Nyame Akuma Issue 004

8/10/2019 Nyame Akuma Issue 004

1/37

W0.4 A

NeWSmm OF

FRIC N ARCRAPX WGY p r i l 194

Edited by P.L. Shinnie and issued from the Department of Archaeology,

the University of Calgary,

Calgary,

Alberta, T2N I ,

Canada

This number

of

Nyam A m i n addit ion t o the usual

news items

also

contains the f i r s t at tempt t o provide a

l i s t

of pennit giving

au tho rit ie s f o r aruhaeological work i n Africa.

It

had been intended

t o publish t h i s i n number

3

but that

k a m e

becems s o bulky t h a t I

decided t o postpone pu blicatio n u n t i l nwaber 4. The

l i s t

i s

e t i l l

very

inaomphte, several iaportant countries

am

no t inoluded, and th

d e ta i ls f o r some of those given are rather spa.rse.

I

h o p in future

t o

be

able t o g i m more detailed information

and

a l so t o draw a t ten t ion

t o any special regulat ions, and possibly t o snnrarise the various

Antiquit ies

l aws .

TO do

thie,

need help and would be g ra te fu l i f

those, with infornation would send it t o me.

I note that wry l i t t l e news i s ever received except i n ansuer

t o di re ct requests.

I w i l l

continue t o send

a

le t ter out about a

month before publication

date

s o l i c i t i n g news, but

I

would a l so much

appreciate

i t

i f

news item,

sh ort repor ts on research etc could

be

sen t t o

me

throughout

the year,

Please,

it

i s not neaessary t o

w a i t

t o be asked t o send

i n

your news. I

ant

always ready t o receive

it.

I t had been suggested that Calgary should be the soem of the

next meeting of our s t i l l so far as I know, namrelass organisation.

I s h a l l be away i n t he Sudan or Egypt on sabbaticral a t the n o d

time

for

these meetings, which should be

in

April

1975. I

am

therefore

proposing

t o

the Steerin g Cormaittee ~ t h e r t o n ,Nelson, Robbins Shinnie

?) )

t h a t i t should ei ther be held

elsewhere

o r t h a t

the

date should

be

changed t o sometime in the

a U

o 1975.

P.L. Shinnie.


2/37

NOTICE OF FORTHCOMRSL C0 SFL;fRENCE

The

7th Annual Conference of the Student Archaeology Assmia tion

of

the

l h ive rs i t y

of

Calgary

w l l

take place Prm Notbnber

15th

17th

1974. t

will take the form of

a

sylaposj umi on

PrMtiw

Teahnology and

A r t

Sessions

and

workshops

re

t o include:

lithics ceramics

metallurgy

text i les basketry and other aspects of historic and pre-

historic technology

and

art nhsm per tinent t o arahaeology.

The

conferenae

w i l l

be sponeored by both the Archaeology Associa-

t ion

and

the

eparlmnt

of Archaeology.

Correspondence should be add-

ressed

to:

Progrermab Committee

Departarsnt of Archaeology

IFnimrsity of

Calgary

Calgary Alberta,

Canada.


3/37

News of f i e ld ac t i v i t i e s i n Africa, or research subsequent t o

f i e ld work,

is

l i st e d here with the countries

arranged

alphabetically,

except tha t the countries i n which the Brit ish In st it ut e i n Eastern

Africa works a m grouped toge ther, al so alph abe tic all y, under the head-

irq

of E a s t Africa.

Algeria

D r

D

Lubell of the University of Alberta, reports:

For the past two

years

w have been working i n Alceria on an

investiga tion of t he p re hi st or ic cu lt ur al ecology of Capsian esoargo-

t i b r e s i n the region of Tbbessa. The 1973 season, which began i n mid-

June

and

lasted until mid-November,

was

funded by the Canada Council

and undertaken i n cooperation with the Centre Algdrienne de Reaherchee

Anthropolo~iqwa, Prdhistoriquee e t Ethnographiques.

O u r work consisted

of archaeological geologiapl eoolqical survey, excavation,

and analysis

of excavated colleations. Personnel, i n addition t o Lubell

as

director ,

were A

Oautier ( ~ ikauniveraiteit-0snt: palaeontology)

F.

Hassan

(Southern Methodist Univere i ty : archaeology

sn

geology)

J L

B a l l a i s

(UniversitB de

Cam

geomorphology)

A

Close (Cambridge University:

archmology),

C

Chippindale (Canbridge Unirsrsity: archmolagy) and

A Bouzenoune Univsrsitd d Alger botany).

O u r primary objective for the

1373

season was the collection of

data on environmental conditions during the period of Capsian occupation

i n order t o test

a

hypothesis of seasonal occupation.

To

t hi s end we

located, mapped,

and

sampled several exposures of alluvial sediments

whioh could be corr el at ed with Capsian s i t e s. One of the se , i n

the

Wadi

e l Redif, i n f ac t conta ins a destroyed escargoti -e. Two radiocarbon

sanples from these cu lt ur al deposits are dated a t 7340a15

yrs

BP

1.7964:

~harcoal)

nd

7690s20

yrs

BP

(1-7692: s n a i l sh el l, Helix

mslanostama) Analysis of t h i s sect io n along with another

in

the

Wadi

Meeeraa

and

a th i rd a t the excavated

site

of Ain Mfsteheyia, in di ca te

sev era l periods of deposition

and

erosion more or

less

contemporaneous

with the Capsian occupation.

There i s in

addition, evidence i n the

form of thiak black dep osi ts of clay s, f o r the wide-spread occurrence

of swamps and/or nwshes which

may

dat e t o t he Capsian occupation but

are mom l ik e ly post-Capsian.

One radiocarbon sample from these depo-

s i t s

i n the

Wadi

Meseraa has been dated

a t 583035

yrs

BP

(1-7963: snail

shell, species undetermined).


4/37

kcavations were oarried out a t one si t e , the eaaargotibre of ~

Misteheyir,

i n

th T(rlild m

Valley

about 10

k n south

of the modern

t m

of CMria.

An area

of 6 x

2

meters w s opened and exoavated t o a depth

of 50

on

with

the exception of

o

square

exaavated t o s te ri le s oi l

a t

1.55 m. wo radiooarbon samples give d a b s of 728N115 grrs

BP

(1-7960:

snail

shell, WU x

nslanmtaara) for

the 46-45 om level, snd 928e135,

yrs

BP

(w n m e ~ xatlanostma) for fhs

Us-135

ar level.

These dates confirm our observations of a brsak in the cultural strati-

graphy (on the basis of rtif ct bobnology

and

typology) at about the

5 s level, The horitontal exporsnre permitted the tentative identiflca-

tion of possible wt i v i t y

areas within th

s i t e

which w i l l

be

disausssd

in de ta i l in

a

forthcanning report in Ubyca.

The

Ulitsd sample of

l i t h ic a r t ifaots from

the

levels below 5 am suggests considerable typo-

logical va ri ab il it y which

m y

reflect seasonally specific activ itie s,

However,

further

exaavation w i l l

be

required to verify this .

A t present work

i s

oontinuing on

analpis

of modern vegetation

a-ties f rom collections mpade i n th field, palynology, sedimento-

logy, palaeontology, and

tsbulaticm

of the result8

of

the ar t i faot ana

lyees completed i n Algiere.

We

r unable, on the basis of this par's

results, ei ther to aacept or reject a hypothassis of seasonal ocoupation.

While

wle are

reaeonably carttident that

land

anails

were

a seasonally

available resource to Capeian populations, they m y not have constituted

the prfaaery source of

protein

i n

the

diet.

Therefore, the question of

seasonal habitation mat be deferred,

Further f ie ld work

is

projected

for 1975.

All radiocarbon dates were aalculated with the Libby ha lf -l if e of

5568 years

and no corrections hatre been made for variations i n the

atnospheric C 14,

Botswana

D r

Wilrasen of the University of Michigan reports:

conducted f ie ld msearch among the k ung Bushawn

l iv ing

at

ai a i from August

1973

un t i l aid-Janxwy

1974.

he s of

m y

fieldwork

is t o ge t a de tai led account of these peoples resourae procurement

efforts and the way i n which these efforts

are integrated

w i t h

other

aspects of their

lives.

Field methods combine ethnographic techniques

with those developed by

n i m l

ecologists. ham obtained reaords of

ne rly

5 kjlls and have

caatplete

information on

all

of these

as t o

species, sex, location of ki l l , date

and

time of k i l l method eaployed,

hunter, and so forth.

In addition, the

l e f t

mtacarpal

aad

phalanges

of

each

specimen has been obtained fo r bioohemical Bnalpis,

These


5/37

records mre obtained by partioipant observation tsahniques or by inter-

view on

day

of kill.

The

pav~yspecies have Plso been monitored both

within hunting m s and out6ide of

thescb

i n order to arrive

at

satiu.tes

of speciea dsnai ties f m t iv i ty ohrrmter ia tias of eaeh speaier,

The aia

here

is t o obtain

d b

for osmssing

W

ayMlria8 of

i n t S x ~ ~ Z l l c

tion batmen Ihrehman

predators and their prey apeoies. To

oonp kwn t

those studies

an

~ o l o g i o a l-y of

the

/ail

area has

begun

i n

the hops of

determining

ths extent to whioh

th

a p a t i a l patbms wN

charmturize present day distributions of

B w b n

i n the area exten into

the past.

hope

t o be

able

t o show s p e c i f i o ~ l yaw s w i n g

and

rsao\lrts

procursmnt a re

interrelated

in

k mg

organisrrtional

struoture.

Ethiopia

The expsdit ion of Cke Bri t i sh Institute in Eastern Airica has

continued i t a excavation

at Axum r X 0 0 ~Janaarg 1974.

