehlldren.

3. - Followlng bhe adnlnlstrablon of tbe

screenlng process on a larger scale, the suggested follor-up

procedure needs to progress beyond the planning phaae to

lopIenentaLlon. SInce currently avallable assessoent

lnstnnents for young children are lnadequate, lhe only ray to

dEtermlne the accuracy of the screenlng systernrs referrals ls

to follow ldentlfled students lnto grades three (3) bhrough slx

(6).

5t

APPEIIDIX A

Orlginal Instrurent

tr.

n

t/.rl r.lr. a I1,."'T'ifl'la'

D(} NOT f t}[U OII SIAPLT

Gnnlrf $l.x l--' - --' - lll ll I l.tln I It

lla lle I l.

r rrlll ta I l{n }rl tr llr r'vrllt ll II ,rr ,a I l. rl Aatti'.t

raa

urrl t. rlt N(j

ltlv

Df 3 I nlcr

, t.rt I l.t

lY/}.

.trrL alLaral:trAL

vl .tt

lrltt.l llt.ra aa t ra(r.a

raarra$l aa ,r. {rflr ,{.rf.ril r lrla I rtlt

}lurrc€ R c() tl tl r (. r c

OATf

lr.t v

O?r8.r.G( @.[.-.\r' bor a\.r\r I Ox-Z \ttrr.t Qcurrrr \-1o {$',S-ur*o 0} L.Ll 1.At

-I# --'

r-lUMUE N CONIIEC t:Nulrnr n lr

,a

@u..rrodo G)S'g o-Gl @T.-'t:i @r* t.t{.c OIItn -0,- @6::.:ii @ Ot-. r-S O g.'"t- ((o..*\o* )

t ..'tAeal

tD t$ t.tt'rf..r', (.

0

ttI

:

I v..

1 B

\, I t,

lAralarr-aal.a'rl lrl'a l"' F' to"

m

nt

@ tro rr (- $

o

m

a

,t fiFCT:

'_l

'l,ll

;

i'

.:

.i.

:

i .l

';t

i

:

:,

;

,:

,i

(i

,I

.'

:

., l

irI

;,\

i

i1

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;

ii,i I r'

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i

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If

i.

Say Picture' Narne For One Minute

r. Student po-1e.? Say pictu re nantes lef t to rlgh3. Count correct picture named

t) \.ho th'.s - \o"\

(a

\ * ', d... 15t

'..'f .. \'\ (\ b[)

tr'-}r*

i rffi 5.' ;;i:;;:"': " " " " "";H'I

start over

t16.

Q+

(32

t

,i

i

I

:l

I

I

i

Wt

0{40

I7

3

Keell touching urrtil I ask You to stCoultt nulnber of di fferent boxes to(Must lift f inger, count onlY one touc

15P rar- t- i ce

Sarup I e I 30

( 121

t24l

i

I

a

t

,,

a

i

I

t

i

I

*r

u&lI! 5L A:,ll HARKS Practicele

r5

l. Hake rnarks, like this - demonstrate?. Keep mark i ng unti I I ask you to s top.3. Count correct slash marks

(Any vertical mark wlthout a loop)

i

i

tl

;'

{

1

I

i

II

(rr

;

!

i

i

I

i

,lI

i

i

l

r rr I t I I r_ I t lr

a I t I I I la I I I l-e

,!r ll ffi r'- tlrtrlr tf I lr I rt ltl

ef - rtrrall I I rt r r I r tr lJ t lrtl [' r '

lr I

I tt I t r tl I r. t- r '

a

- t t . t :tlll I t ll r -r r ! lEr - '

I a ll - llll llltl I tt | | t I !r r

- . r r I I t r ttilt .

\'r r rrrl

- J ff-r-.lrl- I I r tt'

a

aa

aa

r\

I.IR I TE SLASH I4ARKS

I . Make ma rks , I i ke thi s - demons tra te2. Keep marking until I ask you to stop.3. Count correct slash nrarks

(Any vertical mark without a looP)

Practice

a

l5

o

- I rll ! lt : I --

ll - I I I I

rttllllJ

r r t r lr r t t t ! f -

t r I

-..lt--llllrr:t_l

.tl.1

,,

-t

Correcti on: I?

CQUNT 189!1 ! t0 .lg

"Count from I to 10 over and over llke thls" - demonstrate.'rKeep countlng untll I ast you to stop".

Count al I correct humbers said by the student.Do not count olnl tted nurnbers.

riP

1nSamol p

t

I

I ns tructl on aa

a

I2

\

SAYS. r Ll{lT l{$l'lE

\

t6 )'\_:r' a

lsPrac ti ce

Sarnp I e l5

Ins tl (lnS : l. "l,lhat ls your flrst nale?"2. "Say youiflrst narE over and over, like.-this" - dsmonstrate'3. "Kelp saylng lt until I ask you to stop."

Qpf ry.c I lgl: l. Count nurrber of tlmes name sa I d.

5A'r 1, FAVI lR I I !- illr!!! lltl tl!)i.;( lq llcln0 ne

30

l. "Do you have a favority story?"(lf iroi ask about a reient e-xperlence, uhat you do at home, etc.)

2.' 'rPlease tell lt to m."3. "Keep telling me untll I ask you to stop."4, If siudent b6gs down use prom[rts such ai; "tell me more", "what else",teep

going"i not prompts that eliclt single word responses (e.S., "what color nasthe horse")

Correction: l. Tally number of words said while telllng story.

