nRW FQD SURvEv
58
'oe, and Agriculture Organization ! ,f the United Nations OF'OSALS MP A i-OOD BOARD ana nRW FQD SURvEv (Combined Reprint) Washington, October 1, 1946
Transcript of nRW FQD SURvEv
'oe, and Agriculture Organization
!,f the United Nations
OF'OSALS
MP A
i-OOD BOARD
ana
nRW FQD SURvEv
(Combined Reprint)
Washington, October 1, 1946
FAO LIBRARY AN: 066513
_ r
E;,' iL rt;
FOR
Prepar,.- bmission to the Se7 i,Tssionr
of t'ne Confer the Food and Agricu e Organization,
Cop 'n, Denmark, 2 September 1946
CONTE.'
Nature of
Nutrition.. . ........................................ ..... 1
Agriculture... . .. . .... . ..... 2
Inter-Relationship of Nutrition and Agriculture with Industry andTrade. . . .... ..... . . ...... 4
Economic Advantages of I i Food Policy Based on Human6
e Necessary Purchasing Power.. . 7
overnmenta Organizations. .. . . 8
Commodity Organizations for Producers... . 8
United tions... 9
Tk Sligg( ad Board.. 10
Jcture and Functions . 10
Uperations,.. ................. 11
Action.. ... 12
ction by the FAO Conference. .... 12
-
I f7rial-T'7,1" vrao establish.c;-: it "WaS Ltfl1.I
2-,,orary or3anizp,tio-.3_,.: dealing wi'th .cLe -.-yould acope with the emergencies arising upon t-he terroina,t5on.3.--easonable conditions .would E00n be established in which,work. Through circumstances beyond the control r.,f the 1-,emporar7 organi2,ationcthe food position deteriore. and in Feb7..--aary 11-1:16
UL-Lited. Nations on governmenis auc). orr;zali.y..2.1tioiK
-..rh food aifJ,Lie-c.lture for specifA effort&
-;-...b.erefore conveied tl.e Speciz. entet in -Washington May 20-`;'.!,7. 'Thi ineL1a, o1eerne-,3 tbk,
e3:4-1o1,-.seiley O. 1;13,1.6.-tZi and5tJ t. i2,..:7-,_13; Zol.o iie emei:gelicy wouid continue bayond the nezt year'u
was felt ,b.ateveiafte' 20 there ould ÌII be acu bleus.oGaemight b t accumulation of surpluses -
expre,ssed its conviction that
't 1:.))iu 1.70Y-Pctica1 inth.,,ruf.1.,tiLua)
the Direetor-CeKter.:11
;:,ubrait, ..PAOpropeE,20 intria.go, -errim eni9,1conceraell with the production, distrilmtion, id cunic of: r.cozi 4-.2,11-
z-uitiusi products, includiug the list: of inetur-uNting sit:coil:1.2z; r,P,FIC.ij
Z"..) th3 '."..,',-...)-11313no,) on oiOD. riu¡ n7r.-;
IS repod has been
Beforo 4263.L.' tracteriditonaI, ii.4,z; Doerfiod, '-
trod32=31:9lid tb,? natu-.6e of be ic,nt.-..;-terl--o.end
There has never been oil:: :.:.00d in the0ai million P.eople ousi thari
LiteL.1fldOil, 7C i W3 t1 tac7,?..z3aij, L7. 2750 The j Iif!=o -;)c.+T 7,
1.?7,-els of the foodC01.13:',..i ,7,inly e(.4 _hunger. A diet sutf.de:.e..L, 12.ealth a large
irI.pre6tIeLs alida31-.1.3.1 ,-_-:L higher COSt, bu.:: they are rich i4.
ecl:.:.-.Tamption depends onion of the more exnziv.?
Organ:mtion of.' the U-Aitha
1
es-tirnatndthaii33fo.:e ate war the diet one-third ('-i.he pooret ;.:hird)ijae- popJaio. o:E L'Lke United States of. L.11"v3rier:, WaS ilet 111) ::,Cr the ../3.a1th
si-,andavd owing Lo ins-acient, consumption of animal -products and fruits ane.vegetables. Full employment and. high T,vages during the Tra,-L' haire been aceom-Danied by an increase in the consumption of these, foods; for ezamPle,consumption Y..-ac increasecl by 30 percent and thEn,t o`.:: liquid percent:-
i;ne United Kingdom, in spite of the national food shortage, the consumption'eari,ahl foods of special 7.,-z-111e for health -rose o;=
ToiiL bymore ',han 40 nerceDia-ad in the rioorest faroilies !)y c:ver 100 -c)e?cen.-`;
Food consumption is directly correlated wit As diet deteri.o-2atesquality; 1-lealTh an6 ábilities decline and angftL of life dec7eases.communities where the is adequate, the average length of life is nea-fiyseventy years compared vrith 'thirty io forty yeais in t;he -worst fed col-YIP-ill-Di-ties. -On10-3.-cunately, Poveri:y is associated ith othe:., 3ondiLina .'3.r.:;_---.Terse to
ancri it:, is ...lifficult to assess 7,2
diseas.,-producing facLors. "2.ut the remarlzable improveinent in health andfollo-.Ting an iro.r.,ro-,-emen'c, in dies sho:Tra
is cLis tus main3f)I-It'J'2.:, of the -1-:::e-e-ziLa;--..;1=
the inajo-,ity
.Although these facts have been stated at length time ;?,-,21.:1 time igain irLU!LJL5.11,11.12110ffiCial repOr'{:3, it is -ziecess,-,-:- Lc, -----r
oxf: ImidameuLsi Le 611.3
AGRICULTURE
The Probler increasing Production
It to estimate accurately how riluch -31e production of ea..,61..fooc-ist,uftl 3-leecil -to be increasei
-77hole population of 'die world, because for 5Oi5 counizi,3s aacisticsho-.77eyey, that e-17 3 in the nnslthiest con.P..ries
claya br.--i;,--reen 20 snd 30 percent of the populatior . haveof the _more foods essential for health_ Estin-Late;-.2 lot :le
Uri.iter2 St_..teE,. of Lmeriea oben thaL 'CA:3 r,f these Focrisincrea.sed above the pre-war 3e-.7el. by 1E T;e3-'ecni--, in the case
thr3 s vruji,s org.-idoIn 6113 United_ itirigdoin IL 73sLiTri?;-.06., that dioac'tdc_1,ittc,t10
Lioo-auic of food 1-leeded bzing the ,-'4-iet of the whole therepresent an increase of`;:b
arkr..1.
goaisoro--fluction of these 23co-
for ilealL12 -All need Lo be inereaseJ '1,)y rocE 100 percenL TheFood SuIvey .;:ecently CO-firolei:ecl by1Landind.:cates
U. S. 17.3pavhnent, livroots 3C071JaliCS, The, National Ffipiii 1946.
2.1"ocS Go-.:..snmption Lcvdc ?",71 Zhe Staic,-.. U:::ted Kingdom, TA ird a: aJobt Ooia ce'c 1.7:p 7-.:7 Combine(' 77zshington: U. 5.
-nee¡Aect even tt it7lee eai that by '03 -me 'oeesent, oD o vimivion. 7lieïeTA also need to be inease Lik the pfo&!action o cereolo,
hum. -.aption in some areas ut e-reu. more in the loa:helD oroduce the needed animal pfoducts. When cereai;:', -r.-vere being burneC..