No detail s

are at

present

available. t is

r lso

knam

that F+rofessor

emand

Clark of

the

University

of

California

Berkeley, has been

in the fleld but

again

no

details

ars

available.

Mr

aam

Sassoon fomer1.y

i n

Uganda

(see N p m e

llktma no. 2

(1973)

8-10) is now ourator a t Fort Jeew Muse=, Hdbasa. He

is

also i n

charge of

docrm~snting

sites on the Kenya coast, opening

selected

sites

t o

th public, and a9srgiag out

researoh.

e would 10 publiaations

offp-hts etc. for tbe F ort

Jesus

library.

Mr. Q r d y , of

the

Institute

of

Bir faaaStwi ies University of

Nairobh

report8

on

his

exoavations,

at

Site

QVJIU/~,

ukenya

Hill,

Whakos distr iot , Kenya October Novembsr,

1 9 3 .

Tmnty-eight square meetres of deposit re excavated on th

Wua

slope of this site,

whid ia

a roaksheltar

oonta ining

a number of a m %

line-paintingrexscuted i n the

late

19th century,

The excavations

revealed

two

wcupation

aonssr an upper containing rouletted pottery,

trade goods b o ~ e

rnaments,

and dmegtio

an irrrl bones

all

19th

w n t q

artefacts,

wh

can be assmiatad with the

I opsr i

who were

knawn

t o ham


6/37

grased Uvsstoek at ukenya H i l l ;

and a

lower containing a

d c r o l i t h i c ahipped stone assenblage

and

a

ama l l

proportion of

macrolithic

tools, ceranics,

and

domstic and non-dolpbstia

aninal remabe.

The pottery

of th8

lower occupation i s interes-

ting since it

is

identical

w i t

the type recognised by Mary

bakey

s

the nHyrax

H i l l

variant of Gumban n

i n

her excava-

tions i n the lNeoli thfol midden a t Hyrax

H i l l

Another reaently

discovered occurretnce of

this distinotive

type of potteryia

the Seronera s i te Tansania, whioh

wae

investigated by John

Bower

The

importance of

s i b

c3v~m/3

s

the evidence

it brings

t o

be r

on the economy of the so-aalled Neolithia rPakers of the

yrax

H i l l variant of

Gumban

N pottery Both cattle and

ovicaprids w m present in

the

lower occupation at GVJ along

with

the bones of -bra and

warthog

Conparative data

on

the

fauna of

th

neolithic midden

at Hyrax H i l l

is lacking but

m y

soon

be

forthaadng when

the

current excavations of John

Onyango

are

conalded. There

are

no dates for

the

older occu-

pation

at

G V J ~ / ~

s the results of radio-carbon determinations

on

bone collagen

are

b i n g

awaited.

One might venture t o guess

that these detsrminatione

w i l l provide

dates

within the first

millennium

B.C. as a

single

dab

for nGmaban

AH from

t

Seronera site

was

7

B c ~

15


7/37

Hr

oramly

also aaka for

the f

l l ~

nnounosnent to

be

inserted:

Thirty

ailes southeast of

lairobi

Kenya

near

Luksnya Hill is

a

house of six room

available

for visiting aruhmologieta and their

staff Laboratory spuse beds

lamps and

p i p d

water

are provided

t

i s

hoped that asabrndlogists w l l be able t o rake use of thibi

faci l i ty regularly

and

th r is no charge for usage.

In order to

s ve las t

mixmte

oonhrsi

n

bookbgs nuat be nade two months in

advance

b l

writing to:

Keys t o t house y

bO

pioked

up

at the British Lnetitute i n as t ern

Africa

chi^ ]^ ,

Nairobi.

he following

map shows

the best route to

ulcenya

House

Detailed information as t o the

facilities avail

to

Lukenya

House m y

be

obtained by writing

to Hr

Oramly.


8/37

Dr. Bcnrer

of

Lake

l o m a t C o lle ge reports:

I

have rea en t ly spe nt s i x weeks i n Nai robi, Dar -esSalaam, en

P r e t o r i a c o l b c t i n g a t t r i b u t e

data

on Oldowan toole.

his

work

r e p r e s e n t s an e x t e n s i o n o f a p ~ o j e c t n i t i a t e d in 1971 oiPed essen-

t i a l l y at o la riFgLng t a x ( ~ d c e l a t i onah ipe among the various occu-

rrences of the Oldowan.

I hope t o oonrplete the

analysis

o f t h e e n t i r e

crorpus of a t t r ibute

data within

t he nex t

eix

months.

Hr.

H t u r i ,

the

Direc tor of Ant iqui t i es and Archives sends the

following aaaount

1 Lake Ndutu Stone Age S i t s : The Department of Antiquit ies,

unde r t he d i r ea t i on o f

A A. M t u r i

undertook a f i v e m e k p r el im i n a ry

i n m e t i g a t i o n o f t h e s i t e whioh i a s i t u a t e d n o rt h o f lduvai Gorge

- ti

i e

a

oont inuat ion of the

lduvai

Pleirrtooem depolsite.

The site

whioh

is

an

e x h t l a k e, c o n ta in s

eurf s Artifacts

l i t t e red on the l a rge r pa r t o f t he Wea te rn shore of the M e ,

and dur-

i n g

the

r a i n y

Season

t h e

re

with

artifwts

is

under

water.

One of

the problems which needed t o

be

reedred

w e s

whether

the

a r t i f a c t s

w r

being

t ransported from ou t s ide t he

lake or =re

being eroded

from

wi th in t he l ake

bsds.

An

area

approximately 16n x 16m

w s

excavated and

an

occupa-

t i on f l oo r wh ich w s covered

by

t h e t o p m o s t

unit

a sandy c l ay , w s

exposed, n s i t u a r t i f a c t s and f a a n a l material w r found and wi th in

the

occupat ion f loor

w s

found a hominid skull. The skull i s now be-

i n g reaons t ruc ted by I . Ron Clarke

and

preliminary d e s c r i p t i o n

wil l

be published soon. The Research project oont int lbs

and

another season

is

planned

during September

and

October,

1974

2. Ngorongoro

Crater:

The exis tence of burial Hounds i n Ngorongoro

Cra t e r

has

been known ainoe 1907 when a G e m fanrer found them

while

qnorrying s t o n e s far

his

buildings.

His a s s i s t a n t s x aa va te d a t l e a s t

e i x t e e n

soun s

and

he recovered skeletal materials atone bowls

grind-

i n g atorme, p e s tl e rubberer, obsid ian art ifmts and beads of semi-

precious

stones.

A s3gtemat ic excavat ion

of a

iarther two burial

mounds one by Dr.H.D. Leakey in 1941 and the seaond by Hamo Sassoon i n

1967 confi r rmbd that the bur ial mounds contained mult iple inhumations

and

among the grave goods were s tone bowls gr i n i ng s t o n e s and p e s t l e

rubbers


9/37

They

ware

therefore oorm lated w i t h e i a i l a r burials found in

the Kenya

R i f t Valley and aseigned t o the Stom Bowl C u l t u r e wh i

in

Kenya ware

dated by Carban 14 t o be tman 900 B.C. 100 B C.. Saeeoon obtsined a

Carbon

14

termination of 300 B.C. from

bone

recovered

Prolp

the

burial

In

1969 70, the IMpartmnt of Antiq ui tie s

under the

direction

of A A H t u r i excavated two more burial

m o m ,

The two

noun wlere

found t o conta in only singl e inhumations and they

had

no grave goods.

Stone Bowls,

grinding

s toms es t le rubbers were not found,

though

pottery s h e d

and

obaidhn a r t i f aa t s

w r

fotmd f ro l a within

the

body

of the mounds.

The

1969 70 excavations ra is ed

the

possibility of

the existence of

two

groups of people who though sharing the common

tradition of urying t h e i r dead

i n

mounds, had

different

bel iefs and

material culture.

In

1972 and

1973, the Department excavated another

six

burial

mounds

Five of these

mounds were

found t o be s imilar

t o

those excavated

i n

969

70

oontaining single

inhumations

in

a lea r ly

defined graves and with no grave goods. Ths si x th which belongs t o

the

group of burial mounds of which om waa excavated by Sassoon

in

1967

contained nu lti pl e inhumations a t l e e s t four

individuals were

r e p s e n t e d and grave goods.

Among the

grave goods -re tcan stone

bowls, two complete and

four broken

grinding

stonee,

six

pestle rubbers,

four chalcedony and one red ochre beads, and numerous obsidian arti-

facts .

An intriguing find

w s that

of tw ir on bracelet s found about

45

cm below

the

surface of the mound in

an

area which produced

a

f a i r

concentration of ske le ta l materials. The iron bracel ets

come

from

a

mound

similar

t o

that

excavated by Hamo Sassoon

i n

1967

and from whiah

w s

obtained a carbon 14 determination of 300

B.C..

It i s therefore

l i k e ly

that

ir on technology

was

being

practised

i n

East Afriaa long

before the beginning of

the

ItIron Agen.

Finally, the 1972

and

1973 excavations seem t o strengthen the

po ss ib il it y t h a t the Ngorongoro bu ri al mounds belong t o two di ff er en t

groups of people with di ff er en t material culture . The temporal

rela-

tionship of the two groups

i s

not yet de te m he d but samples fo r

Carbon

14 dehnnination have been submitted to the

Oeochron

Laboratory.

The

research project continues

and

another season is

planned

during

1974.

3.

West Ki li um ja ro : Stone bowls,

pin ing

stones, pestle rubbers,

bored stones (stone rings) and obsidian

artifacts

have been found dur-

in

farming activities in

vvly

farms

i n

West K i l ~ ~ a r o ,he circum-

stances

of

the findings were such that

it

was not possible

t o

associa-

t e the ffnds and t o determine th ei r cul tura l and chronological para-

meters,

nor their

temporal

relat ionship

w i t h s lm i l a r

fin s associated

w i t h

the Ngorongoro burial mounds.