I ns trggt i pns :

\

Prac t i ce

Sampl e

(a

I

I

II

t

N

I

_J)

C ruql qo-Dl PIRTS

Ask student to stand uP."Touch each part of your body as I say it."As soon as student touches one part, say the nane of the next body part innediately.

Count parts touched correctly

' Practi ce 15 seconds

Sampl e 30 seconds

I{URtl_cr IoNs :

CORRECT ION :

1

23

I

10 Sec.

20 $ec.

30 Sec "

head ear

chln neck shoulder hand stomach knee footnose

t

:

tt

:

I

O c.qujlT fFo|'! L LA !g

"Count from I to l0 over and over like this" - demonstrate.'rKeep counting until I ask you to stop."

Each tlme a student correctly completes the l-10 series, make a tally mark,multiply this tally by 10 after the sample is completed.If a student omits one or more nurbers in a series, merely write down howmany correct numbers in order were said.Total I and 2 to get total correct nurbers said by the student.

I$sTtucT I9N $ :

CORRE CT ION :

1.

,?.

1,

2.

3.

Practi ce 15 seconds

Sampl e 30 seconds

)

no5 e chin neck shoulder hand stomach knee foot

head ear nose chin neck shoulder hand stomach knee foot

head ear

INSTBUET T0US

CORRE

4 [8JlE. e's

1. "Make e's Iike this" - denpnstrate.2. rrKeep marking until I ask you to stop."

_Up Afrd q rgIO

P RACT I CE

Practi ce

Sampl e

15 seconds

60 seconds

SA},IPLE

,t

IrffiffiffiffigrBrE gtrl ffi -@.M H s f.,,r--T:]

t:

i:

I

I

f

!

'!;,

I

't .:

1:

li+

II

I

i

i

,.

tA)U

,IJ '':t1t'

I.lrl te X' s artd 0's in each box

Count correct0 cl osed c ircle)X =, two separate cros sed lines that

((

x 0

0

0

x x0 0

0 0r0 x

U x 0x

0

x

0 0 x

0 ax x 0

0 x

0 x x 0

x x 0x

x 0 0

t t -'rtttt-tit t'-t'l!'tl ttlr'a'

-:::::

r.r.t I L

tPractice ; ,l.l-

60Sanrnl e --I2

n2)

t2{}

t36l

(481

t60l

(?21

(841

(e6l

6

x x 0 x x x 0 x

0

x

x x 0 x 0 x

0x

x x 0 x

x 0 xx

x

00 x

x x 0 0 0'

[u.tl :-,I.iIi: ru{q

u

0

x

x

_--0

0 x x 0

x

x 0

x 0 0 x 0

x x x0 U

0 x

0

- ,' '.tr

x

0 x 0 0 x x 0

0 0 x 0 x 0 x x 0

dD

!f -ttttt'-"' tt".'ldtr lrt.t't '-'r"""'

#

Prar t i ca .l}*frrl

l(jrrnul p

/a

l.?,,

Hrite X's and S's ln each boxCount corl'ect(0 = closed c(X = two sepa

X's and 0' s

ircle)rate crossed lines that

t

t r2l

(241

$61

(481

(601

ffit

(M)

(961

x x x 0

I

x 0

0x 0 x 0 x x 0

0x 0 x x 0 x

0 T

0

x 0

0

0

xx x 0 x 0 0 x

x 0 x x

0xa

I

'I

uv-q!I tlAtt t5

Ask student to stand uP.

"Touch each part of your body as I say i t''As soon as student touches one part, say the next part'

Coryectlon: 1. Count parts touched correctlY"

Practice

Sanrpl e 30

l5

Instructions: I2

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tread ear nose muth chln neck arh hand leg foot

head ear nose mouth chin neck arm hand leg foot,

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30head ear nose mouth chin neck al'm hand leg foot

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HTAR -tlR I T[. , X* AtlD " (]" x Practice l5

Sampl e 60l, "l will say X or 0"2. "You wri te X or 0 i n the boxes*3. Point as dictate4. f,ount Xi s and 0' s I n correct boxes -

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* Sanrp I e 60"I r'rill Say X oJ'0"

"You write X or' 0 in the boxes"Point, as dictatec;;;; I;r-unJ-o'r in correct boxes.

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nt correct numeralsir

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I,nptquctigns l. "Turn the pages2, "Keep turning un

thi s book , I i ke thl s" - demons trate.I I ask you to s top. n'

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lPfiii*SampI e 60l. "i{t'l te loopr fr:om lef.t to right, I ike.. thls" - demonstrate

i'. "Keep-ut'iting until - l' ask you to ltop"

3. Count each foruard looP a$ one.

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I t','rrLtice i:rL "Hri tu loops f rurrr lcf.t trl riglrt, I ike tlti:" - detnonstrate..'. "l.eep rvriting until I ask yttu to sto;1"..1. Count each forvard looP as one.

Samp I e 60

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r.Say letters left to rightr\ih*th's-\:"t'r.Count correct letters

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A C E F G H J K LM N P S T U V W XY Z G L A J C K M E HF X N S W R Y T Z

V U C L X K AW N T Y R H -M E SY U F V C G J L N T FS E M P H U A K vf

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Prac ti ce

Samnl e

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"Plelse pick up and drop this pencll, Iike thls" - demonstrate'

"Keep drbpping lt until I ask you to stop."

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Correctiolr: l. Count nunter of tinns drops pencll.

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"tlrl te ttre f i rs t le t te]' of your name i n these box85 '

like thf s" - dernonstrate in first box"

"Keep Hritlng untll I ask you tu stoP"'Count correct' I etters .

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ft Practice l5

Samol e 60

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