Le I9301,, there eïe humfa.eas off -.ajilions mr. people In the'woricl.;The first Droblemo roc:_juctiori, therefore, is how co ga Ei7Facient
tes,. the e:,..7)a-ading al:3o t ee eoT,le
Tb raid grovil; ot-ooDulo,tion Cae. United Eingcl..-im in the 1",-*/.e-;;eeu.tkEeenturyraised feal.P that ,,VOriC, Do-oulation might: cutuU rorld'3f.::,17,aCit,7 ;7,e
-(:)7
co itrie.
¡Phs 0:-.1-,a;o=33 seeho,,, 2rlabied "-.,fa
racao, i'ood. with less and less. labor. `.7..13e -2-rat showed lica.2 -rapidly food. .-ol'odvat3-
tion can be ihereased wher...# te-chpalcal and pilau- eso ces a-re E,V9,ila1ie.-m the mu in1.)F011JetiO:e_ eSLilated ir.e,alorieo f'Froisr
aralekt. 5E; - lae,-e=e-ot olbr1ia`;,J-i*E.-77e.i.' .3:e77/Yel, ihe ,D-hiced astestacreased ir ye?,-rs by Se: proen s meat-Tared ih dolla; aIuo t .sto-ogi;an'c
--,:fi-Exie and that ith.1Z.-.2.7; Tlie-fe are- large e-iE.;73:a.g-a;,..mi-t-m-ai methods 11::,,,,re rtharlf,ree 2,000 -,,-ears, -2-heve thea.epotential sO ather' h could beThad.e 22nductivz-, by ;tetigatio-ro, and -2.00d eentroi 7,2,:,ogrPrhas.
The rapid increa,se in oprdation o(3erLaii .. countries is r se-Aous-oloblera, and ii311 -weight must be given -i,;-; its beari-ag on food production. The:history of the. VreSte71:17; T7014(3 shows ar,d rising2ia,nfle;'C.7,of living are accompanied by a Zaii in ¿he -fate ot: -oo-oulation r4.11(1
is no good reason to believe that ihis 711! no occur 113 other rePioas,
The :.T:,-;-').V-ag factor is the -oir,ysical capacity tc.; -produce enough foodthC ribility of ilatiOnS abOnt hè eo1ni.ln economic ad.jusLmentssa,r3- mal:e adequate -produe'do-ia ddstribution -oossible. The al)pliea,tikz.-,:lscience is solving ¿he --..)roblern, ot the eame time is ere,atimsits ovrn p7oble-ms. MechanieaLicn re(tuce,.- the nun-Coo-; of' ¿he.
to Droc:luce a gi,,Ten s-mlount .2ood. T.Talescz pro-atable mïilOynenL isycher ir.dustries, o.gri,3,11:zuYe í ifc ith iel1 ei-h013yef.
dereloped counimies the ,gradual adoption of such metl-mds eslhechanization musthand. in hr,mf: with tbe building indusuly, The LL6-:; 77-771j1i16 ;je
Lo increase the numbers '7110 ':!'("'fuPu emuioye' rn o tularge 7'0 1.1.0A,
total wealth,
r Problems of
The -.:irobie.ms ,iith the t,ype-iaviderd%'reloDed coun'cries foo;fl is produced j Jeri"- smailobsolete methods. The net return is not su.r-licient Le enable 'producers to obisair,
barest llecessities of life. L. large proporLion of the thousand.2eopie viLh ar: inLahe of less thal- 2250 calries consis'm of this class of-riroducer,Le 1.7reaCi..7 no;-.ed the v.,v61iierf. is one of Drmricling
'O. 5. Da.,artroeni, o5 Agrici j 3ureau of Agricultural Economics, The N nual, Food ,Situ%t.;7rshin5ton, Lpril :19e6
273, ;:-.T.--..Aifient of A i , 3ureau of Agricultural Economics, FE teports.
3
4
'
ff,-9,91fa,;: 'far foodscrififs i.ZY.2f7f`,,'-i_5 Di_ 26.E, °,30,,:`i7rIf.":;111L;
ri Ell a",:cq_d(1z,-1,31-ii:,
goo-I wages' ffili c for t,o solve -pothE-,'SDerSIV,11:7 ictefristfialia-s6. cols:it-91Es.
But trJie also, nia the :piobIera oi flfic'liuf,_-;rilhe -:;rfistf,r fi`ef,ttuf, pr,?serfc sea is :The ada-acne: ta
darkil "rier---.9ssz1.__ 7T-7.;
stries and of et: rnoi-73rf 9 -dada--
V- ?V%
equipmen.t.
rusfis.-tr: pc-leaf:1e the 7:7: P.4L2 7.;20b1 Z?
:307Cii,i211,1012F, L'r"
the late 1920,' :2,11 c,ther 2,r0Pla (K-01.10fL'3 b7,r a big itic,rez,sein priees''
this "!tsacallç derhoustraii. in Prar, latf:17".:;
71'523. 33-CliCat)1017e111e2tP..,, are riireek-t':,---7-7,-eh apsii risoutli-to-D)C:rtCL 32.3iliatirsfas in pries& Yri iiihe out of -the ten yesvfs:ju L1,9 'Pe-J.-7eeP Pries cf -7113Ztn e7rOvir7Lnìe
bfxs
irP intore, i'aftcvers. goi,eraraiepts,,tfires. pp4f-rs 91-,eafif Th aiX help tf inifreasti:
.f_s; pot-iet :_c 3ccLs. filif.._cen"; aorirfcriii il fifa Ee -.:±3-3--te-ut;:, t- dL3. co,7,311,:72,
2Z1`;:: :13,3 7:01'1)5_ rilazil-ei; but this is essential t,o, aPsuie tilatther9., is a 7:791.1_ci maf -
ket for exportable surpluses af rïces.
CL inustTifficieni, production is irapJssible plaii_s cre 3airsinuall:/ bs,:crig
eiz,fzige czTtlit aati3-:C/F..1.;3a fifaotie a, C3_,...-1 3)3 ,;...5,'StLi'C,"!-.
L.:tear:2,p tfiztitsfcr3 assotishis ffelees, Pett,er c4fandls'ciopFeL theip fooc.1 (317,esiper,
oxeeptional ability, pre-artes t.;,1_12,-,Ige.,s, are pt.espei-ots eer e series the 7.!1-7,S't; inajorits;
7_°:"Cr:Lace-c,3 119.-Te a ie `J'L' net irit30:11f3 alle,; ,,2
cdrilis 5a other ific"iustries,. "fit has ioug `os.au recognized hatthe .; 7 3Set f_"-, "F..n!-_91 eau:-asas r
1.7 an ee:ffipraii; ePer 02 foocri pro,:tritsers",.
-Prospe-9"t-y arda behee :f 03.e ocf,7sf, pi:,fcePt. !frifit!7: so:-
1T, -;`,7 P1-..-fc, :51"-S ir.S.-S.; 61;5 3ts,`"..;E'; ITS-SS:2 yaf.11:-..
SCs.,,51::-S, :SS u7S.:132. trS-.) Cf 17.9 T.S.SS,raploT.:1
bzoa,fli; 21-zrfc.
,azaa
21- :701717.2 D31:12-LI:E5:, C:Li'2203 21;2-2'2:4-: ;2C,
11-;;ISS DISS`Ssr:SSR:150;1".