During

December 1972, the Department of Antiquities undertook

a three w ks

reconnaissance of the

re

as well. as preliminary ex

cavat ions i n one of

the

farms-

dLla

farm.

The excavations

were

in a


10/37


11/37

i n

a

s ignif icant ly

large

enough ample

and

if

they can be

cul tura l ly and logically aesooiated

w i t

the rock art then

i t

might become reasonable t o in fe r subsistenoe

patterns

not

only b a e d on hunting as

depiated

by some

of

the pictographs

but on

grain

wild or cultiva ted). Activit y patterning must

be

r e la ted t o

the

bio-physical environment.

4.

Relate the Tamania rock art t o th

general picture

of Afri-

can rock

a r t

by recourse t o ethnographic

as well

s

archaeo-

logical evidence.

Dr Richard

L Hay writes

The present

ph se

of

f i e l d

work on the Olduvai stratigraphy

was

ooonp;ieted i n January, 1974, and

my next

a im i r p t o oorlsplete a

nonograph

on the O l d d geology.

smphasis i s

on

ths subdivision of

the

major

units

into lithofaeies, whiah

are

i n t e r p ~ s t e d n t e r m of environraents

see Hay, 1973,

Quat

Ree.

, 3,

91-560).

Work

i s s t i l l

under

w y

by

J. Buda Soripps

Ins t

on the

racemisation of

amain

w id s f o r

deter

mining the late Pleistocsne temperature h tory and f o r d ting the

Ndutu

and

Mask

Beds.

nd r ew Brook Uhiv. Nairobi) has worked out the

g en e r a l i~ s dmragnetio atratigr)aphy,

and

Allan Cox

Stanford Dhiv.

is

attempting

t o

l m a b the Matuyama Brunhea nagne tic tr an si ti on

700,000

pars B.P.

within

Bed

N

D r

Peter Schmidt of Brown University

sends

the following

report on his work:

I am finishing

up the

major

portion of the

BFLhaya material and

f ind that

I need

more comparative evidence on ea r ly ir on working

before

I

fornailate any

poeitfons

about

East AFrican

linkage

with

Meroe.

As

a pob t of information, you

m y

be

interested

t o know t h a t

I

w l l be

returning t o uhaya this

coming susaarer to

conduct ethno-

graphic nd metall urgi cal experfarents

i n iron

srsltfng.

A s ~ 1 1

w i l l

continue limited excavations of

the

ear ly

iron

age in

the

area.


12/37

Ghana

r A Smith of the University of Ghana sends the following:

A v i s i t

was

made with students from the Departnent of Archaso-

logy, Univerrsity of Ghana over Chris t ras break 1973 t o Basumpra Cave,

Abetifl. Since Professor Thur8h Shaw s excava tion in

l*3

~raa .of

the

reh hi at.

Soa. 1W Vol. 10:l-67) was performed p rio r t o th e

advent of

C 14

dating we excavated

a

small witness seotion t o re t r ieve

organic remains f o r dating.

Samples of chasooal

were

r e t r l e r ed

frau

a l l

l ev el s t o 1lOoaa.. e

well

as carbanieed

remains

of the o i l PalmA

Elaesis

ineensis, - i o a depth of

at least 80cm

The

existence of Che

o i lw i~ ~ ~ siem wa i t s

opinion of

mveral

botanists.

Charcoal samples have been sen t t o Rikrsgaka Kenkyasho, Japan

for processing, O n e

of

th es e san ples from 100-110om. should give

us

a date for the

pm-pottery

niorol i thio industry/pot tsry wing transi-

tion.

Certainly th4 existenoe of the casbonised o i l palm kernels to

a t l e a s t 80cm. suggests that the use of this plant gous back a long

way

These examples m y w e l l

be

the oldest known a r d w o l o g i c a l

speeiaaens from West Africa.

I

would

appreciate

ny

of the

readers

of

Nyame Akuum who might know of any oth er exoqplerr ge tt in g i n touch

with me .

This report

has

been received from the Ghana National Musetnu:

The 5th of January, 1974 saw th e o f f i c i a l opening of t he West

African

Historical Museum at Cape Coast by Commder J K medume

deput is ing fo r the C d s s i o n e r fo r Education and Culture Col. Nyante.

The Museum

is

t o be a Centre f o r Research in to West African History.

Thus the exhibits refleet not only the period beginning with European

contact with West Africa

fr m

about the 13th t o l a t e 19th century,

D u t a ls o some Stone Age b p l e m n t s , that

i a ;

the period before the

Buropeans i n West Mrioa.

The museum is housed

i n

a ca st le of Danish or igi n and th i s adds

t o the uniqueness of

the

Mueem

and i t s

task.

The building i s i t s e l f

a monmaent. A p a r t hm being a m u m u m part of wing is going t o

be

converted into a theatre t o o f f e r

f u l l

f a a i l i t i e s f o r c u l t u r a l a c ti vi -

t i e s .

Diorama show:

On th e 5 th of March the National Museum mounted

an

exhibition

i n

i t s

main building at Accra.

This is

an

extraordinary exhib ition

because, f o r the

f i r s t

time

in

the Museum s h is to ry si nc e

1957,

the


13/37

e x h i b i t i o n was mounted in

a

n a t u r a l e c o l o g i o a l s e t t i n g .

It was an

a t tempt t o d i ap l a y w e u m ob;iecta

in

a

f m s i n d l e of t h e i r

real

l i f e

s e t t in g t o afford

an

easy uomplrehension. It por t r ays an indigenow

I r o n Smlting group aa p r a c t i s e d in t h e Upper Region of

Ghana

eoas

40 5 p r ago. Everything w e d

waa

aa thsn t i e .

The proueae was

demonstrated by a blookwsith Woobari Angko of Tiaa villegs

i n the

Lawra d i s t r i c t of Upper Region,

The l i f e - a i s e u s s t 8 o f the blenk-

s n i t h h b e l f and his m a t s t a n t s

were

cade

by Mr. Asa-Anakwa

a

diorama t echn i c i an o f

the

Museum, The

display

i t a e l f was the outuoine

of the researuh

work undertaken

by ,

L M

Pole one of th e A ssi s ta nt

Keepere of

the

Museum, The Museum of th e U niv e rs i ty of

Ghana

on 14th

March had

i t s

new cramprehenaive exhibition o p m

by

Dr. OkucAmpofo

t o

nark

t he s i l v e r Jub i l ee o f t he Univsra it y .

New

Apwintnmnts and Movemnts:

M r .

K A. Myhs

Keeper, has

been appointed

Acting Director of

the National Huseura and Mr. Jones Asante h w been appo inted A ssi s ta nt

Keeper (His tory) for

the

West African Historiual Hnaetor.

The Mreotor

of the National Museum will soon be on

t w o - p a r

sabbatioal l e a v e in

Canada.

With the

number

of t he Cura to r i a l

staff

i n

both

Ethnology

artd

Arohaeology inmasing plans are a fo o t fo r f i eldwork . Mr, Leonard M.

P ol e s work

on

Indigenow Iron Smelt ing,

*oh

culmina ted t o t he

mounting of

tbe

diorama exhibit ion mentioned above, I hope is well

k n m t o you

An

in t ro duc tory reseaah on beads n

the

Jasikan area of

the

Volta Region

had been

undertaken by

Mr. E.K.

Agorsah.

It

was a i m d a t

recording th h i s t o r y , 1~(~1ufwture

nd

use of the beads, as a l s o t o

know t he

raw

materials w e d , as

w e l l

as m y o t h e r r e l e v a n t

data

It

is

more or less a foundat ion work f o r future

research.

A t Efutu near

Cape Coast, a pre l iminary a rchaeologica l exuavat ion has begun under

W.

E.K.

Agorsah.

Also

in

FO@ S8

i s

~ a h a s 0 1 0 g i C d

-y

of

once an Iron Szaelting village a t Okyirikoaf o

near

Accra by Dr. 1 N .

Debrah.


14/37

Ivory Coast

The

following is supplied

by

Professor

Hauny

of

the

University

of Paris:-

Philippe Leclerc

is

at the Hission dfiAi de e t de Coophation,

B.P. 1839, Abidjan since

l a s t

par

st

in bad conditions the

shell-mounds of the Lower Ivory Coast lagoons.

I

saw hir and

he

prepared

a

paper

on his work.

These mound6 seem

definitely

a r t i f i c i a l ,

but

there

exist alrao sans natural oms.

I

shoclld be very glad i f our

Ghanaian colleagues would study those on their

side

of

the

border.

Liberia

In Nyam A k m no.1 1972). 12 D r Creighton Gabel of Boaton

University announoed a forthcoming project

i n

Liberia.

This pro*ct

is

now under way

and

the f irat p rt has been completed.

Dr.

Gabel

sends this

report:

Beginning i n January 1973 three archamlogists frola Boston

Univ ersity undertook an archaeolo gical survey which w s funded by the

U.S. Educational

and Cu l t u r a l

Foundation in

Liberia.

Creighton Qabel

w

proj ect di re ct or , as si st ed by Ph.D stud ents Robert

B

Borden

and

Susan L Whits who w s also supported by

a

fellowship from the Canada

Council). Gabel

wa

i n Liberia until late August, Borden until

October, and White until

early

Dsoember.

During

the

l a t e r montha of

the program, Borden conoantrated primarily on lithic industries

and

Me. White on t r ad i t io n a l iron-working, combining th e moording of

archaeological and ethnographic

materials

with col lect ion of ora l data

obtained

frow

Lama,

Bandi, Mandingo, Mano,

and

K i e s s i saitha.

The

areas

of t he country i n which th e group worked ineluded t he western c oa st

and

hinterland, ce nt ra l Liberia, the northwest, the northeast, and

Caps

Palmas on th e southeast coast. The heavy fo re et cover i n la rg e sec to rs

of

the

eastern and western interior

and

the lack of access by road t o

mmt of the c e n t r a l and eastern ooasts made it di f f ic ul t t o do nuah in

those regions.

The coast between Buchanan and Harper deserves thorough

survey by boat because of th e in te ns it y of European tr ad e

fram

the 14th

o r 15 th centu ry onward

and

the many

small

is la .. de which have long been

used

as

tribal burial grounds.

The pote ntial richnesa of the la t t e r

was

amply bm onstr ated

by

examination of coastal cemeteries

and

one

remarkable ossuary

at

Cape Palmas


15/37

Preeminent among

th

antiquit ies of the int erio r are vestiges

of former towns

and

villages, although most

are

of no great antiquity

and

few disp lay much depth of Aidden accumulation (due to the prac tice

of swidden rice cultivation

and

patterns of endemic tribal warfare).

They are also abundant along the coast, whem erosion of beaahes

lagoon bluffs, and tidewater riverbanks Irskes sites of these and

ea rl ie r types easi er t o loaate.

The earliest archaeological oacurrenoes noted were oms of

broadly nSangoann appearance, charmte ri zed

by

heavy picks, choppers,

and

scrapera. About ten suoh

sites

were identified

i n

the vicinity of

the lower St. Paul River weat of Monrovia, assoaiated with su bs ta nt ia l

qu rtr

dikes. Most are ordinary surface or road-cut sites although a

couple

of

stratified ones

were

found on the river itself,

and

probably

represent quarry workshops.

Micro li thic e i te s without pot tery wewe observed in several

instances, but with two or throe exceptions these also were surfaae

occurrences.

Single speaimns or

small

sca t te rs

w r

collected even

i n areas of high bwh. t one rook s hel ter i n the far northwest,

near

the borders w i t Sierra hone and Quima, t e s t excavations produaed a

miarolithia msemblage n strlatigraphio aaaooiation

wit

oarmias of

rude fom.

ocasparable si tu at io n was found t o p reval l a t another

shelter in the northeast interior.

These m y approximate somthlng on

the order of

the

wI)uimaN ~ o l i t h i c . ~

Microlithic assemblages include outils escruilldes

burins,

ir re gu la r sarapers, baoked flakes o r b-s occasional small unifa-

c i a l or b i fac ial pointe, and rar e geoaaetria segments.

None was associ

ted with axes or other heavy impleaents of ground stone.

C e r d c s i t e s abound i n most areas.

oeae coastal ones incorpo-

rate European trade goods such as crockery, gl ass, clay pipes, stone-

ware

beads and

brass ornaments. Locally-made i ron a r t i fac t s al so

occur, although their survival valw on the whole is limited.

Most

of the sites with or without European trade materials probably should

be

viewed

as

late prehistoric

o r

recent,

a t

lea st unt i l such

a

time

as

evidence t o the contrary

is

produced.

Relative dating, especi al ly when

European imports

r

absent, is difficult sinae there are few archaeo-

logical or ethnographic ceramic colleotions available for comparison.

The sca rc ity of habitable caves or sh el te rs and of deep settlement

laiddens

of

any

kind

makes

the problem worse.

However

the ceramic

sansples which

were

obtained

w i l l

provide at l e a s t a preliminary frame-

work fo r the later Iron Age and historic periods i n some

areas.

Apart

from the Stone Age industrie s, the most fr u i t f u l opportunit ies fo r

reeearoh a t the moment probably l i e i n tr ac ing of t r i b a l movements over

the past few centuries, combining the evidence of o ra l tra di ti on with


16/37

ar ch ~o lo gi oa l nves tiga tion.

The saw ccmmnts re generally applic-

able t o the smelting sites seen.

With two or three possible exceptions,

these seem t o

be

of quite recent origin, although the procureiwnt

and

reduction of iron ore m y be somewhat more

widespre d

than formerly

believed.

In the project report being submitted t o the sponsoring agency

and the Liberian Government, a number of recommsndations for the future

are included.

Among these re a plea for continued use of the SASES

grid for recording sites

and

artifacts; the promotion of joint research

by

historians, linguists

and

archaeologists; recording and preserva-.

tion of Liberian arts and crafts, with part icu lar reference t o th ei r

sociological significance; identification and dist r ib ut ion s tudies of

imported tr ade go ;

and the

preservation

and

protect ion of antiqui-

t i e s .

From Hr. A Smith, University of Ghanar

I intend t o lead a j oint archaeological geological expedition

t o the Azaouak Valley, Niger next December.

An archaeological

reconnaissance

w i l l

be made of the region Prom I n Abangarit t o th e

M a l i

border we i n i t i a l l y intended t o work in

M a l i

too but

I

have

been informed by the I n s t i t u t

des

Sciences humaines, Bamako t h a t a l l

researah i n the

5 t h

and 6th Regions of

Mali

has been provisionally

suspended

dw

t o

the

current drought). We also

intend

t o excavate

a t T a m p Nellet or Tafer j i t depending on which site

w i l l

give the

most information.

The expedition

w i l l

include

Dr M.R.

Talbot,

Departmnt of Geology, Univsrsity of hana and Dr. M A J W i l l i a m s

School of Earth Sciences, Maquarrie University,

N.S.W.

Australia.


17/37


18/37

tion near the mouth of the shelter.

Although there was vir tua lly no

vert ical s t rat igraphic different iat ion,

i t

ha8 been possible

by

seriat ion teohniquss t o divide

this

baad into three phases,

A B

and

C.

In the latest Phase,

C

lnicroliths

are

associated with pottery and, a t

one point outside th dr ip li ne , two i ron f'rag~l~bnts. l here

are

f ive

radiocarbon age-deterrainatims for th Phase, on from the bottom of

i t

fa l l ing ne r the middle of the th Century

B.C.

and four f r o m the

top ranging

f'rom

the 15th t o the 17th Centuries A.D.

It is clear that

cultural.

material

i n the 10-15

ca.

Immediately below

the surface

is

Plixed

and

probably includes,

int r

U a , pot te ry brought t o the s i t e

by Fulani

herdsmen

sheltering re

i n

bad weather.

I n

Phase R where the lnicrolithlc

industry

reaches its grea tes t

vertical concentration,

there

is

als o som pottery, but

there

i s

a

ole ar diffe rence between this and th Phase C pottery; and a shallow

but definite stratum exists between the two Phases which aontcrins no

pottery at

all.

The Phase R pottery is i n

v ry

poor aondltion,

and

i s largely nondescript;

where

decoration is diaoernible,

it is

of

the

comb-impression type.

Two radiooarbon age-determinations ex is t for

this Phase, th upper falling in the la te

rd

Millennium

B.C.

and the

lower in the l a t e

5th

Millennium

B.C.

Phase A i s distinguished

from

Phase

B

largely on seriation;

the

fmquency of ar t i f ac ts d r o p sharply,

and

the

inbrfaoe

between

the

two phases

is

marked a t one point by a large f l a t s l a b of rock 1.25

x

1

m.

in

rsise aml about

30m

thick, which f e l l out of the roof a t the

end of Phase

A

The cav ity i n the roof is s t i l l visible,

Thereafter,

this

s l ab aas the focus of activity i n Phase B

judging

by the concen-

tra tio n of factory w ste over and mound it There

i s

one radiocarbon

age-detennination for Phrrse A which falls i n

th

mid&* Millennium

B.

C

There is thus

an

inversion betmen the early Phaae

B and

the

Phase

A

dotermhatione, but i t should

be

noted that the samples pro-

cessed

were

s t r a t i f i e d i n the

samo

square without possibility of

Phatse overlap.

further age-determlnation exists for a louer level, below

the cul tural

noterial

altogether and bove bedrook, which fa l l s i n

the la te

6th

o r ea rl y 5th MUlennium B.C.

The mlcrolithia indastry

is

homogeneous, and similar i n many

respects t o t ha t exoavated

a t

Ropp Rockshelter by

B.E.B.

Fagg (I*)

and E.O.

Eyo

(1964).

soab

50 km. southeast of h t a e n Kongba.

Over

9 of the material is quartz 8@ white opaque and 1 ranslucent

colourless or smoky),

whib

other materials present are bssa l t

and

granite

Taking

the

Ut hi c material i rm the three Phaaes together,

a

to ta l of 39 898 i t e m , the breakdown in to typea i s

i n

outline s

f olloo~zr


19/37

Cores

3 746

Flakes 10.9

Blades 4.0

Borers, Sorapera,

Points, Lunates 0.4

Trapezes, Chieels

Debitage 81

0

100 6

Morphological. analysis i s

s t i l l

incoaaplete but the model range

of

blade

siees, for example,

i n

Phase

C

is

as

follons:..

Length:

14

]BPI.

Breadth: 5 - 7 m .

It is noticeable that a high percentage of the

smaller

artifants

a m nade of clear oolourless quarts although opaque

white

quartz is

the dominant material

n general.

uring

the oourse of the excavation, a rock-gong similar t o

those first reported by Fagg (1956, 1957) w ~ r discovered i n a aorridor

leading off the rook-shelter. It

has

two notes,

ur a

aeries of c l e w

chatter-marks,

and is unwual

in being

n a

vertical rather

than

a

horisontal

plane;

it uansists of a f l a t slab of grani te wedged upright

i n

a

oleft between

two massive boulders. A

pressure-flaked hollow-

based arruwhead i n whitish chert, very closely analegoue t o hollow-

based mowheeds from Ntemso

i n Ghana,

was found washed out of the

surface

i n

the corridor

after

r a n n July,

1973, during a

visit

t o the

site by

the exeavatora

after

the

r r jn

excavation had been com-

pleted.