:III S S :2C-2 - _f2TS:Cos; 5-S11:;r:11.
_15 iTet
LSS. CliffiSS!.:5;11V5s5.1 CS-5 1.LISsz;5]
Ir.; :lc ti_at C;:sf... 5-;1'
5-ja5s1,". "'SS SS.' LI
elvf.;1-5(5 '7:525 145-S7 C571.el 1W67;ii,(5. a:15 ait5.5 5 2372'155
15'5; s.."'f5.- -SLS:4;b322°. f'25 :11,5 7-32'21t5f-_,
°-4477; 7027t;i:11:7::;.:2:2;:l JAC.:
i,',727e55 ;COS.,
-245 '52
771/5e1/ 7::?2,13
;he, ;115/, 751=--2--;(;-.514..°;,7
II7r;..erCle72,5,1C.4r2202;.:2 L-itY77;g-;.261':;(; Z.2:1'15
;23;27(fLi"SP:S1:3C:Vir-* ;?;le
7r71:;2"0.7.7iia;oe'llreP52. ,511C-1 77.515 L-r5
SS;Sisis1(35:1H:,:y., :1S.S7S.; CSSS. Si.?" 51.I.ISS"SiS'.55:
ii_r_.;t5i,15ftti.0!).S3 'LS ae-iivity. L -:"..c.3ji. if;
ri_V. 1;55', `511:::::. :L1K, 7)1 o-7-1HGE
;S....L.E.S.5,515.5
C,11C7. 115/5,5,f5F25:::.,"5:,52- -25-2
IT" ZS: 55; e s_i...5"s, 6
SSSC.5-72:51 S.A7. SIS3
(.1.2 iLJiht.-57.1f71 73:", 1.7SS-1: LL sr4rS 7,fs:
'GS) SS, f,
,1;1.te 77.eSc7SS", cTiisaf'1.;;;SI 5570..f..,s5s5i2 rjay-173,71-
-:":"IT1 707 37 S".ts SS.. LS ".-aliSS;;
57.7.5.!3. S7.7. SI; ;5'5S, 31,:
7-1:s S. M. Emce Wore tary ar.4 Economic Con-
5
duction and rough estimates vnade of the Quantities of agricultural iiriplerne,fe-ctilizers, and other industrial oroduccs Deeded. 16-1.- necessa-zy LricreaT3'orociuction.
The two viewpoints, one concerned primarily witL and one withadeauate food supplies, are diiferent aspects of the same objectiveprosperiti.}i'-oade se..eks an outlei. fer3C,InnioaiLies in -2,0,7 and enicrzed inarhets, oihichis often hard *i;C: find. Setting improved nutrition as a goal -Jill provide .2.TIG:'.-mous new markets, not limited to -1.-ood alo-ne; i mighi, be likened to ,.-.;peningup a n?.,-;.7 continent. It also furnishes a motiv*.tioii which ha.s anrofound inuna,r-appeal.
ECONOMIC '11Q,RLL!ççi POLI
If each government undertakes to raise the level pf nutrition of its -oeopl.?stand,oreias Lhe ifeinber natien:z o
;-,(ielY-
7.i1-.; need o ie Lj :,,:-..pansion of food supplies hesl, !"."ed
The additional -.food production reouired is so great tha it r3o.til0. na.rdly:9.ttained unless production were progressi-rei-y. coordinatedWith suci: eoordinacion, nanv count:Lie:, vould Itnd ndv Lragccnfj.1...2arrninE and coneentr...3ix., on die mona pc:rizhable r '00 E.' Of Erer:;iPihealth, leavi-ng a largei. -proportion of such foods as -,?./hea,i', and eugar which are
and ti-ausported. to be grovai in 2.-2eas TvhicheonclitionEt F,r3 best, aclapted to theiy -orecluction.
This .3:mansion of agriculture would accelerate -velopmertt..,-,nizaLion and eypand the market for agricultural L,:nt of all kinds.
Tar facilities for . toring and transpi Ing food. In the ;Lessdevelor.,26. countries there is 11.c3C:-.C1 for machinery ',:ot irrigation. floodlard reclamation, and drainage. The world has rLeed 1er many lo-rge-scale
to ;;hat of Lhe T`71-1.. in -,he United Slates. T?roviclin.c'ike capitalsouipreant r-or the g-ceat cxponsiort needee: in ',he future deveopenL o.
bon to keep ftle, wheels of industry i.v.rifair,:° alic7full Tri-rt:do-yrfient. ogried Lure would 9133 increase the Jerom).-7,,rf,olisiislie-0 goods f.d-pong agricudi-,urgl riE2educers, who out-in:m.TY:..,r. those .1"0.
-the: induoirìes riiit tooethe-,-.
T;:ie --ast cliri.eu-r-frisa-orovidinp.:, food.inL'ernatiolial
4.,,licounteree, and ave,l'conire in Tiinuina the In rids (!..,t1s,?,,
eucl, zesult, insteac-; ,Df. -being :lean and -;fie7ould ha life, enAchnlent of inan1.-3 gi.eatest as settire soil,
Ticospe-,ii.y, :711:Leh is 'zine of t'f_1(.; sseniiaìs o2 a -:-_,?nnalivE7,-C6
7:2 this Feasoning is shid, a world '2.soocl policy base6 on human 1)6eC,s,1r37ide a, prog-fam -,.glicult17.-re, and clireci., i32a,ae alc-ag the lines Crtr,-;';
be *cu LIU lo -
suds oyoclaimed by this leading stai-,esnie-a 02_ the Jnired. 13aLiOrS during thc-;os tire fruits Df. "hie}1
6
DEVELOPING THE NECE5 .RY PURCHASING POWER
the natural resources anti the knowledge to produce the food thepeople ..,-1,317orld need a-nd so set going en ,2.0-ward s-oiral of e'30110v(ii3zion. Bu t the food ca-nllot be distributed and consumed_ by the -people 7.6.c
1.17.11`,-,IT.r2 purchasing powel° inc:,reaF2es es s
';) , the national and the inte7.srthe ;rears sol-, e developed_ countries (aud ratyre
during the 7rar), the ga-t-_, beeweeii che Tyrice of food ajequate fOr health 0216
ourchasing power of families -c-,-as behrg partially bridged by -i,arious measuressuch as subsidizing -.Zoorl.,- cd 5.,Tecial Vallle, ior health, lomily eliosaces, 2.71:1-1
'0723vision of food at reduced COSi; to mothers alic children who are most liable tf.-,alFr.'er Trom irtalnutritien, inroo-ctafit factor was s. rise7:rages. countries the adalyi-A:;ion r'd such -1s).?,a.s-,,,,,es
nd policies, .,.vhich har beeii cried anCI, onhd atio_.' C:2 (.7 C1116crby the people, Would probably be sufficient to ensure that food adequate -2Or.i-Jealtli -7111 te 7rithia -±]each (..,r every
.}_::',-r.;-:71C;:, LI
tat-ion in '3111.0 7C:Elt "C'o nation'71132:7,
eha2ity of other nations fo2 ths necessities of life can retain itE; self-respeet.The nee,ded development of agricuittue alle, industry should be pus or_ a buoinscr,footing at the earliest -oossible date, ev.er, though it is uee-3sary toîeiycapital equipment en terms involving deferred pay:meats auC.! long-termto give the countries concerned time tc, begin. to 2.e-oayo
The ,
madi,, on eu -oYograrn of ,:)evelo:::,m,eni,Jevelopmerlt of acIricultn-re, wou_ld alse lead -te the de-reloprue-r,',.., of ai ths-natural r,ssourees of [he country to c2i.,?ble ii; in time tc epsri2 cd 1.1-1.77
can the
51113 yaria-lc -.7heve7-::::- the c-Pc,iltin! -7c .sskr..;.(ie (::.11111;1-07 ';17-41:
;,o -7,411:gla this ospeci; si?.-,-ef'erre& This would --,iea-Piy be a hiattev mxitabie: =,..o7Isicleraticli (..J"
an!: eeouetrucien r2d .7) -7: I ann.?. _ --71't'.7"'-3-'
L 131k--,31)E.11050,,:f erP
nediate credit worthiness c.7.