Supplementary exaavation wars therefore

rried

out in th

corridor, and a third type

of

pottery,

g r d

tone axes and hammer-

stones

were

discovered stratified in

a

single oultural layer.

No

her

pressure-flaked ifacts

wetre

found.

Two radiocarbon

age

detenrinatians were obtained

for

this material, falling i n

the

first

and

fourth

quarters

of

the 2nd

Millenniua

B.C.

The exoavators currently inter-t the ~ c r o l i t h i c ndustry

in

the

main

shelter

as

the prodnut of a nomadic hunting carraaunity who

used

the shelter s

a

fwtory s i t e at

regular

intervals

from

sose

time

i n

the 4th HUennim

B C

onwards, until

at

least the Ist

Millennium

B C The upper age-limit of the aicroli thic industry i e diff icul t

t o

deteraim because of

the mixing i n

the upper levels;

but

it is

worth remelnbsring that the age of similar material at Rop

is

thought

t o

be

early

1st

llennium

A D

S

radia w e of the rook-shelter

at

G

uben

Kongba

by laaa l

people8

i n H

tor ic

tire is

clearly indiaated.


20/37

It

appears l ik el y tha t tihe rock-gong

m y

have been

i n

use by

th

2nd

Millennium

B.C., since hammrstonee dropped below it uere found streir

t i f i e d in deposits of

that

age.

A t

th ia

period

also people wing

ground stone axes and poarribly pressure fl d arrawhsub appear t o

have freqwntod the oorridor and

p s u r o b l y

th shelter a8

11.

A series of samples of organia material was

recovered

by

flotation From each level

of

the exaavation,

and is

ourrently being

analgsed.

EYO,

E.O.

1966.

1972

FMG B.E.B. 1944

1964. Exoavations a t Rop Rookshelter.

West Af r . ArcheAtol. Ihmlstter

3r5-14).

Rop Roakaheltsr,

Nigeria.

W. Mr. Arahaeol. Newsletter.

2

Rop Rock Sheltcbr Excavations 1964.

W.

Afr

J Ardwology. 2~13-16)

PreUdmry report

on

a

n ic ro l i th ic

industry a t Rop rockshelter, I Nigeria.

roc Prohist. Soc. 10:68-69).

The rockgong omplex today and i n pre-

hi st or ic times.

J . ~ i s t . SOC. Nig. : 27-42).

Rockgongs and rock-slides .

- 57: 112 .

Rop Rook Shelter Excavations 1944.

W.

Air. J. Arohaeology. 2: 1-12).


21/37

South Afr ica

NEW DISCOVERIES AT EARLY

IRON

AGE

SITE

24/73, BROEDERSTROOH

TRANSVAAL,

SOUTH AFRICA From Pro fesso r R.J. W o n , U n iv e rs it y

of th Witwatererand.

Fielduork

in

December,

1973 and

~ a n u a r y / ~ e b r u a r y974 a t t h e

A.D.

460 site of Brmders t rooa UCWL l f91

B Prof

R. Protsoh) has

increased

th

number of

known

h u t f l o o r s a t th

site from

t o W

The appraximate area is over 10 acres.

S i t e 24/73 may t h e r e f o r e , be

t h e l a r g e s t

and

e a r l i e s t s e t tl e m e n t p re se rv ed i n Af rfca so u th of the

Sahara

Fzcravationa by

D r A.

van Genderen a t l o c a l i t y 24/73

U

on the

s ou th e a s t psri lpster o f a i t e 24/73

hare

revealed an o r n m n t - m k e r a

working f loor approximately x 3 getres i n area

On the f l o o r

Dr. van Genderen discovered a s in g le s h e l l o f Conus hebrcriow

the

only such shell known i n t he i n t e r i o r of South M o a i n d i o a t i n g

c o n t a c t with t h e t r o p i c a l c o a s t l i n e

several

hmdmd k i lo ~ n e t re s o th

eaert as we11 as

oowrie

s h e l l s , q u a n t i t i e s o f o s t r i o h e g g s h e l l b ea ds ,

worked bone and t o r t o i s e s h e l l

and

i vo r y f rag rsn t s . La te r S tone Age

s t y l e s t o n e a r t e f a c t s m s o c i a t e d w i t h the I r o n Age o r n m n t s

suggest

that Later

Stone

Age

people were aatually working within the p a w i n c t s

of the

24/73

I r o n

Age

v i l l age .

I n Demmber 1973 site 105/73 was discovered near Thabaaimbo

several hundred kilcmretres t o the north-west of 24/73, with p o t t e r y

and

furn ces

sfsilar t o t ho se at 24/73.

indicating

a vide d i s t r i b u t i o n

of the s me Early

I r o n

Age t r a d i t i o n .

I R O N AGE RESEARCH WORK 1973-1974 I N THE EASTERN TRANSVAAL

.AFRICA Fram

T.M.

Evers Depastaabnt of Archasology,

Un ive rsity of t he W itwatersrand, Johannesburg,

TW sets of excavations have been carr ied ou t .

1

I n t he Wunic ipal g rounds of W n b u r g ,

partly

f inanced

by

t h a t

Municipali ty , excavations

revealed a

well-preserved

E a r l y

I r o n

Age

site w i t h c a t t l e and s he ep t e e t h and p o t t e r y i n p i t s .

Burials, as y e t

t o be completely exoavated, are probably aesociated.

Dates are

expec ted to

be c

A.D.

500

Exaavations of a Late r I ron Age s t o n e

w a l l

si te

a l s o proved informative.

h u t f l o o r w s c l e a r e d

and

was found t o

be

composed of atone paving: and

mud

p l a s t e r .

P o t te r y ha s a f f i n i t i e s


22/37

w i t h

the nearby s i b of Badfontein *oh has produoed a l a t e A.D.l%h

Century date.

2.

A t the Mineral spring nd vicinity of Eiland, o the south

bank

of the Groot Utaba, a large s lt works w s discovered and ex-

cavated. Excavations revea led a aomplete sequence of Early Late

Iron Age i n three atages.

The Early Iron ge pottery i s l i k e t h a t

from the nearby

si te

of Hanaony. The Middle Iron Age has a f f in i t i e s

with Schofieldls M pottery from Mapungubwle

and

has been d ted t o the

12th Century

at

the

site

of Silver Leaves 40 ailes

from

Eiland.

The

l a t e s t pottery

i s

s imila r to th a t f r o m Phalaborwa

and

Harmony

and pro-

bably dates between 1300

and

1900 A.D.

An

iron

smel ting Iturnace, associated forge

and

l iv ing

site

w s

partly

excavatsd. They

lie

about 5 miles south ea st of t he s lt works.

A date i n

th

14 th Century

A D.

i s expwted.

From A J B Humphreys Alexander Mcgregor Memorial Museum,

Kimbsrley.

A t

the beginning of

1973

the Alexander

HaOregor

Xeaorial

Mweum initiated a projeo t on the Later Stone Agen of th e Kfnbarley

area. I n i t i a l attenti on h w been foauesed on

a

ser ies of ro k shel-

ters occurring

n

th Kaap Escarpment, m a t of Kimrberley.

To date

preliminary inve stiga tions have been undertaken in two of the shelters.

Radiocarbon dating

has

placed the base of epos it i n om of the

shelters (Dikbosch) at between 12 and 14 thousand ye rs

B.P.

and

although th samples of cultural m teri l from

t is

period h ve been

rather ertuall s o far, the possibili ty does e x i e t of establishing a

long seqmncm fo r the

area.

Some of the =ore recent levels

i n

t h i s

sh el te r have produoe~d

an

in te res t ing

range

of non-li thic a rte fa ct s

in

addi tion t o the

usual

stone implements. Faunal remains

are we11 pm-

served nd

are

being

analgsed by Prof. Richard Klein of the Unive rsity

of Chicago.

From H. J. Deacon University of Stellenbosch.

The Archaeo1og;y DepartPrsnt of the University of Stellenbosch,

Cape,

is

proceeding with

i t s

nLongkloof Archaeological ProJect:

A

study of later Q rnary environment and cu l tu r e r e l a t ionsh ip

i n

the

Southern Cape.

Reconnaissance surveys and excavations have been


23/37

focused on the e w te r n zone of th e Cape Folded mountains i n the l a s t

two years

and

currently

work

has begun on the excavation of

a

major

cave s i t e on Boomplaas ( l i t e r a l l y , Tree

F arm)

four miles f rom the

Cango Caves i n the Oudtshoorn Dis t r ic t .

This

i s

a pre-Cambrian

lire

s tone belt

that

offers advantages

i n

preservation

and

rate of accumula-

ti on of sediasnts fo r the excavator over caves i n the are a underlain

by th m i d roaks of t he Cape

System

The Boomplaas cave

i s

250 sq.

w t e r s i n

area

and has a

depth

of deposit of five meters ranging i n

ge

from

th

Holocene t o t he Upper Pleistocene.

The deposits include

s slb

seven di sc re te oocupation horizons separated

by

oul tura l ly

s t e r i l e microfauna-rich layers.

I n i t i a l indications are t h a t a good

palaeolsnvironasntal control will be afforded by

the micro-

and

macro

fauna

and

sedjsasnts,

and

areacexcavation of living surfanes

w i l l

pro-

vide useful data on behavioural

patterning. n

are a of

25

sq. meters

of the uppermost maupation floor of Holoaene

age

at

a

depth of

9 em

below the surface, has been exposed

showing

a

clustering of

leaf-

l ined s t o r w p it a nd seed caohes associated with hearths.

This

i s

f a i r l y c l ea r ly a doms t ic area, the margin8 of whbh are jnst within

the present excavated area.

It is

expected that excavation of the

si te ,

which will involve exposure of successive horizons over the

f u l l

area

w i l l

take a nlaber of years.

The

excavation

i s

being

directed

by

H J

Deacon

in

association with

Mary

Brooker, both of Stellenbosch

University, and Ja net te Deacon and R G Klein.

Professor Karl Butzer of the University of Chiaago, Kill

carry out

a

f i f t h s e a o n of geo-archaeological work i n

South

Africa

from July t o October, 1974.

a)

study of the m i c r d e p o s i t i o n a l environments, based on

comprehensive sediment analgaes, of the various australopithecine

breccias (Transvaal, Taung i e nearing completion, and the results

were

f i r s t p resented o r a l l y a t th ~enner .~ren/NSFonference on

African PlickPleistocene

haminidae

New York, Jan. 26- Feb. 2,

1974.

Work on these very ea r ly

sites

has

been complemented

by

geological.

investigation of Pliocene faunal occurrsnces

a t

Virginia

0. .

s

and

Langeb-g

.

b)

Study of varf us Acheulian

sites

(Aaanzi Springs, Geslhout-

boom, Elandsfontein, Brakkloof Doornlaagte Rooidam, Cornelia) of

the coastal and interior regions are now mafnly in press. Further,

re-investigation of the aal River gravels has been concluded in a

d is se r ta t io n by David Helgren.


24/37


25/37

Robin Derriaourt now ~ e c re t a ry / ~ n sp e c t o ror the H i s or ioa l

Monuments C o d e s i o n i n Zambia rep or ts

as

follows on

hi

work

i n

South Africa:

I have campleted the writing-up of th f i e l d d a t a f r o m

my

study

From

1971-3 of the

later

archaeology of th e Tranekei and Ciskei regions

of South Africa. A W t e d nmanbr of oopies of th e monograph rep or t

haw been distr ibut ed t o South African archasological i ns ti tu ti on s and

it

is

hoped

a

publisher for this

w i l l be

found.

We a b e d

a t

reviewing by surfac e survey

nd

museum

st*

s i t e s

of the

Later

Stone Age (t he te rn in a l

part

especially) and th Iron

Age

This

w s

supplemented by excavations

a t

three

sites

(OaMeigh,

AM

Shaw M i d d l e d r i f t

and

Chalumna ~ o u t h ) epresenting mountain, r iv e r

valley and coa stal exp loita tion i n the Ciskei, The purely archasolo-

gi ca l evidence has been conpared with o ra l tra di ti on s and written

his tory for the last 500 yeare.

This (attempted) interdisciplinary approwh emphMlises notably

how complex

i s

the var iab i l i ty

in

the human groupa of

the

area over

the

l a s t

two millennia: the dif fi cu lt ie s of tying the cult ur al un its

emergent

from

archaeology i n di fferen t soms

with

each other, and with

the rock

art

sequence; the difficulty of collating a r W o l o g i a a l

groups with social grou recognised i n hist or y

and

t rad i t ion Bushmen

Hottentots,

mi,

t c r which

nt

themselves di i i er sn tl y cln ssii ieti

when

usin

technological , economic, l ing uist ic or m i c a l data .

This

i s

especially visible as the Cierkei

i s

the fr on ti er solhempar ex

cellence,

There

w

particular problems when

tryin@:

t o distinguish the

elements which le d t o

a

pa sto ra lis t nHottentotN ociety.

void in

ISA industries of

the

Smithfie ld or Wilton complexes south of t he

h a t o l a h i l ls

w s

f i l l ed by

an

industry

w i t

a crude battered flake/

core hammer emphasis in technique

sharing

sonre sim ilar i t ies with

coastal assemblages).

h i s

i s

located without pott ery but

presumably

l a te r pot te ry

i s

acquired

i n

one of the

sites

at

Ann

Shaw Middledrift,

of

a

s ty le d i s t inc t

f r om

t ha t i n the

LSA

rock s he lte rs t o the north

and

all but rare coastal asemblages.

The stme pottery element seems

associated with cattle

and

possibly sheep and a C.14 date in the

eleventh century in s m a l l

mounds

elsewhere

at Ann

Shaw Middledrift.

The burial of a caw i n one of these mounds is paralleled by an unusual

burial apparently inrstrusive into tl e e a r l i e r

s i b

of a crouched

elder ly Bush-type famale

and

an ar t icu la ted caw adjacent t o each other,

with la C-14 date of the eighteenth century (when Gonqua nHottentotsn

are

know from his to ri ca l sources t o have been i n the area.


26/37

A t Oakleigh, a rook shelter i n the h i l l s of Queenstawn, a

sequence gave a lower industry without pa ra ll el i n S8slpson s Orange

River sequence but s o d a t simil r t o fiHawiesonls Poort n, followed

by an IS industry of the Smithfield complex into whioh new elements

were added: pottery sho rtl y a ft e r the mid tenth century, c a t tl e i n

the fi fte en th or sixteen th century, sheep ther eaft er

and

items of

European

mufacture

at ths end of the sequence.

The donreaCic

8niaaJ s

r e f l ec t the pattern of stock th ef t (o r rath er hunting of

gane

namd

dif feren t ly by i t s

owners

s h m both i n rock rt

or

h is to r i ca l

sources, though at a

rather ea r ly date i f the C-14 reading

i s

correct.

Many

different coastal

ssewbl ges

have been distinguished,

associated w i t h shell micidens

These

suggest coastal (perhaps seasonal)

ac t iv i t ies of

inland

hunter-gatherere and pe st or al is ts ; but al so

sp ec ifi ca lly o oastal gr ou p who at

both

west

and

east of the coastline

absorbed pottery into

an

otherwise unchanged pattern.

n Iron A g e

ceramic tra di tio n c lea rly linked t o the

NC

of Natal Iron workers has

been located at t~llelve i t e s along the coast, but paral le l I ron

Age

sites before the eighteenth century seem rarely to have survived with

evidence f or th e archaeologist inland.

Here

history and t r ad i t ion

nt r t o a s s i s t and supplement.

Sudan

Kadero

Dr. L Krzyzaniak of the Polish Centre of Archaeology

i n Cairo

and

the Archaeological

Efuseum

of Poenan continued work i n

the

winter of 1973-74 a t

this

important pre-historic s i te .

The

material

s

simil r

t o

that

from Shaheinab but

th r

is

some

evidence

t o suggest t is r at he r l a t e r i n date.

Meroe

P.L.

Shinnie

and R. Heitmaam spent four weeks

at

the

s i t e (~ecember 973 January 1974 w i t h a group from Education

Expeditions International.

During

this time excavation

w s

car r ied

out in

an

area where

an

i ron smiting

furnaae

had been found i n th e

season o 1969-70.

The

new work led t o the discovery of three more

furnaces, two of them enclosed in a srmll, brick building with a brick


27/37


28/37

1973 saw excavations by Joseph Vogel of Livingstone Museum a t

the Iron ge s i t e at Chundu Farm

near

Livingatone

and

by Karla Savage

of University of California, Berkeley,

at

Mulrbwa revealing

MSA

LS

and L material.

3iss Savage studied

and

malyaed finds hw e a r l i e r

excavations a t Kmu~ongolwaand Chanzbabulele,

and

has now returned t o

the States to continue writing up her work.

After my ar ri va l a t the National Monuments C o d s s i o n mid-year

I carried out some preliminary survey work

in

the Luxpula Province

and

around Lake Tanganyika, mainly locat ing later

Iron

Age s i t e s .

h i s

work is t o be expanded In 1974 with t r i a l

d i g s a t

two village

sites

i n

Samf ya.

There

is no Sndication that there w i l l be any overseas-based

archaeological expeditions t o Zambia i n 1974, which i s regrettable.

The National Monuawnts C d s s i o n , which controls pe ra i t s for such

work,

i s

keen t o enaourage foreign research workers i n Zambia. It

is

fair to suggest that Zambia i s one of the rast open and free of African

countrie s f o r archaeological fieldwork,

and

eaholars who can guarantee

institutional backing and a

progr m

for publioation of results )

would expect no d if fi cu lt y i n receiving excavation

and temporary

export

permits, Enquiries should be

addressed

t o

re

a t t National Monuments

Caarmission, P.O. B o x 124, Livingstone, Zmbia.

he National Monuments Cammission plans (gradually) to carry

out the dull but necassary task of reorganiaing for quick and easy

reference

i t s ow

and Livingstone Museum's records of sites and find

spots i n the country. This w i l l , hopefully,

aid

the future research

worker. Reviews of data by subject or

area

w i l l appear frora time t o

time. supplement is

being

prepared t o David Phillipson's invaluable

NAnnotatedBibliography of the Archaeology of Zanbi.aN,

s t i l l

available

f r om

the Commission for $1.

Also available free t o professional

readers of Ngcnae

kmaa is

the C d s s i o n l s occasional newsle tte r

nArchaeologia Zambianag

Robin Derricourt.


29/37

Depuis l a crba t io n, en 1970, de 1 ' I n s t i t u t des Musbes Nat ionaux

du

xr re

B.P.

4249, Kinshasa I I ) , qu i , parmi s e s a t t r i bu t i ons ,poss&de l a

rdg lementa ti on e t

1

organi sa t ion des fo ui l l es a rch6ologiques en Rgpubl ique

du za i r e , p lu s ie urs missions ont 6 tb mengee en col lab ora t io n e nt re c e t

i n s t i t u t e t l a s e c t i o n d e P r d h i s t o i r e e t d tA r ch ol og ie d u Musde r o y a l d e

1

r iq ue ce nt ra le Tervuren (Belgique)

.

Ces missions rgpondaient

B

d i v e r s b u t s

:

Prospection des rbgions encore ma1 connues du pays.