the pri test in financing the d1h:e2ent svi,13,34.37cit of -Gita policy,. :dii; nca-,7 be aezibable to ffRego year,c,
wrilgvarr-, in *a.vills c.ic7.311'.;::::
17-31f-aipm3ydrig, are mal-ing the:case-Iva: fein .7:Purther; it baay -,leeesmE-7,,i4.eleP the begferoing d gracitiai arno-Aizaacais, Et MST be desk-able on oser'siov,
a-;-) elenen of fle-fit-,,iiity by clng hecre'cLit t,evns ac-thsenof 4e,bt service, ugabkct erZ ST:0711:6 7-i 0-4r, t7lc:, country'17? the eYterlal balance of Dayrrientc., such a Droi;oz-li6:7tise earne of 1-T:7:,i1032T., doncmibus Ci-61 1.73:471c:mie;
7
through. fac ..fLe'ards (."4:2 iv other -:oreaafe, ea:7. Tee,
are jou2'-i-i3:ai-i ite,Tes;.,ree;Y§-1,.e. -vi%1 2- Ler.artlheeer,;e- eo.-cas CyStaliaile, enTiar225-07.1 o77i3File2 timr71,,
V.-11 Cae p civiya-a6_ purahasTeug torwoo;tbe osau-or,a-;-,;_e JOS,'" 7.73 j.;i;;::"-"-"I 3 33eAtT'
Tee ere& ca-; 5:(:-,7-siorearia-sut -a-ca-tec000, Zpd.2-,2.9-0.1a,
- -:55toJI raraugoluesliee J2..ear oe-autre7.e.e a:Tsai: hbutritishal, hated t'cr 'our-ohac-,zurplueer of other -Joat:iorts oh, torzoo.- SU:Sit t11,11-7,1i:q,,aS 1:11g11;
cny1-T;f3:7;st1il Vc ge-seratiorta ana_ bring raln tc: the fcrieue7,3(1 :y 1roee t ispcbig o theee,: serr-blutess, -heleler spacial
oo-tobarlee teoegorli: --;:oh-7,c herb. 7:017.31 Te307C;47.',779-i(3,
A17
maiuta,b- 3t ote,fluedou a-oe -,heitesee
-yrofuzeiag, tee-ErArieS., Eil'd by;11er:easing ale îkig shie:le'uoy iZThoi,ieleas-ii-eloiee--)ea-or, t: 701'±r:
77c -
2±11;!=',:. eetterieete5. 77i6i: price si T operation'
thaarreblg -,-a!-`ree3e- ule-etiebee-_'; -bo
ert5i 5B-ee.
Treneitse 'Ohat uldfnere.e are initeeae-i.eralelts. Tho lo-Lowledsze arid the uhysicai.ai:t2ir, :33.19-s --ere-eli:51, -7-71-rt`eh a-fee: desire(3 by the utajo-,--;,,-
ef Etiaubincl shard(i aoi-, beyerh..5: che %7E'Cleta4. shill of friaartelero atesy-E'
,4.1,2/3 fiben-os here-ea.:are- rae(,..-..-fureo-,
VERNME iONS
-L..' Ii oí eu. iIo7'i-obi:Av.:la 7.71151.3-r, realuestel.-.2 iebie sree-poti:7-,
earryiuo ii-.h.rough jeecie iÎìtlooviroeeroaasion of the functions of eais..,...bag ergabizeti:eue, fle aste....bo:te u-p
,reee ,Yef,i1:11irY;:314lv:1 .1,17#P-;-
eve be7-a, hazierry-
COMMODITY ORGANIZATIONS FOP: PRODUC
(4.Q1`17.111,31A1'7,7
ogres-hie-ate -o7ero, eauchofts5t for: ruh-hh., ;to:,u-Linerais. `Lifee.t., thou, ere rtate agieeharsofte :ba,e3111 eh the elico3o----
.61,..xu t,"=.1Eilti):3Y3etoharooir. hi' 7ork i.oi. Those agreefusato-:e,4110.-,-9- of this Jeurteszfout aehsh. th rier.lerafe lesiff ba evorh-5 rharkeis are
En: (27 ::71e,:,,13L111 '& rbt?e,h eahea-aeoto 'oheyohaeo.a.et-ei: te-ilei .nade Lye, eeutribertiere tiaTTeTf.."?. '111;:;111,-;,7,1:3 (,,yef.e Fro.,-.,-
;-eetiore- hiebo».. 5.-uy Leet;-.7-3tieoa
-thke our furthes. e,"0-,teg, -the saute, ?bete. r-
hatter-ohrue--:--ehtcL reemeat has beeh iate averatioT. slues ii.Ozji).7-Tosee,Jo.b oacaete-hilsheol 1,2 et afieer uhohy c:v? 131C-lcfuou Irot,:e:euho '
,comntl..-2,0. rgentina, tile United JCLOiTL2Lad th
Gtate:, leeerat2:7 lavitezil other gol/(1I'Llh)&.!::t'3 tr,ith -.-saa,je.7-- ;ni-..-a-zreft 122 7-1_-,oa(,-,
joia 6etilic-2ationz aiid. to revice the (.71-a-2t ag-reaant,Lmic-r_rion to au YrttP,r-natiorial Wina i;
tb_e er,2e weol, the ;:,:oriernmentc Cs"; tb,L, ullea TrIngEiknal,and South 1--EP1e2 'have in 2946 e..zft-ablishe,-I a Joint (01.go.,-J.il-Ictioa
V'ndevtaLre th abtìiìg ce-nrarici.ed `,` ;:r! h
eoort, fo-2 come time past bre,--_,rt internationalibiity of an international cottou agrearnent.
project&a connacclit-y coarkeila, cro.fie,;-2,--lefects both i3_10_6 ihe same cause--the aeed for r. more compreheneive
be:, each cc:to-rh0:lit:7 eo-osiClered in-q,oa.r.r7or:e
tern3.',1ate :,111'.;j;
,3z-itarnodilties' are ,-:-onsideted jointly,o-radti2 vihe n commodIty ìciIL-X,3
'aC4",part oi r le.rger organization, they laeL the iinancivi re2oureez which -:c- kro'sd,Si3OCT7c, ;37-"ig;':;17(1;7, 7{1,9.?7-"G"i:C, ,3eveiet- +67'
mes.