E l abora ti on d' un cad re chronolog ique e t s t r a t i g r a ph iqu e des i n dus t r i e s

p rbh i s to r i ques .

Dbveloppement de l 'btude de 1'8ge du fer.

Format ion d 'archbologues zarrois .

D r

F.

V&n Noten a p ro sp ec t6 l e nord du Zaire de d6cembre 1972

B

mars 1973.

En Ubangi, l a dd cou vert u ne g r o t t e d on t l a s t r a t i g r a p h i e a l l a i t

de l ' zge de l a p i e r re moyen

B

l ' z ge de l a p i e r re rdcent . Chaque n iveau

pour r a S t r e da t6 .

En bld,

il

a recherchd des s i t e s pouvant a ppa r te n i r au so i -d i sant

ndol i thique Ubl ien,

cb l sb re pa r s e s be l l e s haches po l i e s en hgmat i te .

En t u r i e u t l i e u l a t r o u v a i l l e l a p l u s i mp or ta nt e.

LB, une g r o t t e

du Mont Hoyo, p rs s de Bunia, a rbv6ld une s t r at ig ra ph ie a l l a n t de 1 '8ge de

l a p i e r re moyen (ou d 'une forme assez anc ienne de l t8 g e de l a p ie r r e rbcent )

B

un 3ge du fe r , sans doute rbcent .

Les d i f f6 r en t s n iveaux pourron t 8 t r e

dat6s . Chacun e s t assoc ib

B

d'abondants re s t es de faune;

on y a ret rouv6

au ss i que lques ossements humains. Out re l a prQs erva t ion des ves t ig es orga-

n i qu e s, l ' i n t g r s t m ajeur de c e t t e g r o t t e r b s i d e d an s s a s i t u a t i o n P l a

l i s i g r e e n t r e l a s avanne e t l a f o r s t , c e q u i p e rm et tr a s a n s do ut e d 'b t ud i e r

l ' dvo lu t io n de l t c ol og ie e t l a rnanigre dont l'homme s ' e s t adapt6 ces

deux milieux.

Depuis janvier 1974, D r F. Van Noten a re pr i s l e s fo ui l l es dans

c e t t e g r o t t e .

D r . D Cahen a e f fec tu6 d iverse s fo ui l l es dans l a rbgion de Kinshasa , de

j u i n

B

septembre 1973.

En premier l i eu , l e s i t e de l a poi n te de Gombs (ex-poin te de

Kal ina) a 6tb rbexaminb, apr ss l e s t ravau x que

J .

C o l e t t e y f i t e n 1925 e t

1927. Tr oi s occupations B 1'8ge de

l a

p i e r r e , l e K al i ni e n, l e D jo ko ci en

e t l e Ndol ien (de l a p lus anc ienne

i

l a p lus r6cen t e) on t l it 6 dbcouve rt e s

a i n s i qu'un n iveau de l ' a ge du fe r . Le Kal in ien app ar t i en t

B

l ' z ge d e l a

Les a r t i c l e s 36 41 de l 'o rdonnance l o i du 15 mars 1971 re la t i ve

B

l a '

p r o t e c t i o n d e s bi e n s c u l t u r e l s o n t d o t 6 l e z a h e d 'u n ensemble d e d i s p os i -

t i o n s l d g i s l a t i v e s p er me tt an t un c o n t r z l e s t r i c t d es f o u i l l e s e t d e s db-

couvertes archbologiques.


30/37

pi e rr e moyen e t correspond vraisemblablement un s t ad e assez anc ien du

complexe lupembien. Le Djokocien , l u i , a ss ure l a t r an s i t i on en t r e l '3g e

d e l a p i e r r e moyen e t r b c e nt . I1 s ' a g i t sans doute d'un Liipembien r6 cen t

ou du Lupembo-Tshitolien.

Enf in l e Ndol ien qu i n ' e s t guSre abondant ,

p e ut S t r e a s s i m i l e au T s h i t o li e n .

Le n iv e au d e l ' 8 g e du f e r e s t un s o l

d ' h a b i t a t j on ch d d e t e ss o n s d e p o t e r i e , d e fr ag me nt s d e t e r r e e t d e

pi e rr es br i i lges , de quelques morceaux de meule e t de

s c o r i e s ;

i c e s o l

s e r a t t a c h e n t d e g r an ds f o y e r s e t d e s f o s s e s p r of o nd e s do n t c e r t a i n e s

con tena ien t pa r f o i s un vase p lus ou moins complet e t de r a r es f ragments

d ' o b j e t s en f e r .

La cbramique pe ut S t r e rapprochiie de po t er ie s d6cou-

v e r t e s

ii

K in sh as a e t d a tg e s l e s u nes du I I I e s i P c l e a v an t n o t r e g r e , l e s

a u t r e s du Ve s i e c l e a p r s s n o t r e S r e ; m ai s l a c o r r 6 l a t i o n e n t r e l e s

c ha rb on s d e b o i s q u i o n t f o u r n i c e s deux d a t e s e t l a c 6r am iq ue r e s t e

impr6cise.

Ces nouveaux travaux

2i

l a po in te de Gombe ont permis de r 6c ol te r

plus de 335 6chant i l lons de charbon de bois dest in6s au dosage du C14.

Le Pr.

J

De Ploey, de l a Ka thol ieke Un iv er s i t e i t Leuven , a pa r t i c i pg aux

f o u i l l e s e t s ' e s t c ha rg 6 d e 1 1 6 tu de giiomorphologique e t s t r a t i g r a p h i q u e .

D r D

Cahen a Bgalement ef fe ct quelques sondages au s i t e

de

Kingabwa, pr6c6dem ent fo ui l l B par l e

R F H

v an Moorsel q u i l e d a t a i t

du 17e s i Sc le environ.

L 'absence de to u t o b j e t d ' im por ta t ion europ6enne

dans c e t impor tan t 6 tab li s sement de 1 '8ge du f e r p l a i de peut -Z tre en faveur

d'un ^age plus ancien.

L es d a t a t i o n s p a r l e r a d io c a rb o n e p e r m e t t r o n t

peut-Etre de conf i rmer ce t t e hypoth2se.

De mars

2

a v r i l 1 9 7 4 , D r D Cahen donnera l e s cours de prEhis toi-

r e e t d 1 ar c h6 0 10 g ie a f r i c a i n e 1 1 U n iv e r s i t 6 N a t io n a l e du ~a: re

Lubumbashi. Ensuite,

l

ef f ec t ue ra une p rospec t ion a rch6ologique de mois

en compagnie

de

M M

Muya Kamwanga, ar ch do lo gu e, e t de

J

Moeyersons,

gbomorphologue, dans l e s regio ns au sud du pays (Bandundu, ~ a s a r t Shaba) ,

a f i n d e t r o h e r de nouveaux o i t e s q u i p e rm e tr r ai e nt d e r e l i e r l e s r 6 s u l t a t s

a rch6olog iques ob tenus dens l 'o ue s t du za i re ceux de l ' e s t du pays .

M

P de Maret a ef fe ct u6 une premi2re pr os pec tio n e n ddcembre 1972 au

Bas-Zaire. De j u i n

2

s ep te mb re 1 9 7 3 , i l a p o u r s u iv i c e t t e p r o s p e c t i o n ,

a x6 e p lu s p a r t i c u l i s r e m e n t s u r l e s g r o t t e s de l a r 6 gio n. On s a v a i t q ue

c e r t a in e s r e c e l a i e n t d e l a c6ramipue a n c i en n e, d e s h a ch e s p o l i e s , d e s

p e i n t u r e s

e t

d e s g r a v u r e s t u p e s t r e s q u 1 6 tu d iG re n t l e s P r . G Mortelmans

e t

R

Monteyne lo rs de l a prep ara t io n du IVe Congrks Pa na fr i cai n d e

Pr l i h i s t o i re e t d1Etude do Qua te rna i re ,

Nombre de cavernes sont dEcor6es de pe in tu re s e t de g ravures

a s s e z s e mb lab l es , d e s c r o ix , d e s p o in t s , d e s h a ch u ra g es , d e s t r i a n g l e s , p ar -

f o i s des animaux ou des personnages t r 6 s sch6matiques. Le s o l des anfrac-

tu os i t 6s a in s i o rn6es n l a r6v616 qu 'une seu le couche a rch6olog ique con tenan t

2

l a f o i s d e s rag-ments d e p o t e r i e , d e s p i e r r e s t a i l l g e s e t d es os se me nt s.

Pu isque tou te s ces g r o t te s ne renfe rment qu 'une seu le couche a rch6olog ique

aux ca r ac t g r i s t i qu es comparables , l a con temporan6 it6 des ve s t ig es

i n d u s t r i e l s e t d e s d 6c o r at i o n s r u p e s t r e s p a r a i t v r ai s em b la b le .

Une au t r e g ro t t e a se r v i de n6cropo le

2

l l ^age du fe r .

On y tr ou ve

des ossements humains e t des t es son s de c6ramique en s urf ace . Les sondages

ont montr6 l ' ex is te nc e d 'une unique couche arch6ologique contena nt des

tes son s de l a mgme dra rni que ,

d e s p o i n t e s d e f l 6 c h e e n f e r e t d e s d e n t s

humaines . Ce s t y l e de po te r i e e s t connu dans tou t l e

as-~alre

e t

5

Kinshasa.


31/37

Pre s de Mbanza Ngungu (ex-Thys ville) deux g r o t t e s re ce la ie nt une couche

oh de l a c6ramique vo i si ne i t avec dea haches pol iee .

Dans une de ces

deux cavernee, sous ce t t c couche, un sondage a rCv6ld l ' ex is te nc e d 'une

impo rtan te s t r a t ig ra p h ie d ' in d u s t r i e s l i t h iq u e s a v ec d e s r e s t e s d e fau ne .