U_rNS OROANIZATI
Duying the 7,,,ar the United NationcJ, beiag. dateiniiiied te 1:e&iia,e in. peacee2.}.1; (Y.," -.4`!reedon-,.. arid 17e1k-4.-ci for hich nehad fonrzlit,
reí; /113r iatinbei.' 31: 'international bodier2 ta fulfill ;.,he nrornis." ezc tile :y.Freedoms. 'f:hey have established .72±.0 co make, otardies and. -feco--olue-oidaticaufor developments in hc whole field of foodtuci agiiculture, forestIT and asheriez,and to Etimulate, and -2c3ter the interP__ational cooneration aece,s?ary c,:,-fry themott. Itr2 te3hnica) advisor:7,r 2,eY-77 -ce,- a,23 coneet-oe6' r.vith 7ride .fcngeeconomic, and statistical problems- -Fh_ich underlie 1fiaDrOVe6. aucIbetter thL1o7 1Oii uìu .International Bank was established. by he United 1-Tationsto assist in. providi:o,g -oart of the ilarge inryestment needed for aarictilturai and
riPv-lo-emeirt. Pi 1 n1-113; C:ror 7-`,7,5(2
f!rapi-z-)7ecl education, fl:0(.1. health se-i:Ticeo. Here, in adclitioa o the, odvisa..¡-;-,,
robrk ofFACD, information aud ad ¿he CI-oited. 1,fat;ons "(7'-ducationa-t,al)o. Cultural rguiatiouand of :Jr. -o-coposeJ77, °rid Ors:c-di-
zation. 77i11 be available. Puither, .:-!ci-vcdol.ment teb cusaiuerductíe Fae 'COTS Zull,TCAT)10",./111(7:Y1 ,7',")11.11i7r1C1c2.ll'I ¿ui ci.,;;-
Economic t-,,11,Si 3:2 Ci
the Interr-4-': -1. Labor Organization is specifically concerned with improllilg
The International Monetary "fi'andcatsiba3ance TIJjell
rraitigatiTI 3Oïkíi rÌÍ 7-)97,1i
.3eycyli::. t'heye -7,1-nabie jaï;earéfLmi,f9.Von,L iro.tel-national ìiachncr or enex.-uvarjrzg
oresiv 1.-e,duc 1311 o2 tvaci.6 'oarrie '202 th..3 cîi1i.aion L3-E,j-rarf-': 2
7,2-2mticas, for eti.0 in ¿he field o..V. 30P1111.06.1(v-
from the Bank and .424iation o2 financial problems
:ü. C3W-C3o Proposes fo; 4 Tre4o
!--/- are desig Leh: ie
al level f th
epecialized organizations are limited almost entirely to thc ceumui.nion andinterpretation of facts and to mailing recommendations. N:":.lent ',ICI incombination are they able to take measures to translate the reeommendationsfully into action. The :research and advisory- functions of FAO, 20Y ezample, are
eneney. and can accomplish a great cicol in achieving ite aimsthe eliroinationof famine and chronic hunger from the etorld and the attainment of prospedt,and stability for primary producers. But there is a '-iirlortant gap in'that no agency has the requise authority and tunde for carry'..t coordinateeiinterneetional action tihere it, in needed. In cliscussione, of ennentday world"to. es, it has been emphasized again and again that nations moot aci"..oçjehif major economie and social problems are to be solved: separate action is theroad ba,ek to chaos. ut they cannot act together without adettuate internationalmachinery, which so far provides fully for conulti-a9 ("ogeiher bu iOt, 1:03: put-ting the results of the consultation into effect wheu eoopeeelive uetion is 2. z'quiro-A.
It has been suggested above that a food policy on human needs isthe be,st starting point for solving the problems discussed is. the preF,ent
or this e --twfor16 Food Board with the necessano nuthority end Po-nds. neeiflet:.to set tite desired chain of event,s inmotion.
THE SUGGESTED WORLD I:001
STRUCTUILE AND FUNCTIC
The temporary organizations created to deal with the food scaxeit,y eausedby the tvax foreshadow the kind of permanent organization needed. The recentlyereated International ,Emergency Food Council, working through commoditycommittees, encourages stabilization.' of prices by getting agreement on priceschedules and also by promoting a certain amount of unified buying; and itrecommends the allocation of export surplusesaccording to the needs of differenternintriee. RA has funds to peovide food and aneTicultural implements,iertilizere, end other supplies for the veliabilitation of certain war-devastateticountries. continuation of this international cooperation is needed because
if thse temporary organization9 bring the world on o-2 the present foodceictegency-, there will still remain the great scareity of food that existed beforethe -,:itar and at the same time the agricultural problems of fluctuation in pricesaLT: t3 accumulation of untoetetable "surpluse,s."
nroposed World Doarcl, which would act through C.",oraraoclit3committees, might be established as a new haterne,tienel ageneytion of FAO could be altered to enable it to set up the Board..
having a multiplicity of international agencies acting in tít: f.eld."1f2 the latter alternative were thought to be the better means, the Bee,rd
pointed by the Conference of FAO, whis::1:, it is 2 TC ultaei ¡new&nepresentatives of all conto.tries. But as th.e aetioen of 7,suldbread proble'ms ofc Iwo-Ad economies and fin _e, le: to.e.tld to i3A1.1..7.&:,
in it : 4t..t tativez of other interest,ed international organizatione---for example,the Intennitional B :"e for 'Reconstruction and De7elopment, the ECOELOIDIC AU-1C"
7:1(,,,1:731C-1, and the pro i,; oted. International Tn.-e.cle Organitentione The worltinglf,ween tin 7.7,c te,1 nd ITI woule..1 n.eed t e ce the le,tter
agency, at:Lording i..;o present cations,indi TN": Te eroad fieldof 13r,rataQr.31 CO"Tr,r3I-Alty nollenn
The functions of -...-7Tor1d Food Board.would be:
1. To 5-.rbili.ge 22:-i-ccc of cgviczai.e.m!, comr,:odit;ies on t7 cc mcr1ets,ngpro ir.lio;) of the izece3caryimzc?,,: fo abj o'derations.
To estaNish c norlS foot:i ses.ve acleovfyi,e thcst might arise-eTzsznfgle. fegv,re of crops iv,. c;ay ile;.t ofehe wovlf.?.
?r; pvoolc7,3 1:7:ifr!'occei,' of fgviC;A-LFcr773 2ViberC, he'40.1(7 ¡os' tiash3 oci;
To coope;yLe zoW; gos conce..,ned with iaterne,Lio;;:alcgvicadf-mvc1 develop-inc;zt, 2)itF c do c:;;c7 coc odij pol i: c'3C
7û 1e-k' COi iO ec? 3ig1." ),? C-'42C; offecji9e4:
OPERATIONS
r.fl 2CblitCìi agr5e3.11,x1-..e the -1.-riuticT
(3.0111Mte(r, `3119.111/),7.x.,v,,e, 606:1-L,c, r,-,a
oi the 7.nost ishoortant coTrinioditie,c, Thic -5voncsaq,itKla,y be -±3.etf,'e.t.,, 511' 5E,,
i)re-viously thr-. LJeagueb3dier% 701,11.;,-;
:rhat ,77c-aid t"1-Le ea..at ?.creld'L.7eted. wotte-i announce a, mr,-irirc_i_-,1 anek minimurE -,rice ane.4.?":5buIniA)iij stocl: when the TJOrir7 pic. fellbeiow ;:he
iroya otoch -,;he
pkice.
The Boafd would tt-fioThLaweb. P,e3dmate oi the amount ye01:13,red en,-0 be made at oi-e,seni;, ivio-zeove-z. Liead.. 26?-binds, would grow gradually ac,fltcr,)e. 2322-Emoetity
17,710.p:e.heaeg,ir of the Din., 510`.' En.fety; ;:ne -.10761Kii eh 71E:16'- 13V-i
01101.11d represen i;si e twelve iohr racle. the araortat,::, va15,--insihth.c:
?eivAive benefits derived fTo-c.ct the bilizin,ry, ope-catinTIS 1-.?7 41"!Yer-f.',31,-71*, 117
ovt. rig ali.q PKt,S,
we-lAh.eL
rilice, l hovideai lLvet (?:3753' 70:3«:.3r
4:*2 storage It 7013_1(1, Of have CO. OCC,A0E1 o 31016, nin.oh10.1'5:r7r11 '32erl_-.) 3-, :1 lr3;7 r °2, n re ;*^:,
»Ftif3 f;gai St I tC, t30TrffilOdi °;2:7 1106 2, f;4;30:.jrgi-eat,45,,: tirof;f 1-441. z.,17 -1;:rvs.17.1::;=2.r,;z-ty.,7v
2.ti.f.tf.31T 7ca)ldivig 1li und thel vor,o-7zei:s
4Theat!ions o. roiuc n.d, oilier uu?,ndue nutritior_ka-t: q3Ceet;32"..2enti y 51e-,..ralorie5, ; -1.);--Ge117.,3t7
of!Iug Eitoree: ,---yaiicA3 i CS/1 P; 't).9: ?To r",i ;,?.e5,6i; 307 ill..Yperatio.Pf.
P.;`,2"."°- 'rff E' Y7(.11.4,1-fli;i?,T.,he 'rriC,;Y
aeSLEOT rn.;;1;;(3:i:',1rtiCtriai S-;27if7-,-0711-aaPaM_ En fRIP,1-1aghaerNi C(A14;i:in
11
e7egove-rivroe,r1;,-.,, rnarlaets conk: Thispa-ovicleci
zGpa1 -?G`r" Tïadc r)i'ff
ii1ÌOljectiveof he 3-ncrai-,ions of he World Food Boari. 77°06. bt,.
DIT,"312.C3e.no r bi ac constrarlor -1,2 allfooa i rei tna:,
3a-raataa.:.ierneui, co-oll133 i,.-faLiqiate,ci f3,3onornie
lac .fircstior:ofEZVD112227ofai6 kiar_41-'5 f2aflss-a-oluse2rihici Infea'ahe7.7m2-n-Q-Kky n2,-,rie '60 I-Cc`;117C7. im:17.452:1,31 ftv"Pe.hicL i7T371-Alittei.'to
welt-1118R th3 Boarc-z. The basit3 problem },e1--;-, is he financial enE,.1---yarerae_ing the -opn--atasiwe. Do-ivex o-2 Uìe peopk7.7ho -ahabie
The Boai mri bi° to LvrtalnroallneLftbleiì1 fo."s-n;-.-T-ii)'? the ces;:.
a-a,3 c:,3)1Gto
THE Nr, :MEDIATE A(
ezeaï in'741,
sai-Tirag
CZ-T2i6Pittli-,a,is eiihei a. evohatioarn'y no-a- a ZIGT-' idea, Thoobr Friany 7-:ationa1 and ilvi,e7'oatiohal meemea and b--:i7agi.; the-ha .,:-:g?,,thc?
one n4:ganizatiora: aillich has :he. 7nacjohake:-.and die :nad dia11-ac-a,
and-Laf.an
raar:;- E:3ern :ol-einai-xire ix:7)12:6 1:Tte)--i,va,,..4-Ti Ealcia anrvmhitio-tas D1'9111291,
are livig in a vio-fi(-1 -which is la111g driven o ta.rj. 3)y th::: advancrE,a-neas-c-fe.s; on-cl yaia-cia. ifTieZ"..) thr..17 -;,-feineaacio-cc
r,-:?,caoapic :o2ob1 s that face ai coìinries. un he specific ee of f c3d -01:0(tufAIOT-"-2.7_2d int.eroailoarl rac7.e in fsod. rrr- adsc12ae nor1d oPcy d1ì h scdyrrach.
oaly two31i;,3-2,7ad7eZutna 7331.vai; in a vc,orld jalicy. oa a. bach ta
(3,-,'3,171011,1ie e,OrDliet 77biefri DC.77 Trail ;I:Axi '.)-t.t`jirr,C1,. 7;0 J.. 01.71-71
` 114'-e-4ESTED ACTICE FAC '-ONFEREN,.
:ff:6 ic °C017,;?...r7 that J,i'te.P eiscurlsioD easpa..ess gehea:ai agre.a-7:1 '7"!('11
e.iiv011.;:f:4te 73,`F;'):31,77:` "`")an
'-`tffia,37: To a 7:70°,1,.-3.1:-.)a--ie in ryr_ten,
iEi dieE-TrYfr;a'21is ,E!,"r)i)E0-170-6 11.1 :57:4 c aacgeted 1.11aZ;s`:::,Dalan.:, a eomioiLLeeta ,Doat aat die and Dan-na-;-=6 a unnciae,
s-kach vaa. agency. The c:arn:Tetilb-e-a araigh:: acnrize:a--.1hiaiivesi-7,7f.' -4;6 0.40,!:\:, :1371,e:1 5z-,07,s-,,,:yr-A-Levr::.::, *://e.
orgar:i'mtioas cenceïned, nciig theTO Prepara diry (Joamiiks,ioalwhen f is(asi..9,1:thisheci. idi -Piew 012 the faot that ths: e.7aisting;fi'.-rzTKs-OTLY::722t0-2:6i Tfia J2C-0,E. 212,,17 Li13:7 gonytaiof
rl `7,f
Tr::14locti.;delay. and io therefore enggesLed thai,sD-A-friocte:::... by g?e,an:INir 196.14,
PART 11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background of Survey 5
The Prewar Food Picture 6
Nutritional Targets 11
Th.:. Di :E of Future Ad ances.....
pportt.:. ...... y e a.
Appendices
Working which Assisted ;.Food Survey ... . . . . 81
Comments on the Statistical Material 32
Tables 1 and 2.... ..... ...... .............. 35
Figures
Calories and Protein from the Prewar Food Supplies in 7,9 Coun-tries... .................... ................ , ite 24
Relative Size of World Populations at Different Calork. 7
of Tood Consumption in Four - 9
Prewdi Food Supplies and Nutritional Targets in Eighkeii Areas. 13
Incre6se in Food Supplies Required by some Less Developed..... ............. ...... ........... 21
Food Production per Head of Population 23
Tc-ibles
... Supplies in 70 ountries....... ................. 35
Calories and Protein from Prewar Food Supplies in 70 Countries. 37
Pce.,A,a.- Fooci Supplies (P) and Percentage Changes Required toMeet Nutrition Te.i-Bets by 1950 (-0United States of Americaand Linited Kingdom ................................... 16
P:e::6,- Hod Supplies (P) and Percentage Ch6,1s Required toMeef: I -lutrition I argets b,, 1960 (T)for Fou. 17
. World Food Needs in 1960 18
Jr"? _01,7
L BACKGROUND OF THE SURVEY
iT IS v,-ell known that there is much starvation and malnutrition in the world.'J Millions of people never get enough to eat, and much larger numbers, n.otactualb, hungry, do not obtain the kind of diet necessary for health. Vagueknowledge that this situation exists is not enough; facts and figures are neededif. the nations are to attempt to do away with famine and malnutrition anattempt to which they are pledged through the Food and Agriculture., Organiza-tion of the Unitec7.