Une reconnaiss ance d e di ve r s s i t e s de l 'bpoque du royaume de Kongo f u t

au ss i eff ectuge a i n s i qu 'un sondage ayst matique dans l e n iveau de 1 '2ge

du fe r de l a poi nt e de Gombe (en co ll abo ra ti on avec

D r . D

Cahen) .

De mars j u i l l e t 1974, M.

P .

de Maret ef fe ct ue ra une mission

de p rospec t ion e t de f ou i l le s des s i t e s de l ' a ge des mdtaux du Shaba (ex-

Katanga) e t p lu s pa r t i c ul i e re men t d es s i t e s k i sa l i e n s , a ve c l ' a i d e d e

M.M.

Kanyimba e t

J

De Buyst de 1 U.N.A.Z.A.

En conc lus ion , on peu t e spdre r que , g r h e l a co l la bora t i on

i n s ta u r de en t r e 1 ' I n s t i t u t d es Musdes Nationaux du ~ a h et l e Musde roy a l

de l 'b f r ique c en t ra l e l e re ta rd accumul6 par

1

archdol ogie en Af ri qu e

cen tr a l e pourra 8t r e rapidement combl6. Vers l a f i n de 1974, on dis pos era

de plus d 'une soixantaine de dates au C14.

C el l es - ci , s i e l l e s i n t dr e s se -

ro n t s u r to u t l e s pd r iod e s a sse z rd c e n tes , j e t t e r o n t ndanmoins l e s ba se s

d 'u ne c h ro n o-s t ra t ig ra p h ie p lu s p rd c ia e p ou r c e t t e v a s te p a r t i e d u c o n t in e n t

a f r i c a i n .

Out re l ' o rg a n i sa t io n e t l ' 6 tu d e d e ce s fo u i l l e s au Za' ir e, d i f f d -

re n t s t r av au x se so n t p o u rsuiv i s l a sec t io n de Pr i ih is to i re e t d 'Arch6olo-

gie du M. K. A

C.

(Tervuren)

- D r . F.

Van Noten, archdologue, chef de sec t ion au M.R.A.C.

-

AchGvement de son dtude des pei nt ur es e t gr avures ru pe st re s

du Jebel Uweinat.

- Poursuite de son 6tude du matdrie l archdologipue du Jebel

Uweinat .

-

Pours u i te de l 'd tude du matdr ie l de l ' age du f e r rdco l td au

Niger ia l o r s de l a Benue Valley Expedit ion.

D r . D .

Cahen, archGologue, a s s i s t an t au

M.R.A.C.

Achsvement de son i h d e du s i t e arch6ologique de l a Kamoa.

P r ds e nt a t io n d 'u ne t h s s e d oc t o r a t s u r c e s i t e e t p rg p a r a ti o n d e l a

pub l ica t ion .

M.

P. de Maret, archdologue, as pi r an t au Fonds Nation al de l a Recherche

Sc ie n t i f iq u e .

-

Prg p a ra t io n d 'u ne th se d e d o c to ra t s u r l ' sg e du fe r a u z a i re .

Achsvement d'un mdmoire de licence en Sciences Sociales

(Univ ersi t d Libre de Bruxelles) Le forgeron dans l e monde bantou. St a t ut ,

tec hni que e t symbolisme.

Etude de l in gu is t i que comparat ive des termes de mdt al l urg ie

dans l e s langues bantoues (en colla bor at i on avec M. F. ~ s u k t a ) .

Etude de l a technologie d e l a cdramique au

as-~azre.


32/37

M J. Moeyersons, gEomorphologue, assistant

a

la Katholieke Universiteit

Leuven.

Achsvement de son itude g6omorphologique du site de la

Kamo

PrEparation de sa thsse de doctorat (K.U.L.) consacrle une

Gtude g6omorphologique du pays Mumuye au Nigeria.

Contribution 1'6tude de la "culture mat6rielleU des

utnuyc (en collaboration ave ?~. Maesen).

Dr.

E.

Roche, palynologue, chargd de recherches F.N.R.S.

Achsvement de son dtude palynologique du site de la Kamoa.

Etude palynologique de divers sites arch6ologiques africains

(Gwisho, Zambie; Jebel Uweinat, Lybie; Gongola, Nig6ria).

Poursuite de la constitution d'une collection palynologique

de rEfErence (recherches sur herbier, dchanges internationaux).

Plusieurs dtudiants de l'universitd de Gand ainsi qu'une

Etudiante de l'universitd de Likige ont effectu6 ou pr6parent leur mEmoire

de licence d a m le cadre de la section.

Le 10 mai 1973 eut lieu la section une rdunion consacrde

lt6tude du ddbut de l'age du fer en Afrique. I1 s'agiesait d'une confron-

tation des donnEes linguietiques, ethnologiques, anthropologiques et

arch6ologiques.

Publications rgcentes

en

arch4ologie du Musde Royal de l'bfrique Centrale

CAHEN, D. et MARTIN, Ph. 1972. Classification formelle automatique

et industries lithiques. Interprdtation des hachereaux de la

Kamoa Ann, Mus. Roy A@ Centr., Tervuren, Sci,hum., s6r.in-8',

n076.

CAHEN,

D.

et MORTELMANS, G. 1973.- Un site tshitolien sur le plateau

des Bateke (Rgpublique du zaire) Ann. Mus. Roy Afr. Centr.,

Tervuren, Sci.hum., sdr. in-8', n081.

FAGAN, B.M. and VAN NOTEN, F.L. 1971,- The Hunter-gatherers of Gwisho

Ann. Mus.

Rog A@ Centr.,

Tervuren, Sci.hum., s6r. in-8', n074.

HIERNAUX, J., LONGREE, E. de,

t

DE BUYST,

J.

1971.- Fouilles arch6olo-

giques dans la vallEe du Haut-Lualaba I. Sanga, 1958

Ann Mits

Roy Afr. Centr., Tervuren, Sci.hum., s6r. in-8', n073.

VAN NOTEN, F.L. 1972.- Les tombes du roi Cyirima Rujugira et de la

reine-mSre Nyirayuhi Kanjogera Description archdologique

Ann.

Mus.

Roy Afr Centr., Tervuren, Sci.hum., sEr. in-8', n077.


33/37

Cali forn ia Stat e lhniveraity, Fmsno:

Information

wanted

on

African Obsidian StuUiee.

I

m pr s ntly

oonducting research

on

obeidian

trade

and

teohno-

logy

i n

California and Nevpda

Through the me of obsidian hydration

and X r a y

fluorescrenere, attempts

are being

ma t o

c t e c t

souroes

and

trade networks of aboriginal populations.

I n

the future, I hope t o

carry out similar s t i e s on m o a n ~ ~ ~ t e r i a l s .would therefore

appreoiate information, caaarrenta, uggestions aoncerning previous

and current researoh i n Af rican

obidim

studies, espeaially as

related to

my

reseasch

intarest,

Send to:

C U

Ritchie,

D/A

CSUF,

Fresno, Ca, 93740.

nichigan

tab

University:

The Lothagasl Late Stone Age site

report

w i l l

appear i n

the

Hichigan State University Museum, Anthropologioal series later on this

year.

A related report on early Holooane

ge

huanan skel etal material

om

west

of

ake

Rudolf

is

now

being

written

by Dr 8. T

Phenioe

L

Angel

and

L Robbins,

n addition to

the

above, a report on the Late Stone ge site

of Rangi

s

i n

i t s final

stages of preparation by L Robbins, J Browr

and

A.

Hoffman. This is

a

very

late

site

from

Kadm mountain i n south-

ern Karamoja

Distr ic t ,

Uganda.

The

microliths

from

the s i t e have

proved to be especially interesting and

a

Masters

thesis is being

written

by

Ms C.

rewster

on

the

edge

daaage

patterns found on these

tools.

Larry Robbins.


34/37

Northweatern

University:

You

nay lke to

know

that I

have

had prepared

a listing

of

all

the

papers published

in

the

VIdm

C o d s

Panaf ricafi

de

Pdhirctoire

Da k a r 962 since the

voluare

i tsel f

has

neither

a

U t f oont;enb nor

an index

It

amounts to six

typewritten

pages and i f anyone

would like

t o have aopies

o f

it I should

be

happy t o provide

them

If

the dem nd

ia

erufficient, I should

be able t o supply t h e m at

q? 5

whioh

w i l l

aovar

the

cost of

postage

Otherwise,

it

m y cost

as mu h

as

75.


35/37

SOURCE

OF PWMXTS FOR R C H E O W I C L WDRK

It is hoped, as information becomes available t o l i s t

a l l

the

organisations

in

APdoa m

which

th

XlOC Sary pm f t s

t o

out

archaeological work can

be

obtained

and

o

l i s t

inst i tut ions such

as

universities and research institutes

where

research

and

teaching

are catried

out 5 n

ths African

continent. If it

seems usef'ul

the

next

a t ep would

be

t o

l t

all those institutions outside Africa

where

suah

msearoh

and teaching is being done

If

the

information

is aade avail

able to

the

&tor of

Nyaare koaa

and i f

it

seem useful the intention

i~ t o publish a handbook giving all this Wonnation it would

per

haps appear as

a

special nmuber of

Ny a ma Akmrcr

The

present

listings

give

what

infomation

is

at

present

avail

able

here

concerning the issuing of permits.

The

gaps w i l l

be

obvious

and those wh have Momation am urged

t o send it

in.

In

particular

infomation concerning Francophone oountries

is

much

more

d i f f i cu l t t o

aolm by

and

those working

i n ny

of those oountries

are

espeoially

urged

to make

information

available

Botswana

Penni

Nyame Akuma Issue 004

Documents

Transcript of Nyame Akuma Issue 004