What is the actual food consumption of the )ee-3rent peoples of the world?How does it compare with their needs? Where are the most serious shortages?What (practical goals can be set to remedy theT,e T; Tortages reasonable
7tThat additional quaff:tides of food would. oe ouirec.1 trr-a the goals?These are the Doints on --,vhich more definite information ie ne&f: L the ideal
il:eedo ID from fa-mine and malnutrition, with all their is to beplan.
Exact knowledge on these questionte ;7 by couo theworld, has been meager except in a few cases. Ye t a good A y,:teterial s,o-dstsin scattered sources, and ti are international and Agencies whose.business it has been to collee material. E7.perts in these agencies haooe,
er. accustomed to dealing Cfiticfti 4th the available iniormation, 9.111Ci theye capable of filling in some of the gaos,with estimates based on wide experience.Early in 1946 several of these agencies
- t. ie services of some of theirstaff members to the Food and Agriculture Organization for the, pu/posemaking a world food survey in which the bes t available figures an_ci estimateswould be brought together, critically e::amined, and reduced to P. uniform basis.The objective was to obtain as clear a picture as possible Of the world ."situation as it was in the years just before i,he - FAO --ed theseas a guide in working out proposals for future world food and
This report give,s the results of the survey. let eo-Ters countries ";711-CS 3people make, up about O percent of the ea1-1'o population..
It need scarcely be said that -the figures Foï n-fany count:lies. 9 re hi,ghly im-perfect. 3tatistics,1 services in most countries 1.711: have,ic. Tasríy i1oDrove1before complete and accurate data are obtinable; it is one functionc,to help bring about this improvement, ill take -ears.
Some of the authorities who were consiLted about the euvey, howev_r,expressed the opinion that the figures brought together nere could not;greatly improved, OP the, basis of he available information, if 4-cfeTperts had work-z.--,6 for three years instead of the three montias
. L;6' f,,etually-..t on the, task. Total calorie estimates, in ptnticulal-, are ;probably c.ecurau:
within 5 percent in most instances for countries -e.'ith an zi,VS-iTig,:-; 300f.'ealories a person a day, and 77ithin. K porcen5 1:01' ;;110Se ic an averare ef aron.-ne-4,000. it should be added that the estirnatE.,,s were submitted foe chec';'ing to ea.chof the countries concerned, and various adjustments have be,en naade as a result.
In other words, though the figures in the survey -most he vegaeder_l as pro-visional an.d incomplete (their shortcomin,gs are fully discussed in Appendio: Hon page 32), they give a more accurate arid detailed picture of the prev.-ar readsittiation than has hitherto been availa.ble. They are elose enough te the truthto be used, with due caution, as a yardstick by which to n e71.anges that
will be required if we are not to return to the un.satisfactory food situation whichexisted in the years before the war but to have a food and agriculture policy thatwill meet human needs.
Another question besides those mentioned above must be considered. Whatwould be involved in producing the additional quantities of food needed to meetpractical goals? This also is discussed in the report.
The world food: survey would not have been possible Jout the re,sriec.-.,:o2cassistance of bile persons and agencies listed by name !dix I, pageFAO's debt to them is inadequately expressed in this brief acknowledgment.
2. THE PR! DC,! PICTURE
r;OOD supplies available in 70 countries in the prewar period have been esti-L mated. The results are summarized in figure 1, oppositt 1.oi in iermscalories per head of -population daily. The calorie figures ere presented't:heform of a bar chart which shows the food consumption of die difieren eount7iat a glance. Each lcocz bax on the left represents the tot9I T ber of calo..;per caput daily fuo.oinHo7 by the food supplies (productim (importe minuseZGGYLS) eao'h '3G1.1116:7y. The lone bars aro E11,-; -,:he aun:-ber of calories yieLled by nine, different groups of food:, ; cereals; roots and tilbel,?:;sugar; fats; pulses (peas and beans); fruits and vegetables; meat, fish, and eggs;milk° and -Tine 9,nd beer.
1_,'stimates of sup-plies in terms of calories are convenient for purposes o;comparison. It should be borne in mind that the more concentra'ced riood.s, suchas cereals, fats, sugar, and meat have a higher calorie value per gram or ouncethan less concentrated foods such as fruits and vegetables, which usually containa good deal of water; man.y grams of a leafy vegetable are required to furnishthe same number of calories as one gram of rice.
The short bars on the right in figure 1 show the amount of protein per caputJaily (in grams, not calories) supplied by the national diets. These bars are-ri.ded to show the amount of piotein obtained from foods of animal ()Agin andu,.Le amount obtained_ from vegebable foods such as grains and pulses. A diebrich in animal protein, especially in protein derived from milk and mill: producir,is likely to contain en.ough of the foods rich in minerals and vitamins ro supplythese nutrients in adequate amounts.
r.1.-te great variation in the dietary patterns of the different i is
j7; III gives per caput figures for total calories and oaloriesfrol-a groups. Table 2 shows food supplies io -,errns of kilo-grams pe:: hcLai aa: neck. 13oth chart and tables represent food supplies at theretail stage or its squivalent. This means that allmot, Aces have been made fortosses and wastage 9i various stages between pro(:: and entryinto the retail stage, lx none from this point onwar(i-:
The Extent (7::. " MahnE:.-Aon
br.soj on the prewar populations of the individual tshow that in tHe years before the war-
In areas containing over half the world's population, food supplies at the retaillevel (not actual intake) were sufficient to furnish an average of less than 2250calories per caput daily.Food supplies furnishing an average of more than 2750 calories 2.)3?- coput dailywere available in areas containing somewhat less than a third of tlic world'spopulation.'
The remaining areas, containing about one-sixth of the world's population, liadfood supplies that were between these high and low levels.The proportion of the world's population in each of the three groups is shown
in figure 2.
Below2250
Calories
7
Aoove, 2750t Calories
Betueen /2250an:', 27E0
Calories
2 RELATIVE SIZE OF t'lORLD Poi=WL/- ii0,13DIFFERENT CALORIE LEVELS
The high-calorie areas include most of the western v,,orld, all of North.America,and much of Europe. Oceania a-nd the Union of Soviet Socialist B_epublies alsobelong to this group, but it includes only three countries in South Pomerica.
The medium-calorie areas include most of southern Europe, three countriesin Asia, a part of the Middle East, a part of Africa, and a part of South ,.kmerica.
The low-calorie areas include most of Asia, a part of the Middle East, all ofCentral America, and probably parts of South America a.ncl of Africa whichwere not covered by this survey.
But averages do not tell the whole stoiy. They conceal Imo iy sharp cli[Ter-ences. -67hatever the average calorie level of a country, sty poople ebtai-2.considerably more than the average while a large number ha, less. E-ven inthe countries with the most liberal food supplies and the alorie intake, itis well known that a considerable part of the population is ylot well nourished.There are wide local -variations in food supply which are not brought out byave:; - figures for the whole population.
Defierko_7ey
) oreas of greatest cleficiencv, aecordin survey, are Central Americaiost of Lsi They also probably inci, of South America, and of
.:L.Zrica not covered by the survey.Many of the low-calorie countries are in the tropics and subtropics. In
these countries, food energy requirements may be less than in colder countries.The average size of th.e people is usually smaller. The proportion of children inthe population also is usually greater because of high birth and death rates.These factors, however, cannot account for the great difference in per caputdaily calorie intake between the low and the high countries. A populationwith a high percentage of children, for example, would require only some 100-150calories a person a day less (but relatively more minerals and vitamins) than a
population with the age composition now typical of western civilization. Ashas been seen, the actual difference is around 1000 calories a person a, day.Calorie intake in the low-calorie countries is only two-thirds of that in the high-calorie countries.
A vicious cycle probably influences the nutrition of peoples who subsist at alow level of calorie intake. Restricted diet leads to poor physique and a lower-ing of basal metabolism and energy ontnot, E,..nci these in turn facilitate adapta-tion to a restricted diet. The cycle would be reversed if the food supplies ofthese people were increased and improved. Their physical development wouldbe better and their energy output raised, and hence they would require more food.
It is evident from this survey that about half of the world's population wassubsisting before the war at a level of food consumption which wa.s not highenough to maintain normal health, allow for normal growth of children, orfurnish enough energy for normal work. Poor nutrition is associated with hit_41death rates ancl a low expectation of life, high mortality in infancy and earlychildhood aeJ(1 among women during the child-bearing period, increased suscepti-bility to suclT as tuberculosis, and impaired working capacity.It is no. enlr: 7certher on this poi-in e--hich has been discussedmany tir,-1 .o.1-..1ications of the Leagtn- of Nations and in thereports of i.e1. Springs Conference and of the United Nations Interim Com-mission on Food and 2.t.griculture.
The C Pcod GroupsEstimates of (. Ones per capto, obtained from the different food groups are
subject to a wider -Lange of error than estimates of total calories. Many gaps inthe statistical data need to be filled, and intake figures do not show the greatvariations in local food supplies and food habits which only painstaking study inthe future can re-veal. Nevertheless, the tables and the chart clearly demon-strate the marked differences in the quality of the national diets of the Countriesincluded in this report.
Countries and areas with ealorie le-vels around the 3000 mark ormore had well balanced national diets. 'illese included North America, Oceania,Argentina, the British Isles, Scandina-Aa, the 10-etherlan.ds, Switzerland, andGermany. In all these the consumption of cereals in.relation to that of otherfoods was relatively lowabout 1000 calories daily were obtained from cereals-an.d milk and m.eat consumption comparatively high, giving a supply of animalprotein of about 50 grams. In Iceland, wine-J-3 environment conditions the(7.)ed supply as in all arctic or suberctic of animal protein (62: grams)
was higher than in any other country surve:,-c-: excep-;, "Lrgentinamainly because of the high ira:Aye ni fishthe catch is equivalent to two tons ahead a year. Argentina, Urugy.as,,, and Paraguay, the meat-producing countriesof South America, together with Australia and-I.-Low Zealand, were the only othercountries with substantially more than 50 grams of animal protein per caput
This ,.7:tetary :ontras:e with that i: c wherethe average Letal calorie were arounci the 2000 mark 11:-tS:I 'Thesecountries were: in the Far EastIndia, Java, the Philippines, _ in theMiddle EastIran, Iraq, and Transjordan; in Central AmericaeLexico,El Salvador, and Costa Rica; and in South America, Colombia. Here ene lowaverage energy value of the diet reflects widespread poverty. A L1-1.-1. proportionof total calories was obtained from cheap foods rich in carbcliye such ascereals. With very few exceptions the average calorie value f:.: ea cereal
s;i19'131
)dekk
ffti
"a) t7...`n
000C
-e;
s
.:vmeJA
J9J1A
V91"0
..;'0111110,1.10.Y.Y
%
`,'°,111c181° 1:L.
ifi
'.7))"..."..)jJj T
O.1
r.i.,,1(1,7)111dRItftrZ
[in iC)`,.;)jÇ
JVí.1
supply was never substantially below 1000. Two exceptions are Costa Rica,which as a sugar-producing country obtained a large part of its total carbohy-drates from this source, and Colombia, which, though it grew maize and had toimport its wheat and rice, obtained much of its carbohydrates from potatoes,bananas, and plantains.
It is interesting that in the tv..ro extreme cer;es considered, with f3,7:31';;C. totalcalories of 3000 and 2000 rerpe, , the calo'ies obtained from cereals qaProxi-mated 1000.
Of the countries in which the average total calorie intake was intermediate,those with a low cereal consumption, such as Paraguay with 545 cereal caloriesand. T:T(Hrya.-LTgaAda with 586, consumed lar:-.:e quantities of such roots and tubers
F.,,ata.teos and plantains. In this. intermediate group countries withIrisb cereal intate form a geogya-phically continuous area stretching
front c3tern 1:..r.rope thoL Union of ' oviet Socialist Republics to Man-churia. In these countries the quantity of food obtained from animal sourceswas small and cereals supplied as rnuch as 50 to 60 percent of the total calories,to -ore deHrmont of varie bi1.r.nce.
our .nd the Dol-hih:have focc7 spJ.ioi (.:;:ure 3).
In tibel .in-;'i7r from cereals airoamted liJ,L i aan 10f.),,)
suraap ion of meat, milk, and fat was high. The supply of protein averaged 96grams, of which, 65 percent was of animal origin. Denmark was the highestconsumer among the Scandinavian countries. It is of interest to note th-Denmark and New Zealand, though situated on opposite sides of the earrci-:and differing in many characteristics of national life, consumed approximaL.similar kinds of diets. Cereal consumption wfis o u ally low a,nd milksumption equally high in the two countrios. The main differences were thatwhile consumption of meat, fish, and , Denmark was cc.),!,high, the consumption of these foods in ls,1d was twice as grer.t: burtthe other hand Denme consumed hai i.ruL mtich fat as NewlAThen there is abundrrice ami variety of Li2eha:in::: power lacountries tend to choose, a dicI fully adequarrs - 1.th.
srad the Dominicere b.)1Colic, by cont:re.L. of countrieswith low average levels of -,r,ption. In Jura, with a total calorie supply
h:.-iout 2000, the calories by cereel..,: a e more tts e. ca;)
-. Carbohydrate intakc ocai[ef the coo*of cassava, so ;_uppl:o p,
ble ,,;.,-1.-Lar grams 3 :heLid:. the O coil-id rp. r' Dominican war bucle
L Ater oL; the main IL-b in the are: intake of aninia proteja,counted for by the ccrosiderably greater consumption of milk, meat, fish, e.0eggs. Bananas have included in the "roots and tubers" group in thecase of this and other tropical countries in which they were a staple article ofdiet. In nutritive alue they are akin to this group.
and NutriPoverty is tlae -lief cause of malnutrition. In the course of pre-paring this
survey prewaa calorie consumption_ was compared with national incomes perperson es far as these are known. It is interesting to observe that all the coun-
10
tries in which the supply of calories per caput was less than 2250 a day werecountries in which the per caput income was less than U.S. 5100 a year.At the other end of the su le there were 365 million people living in countries inwhich the average supply of calories exceeded 2900 a person a day. EY342 million in countries in which the average inek-une aperson a
Thus for the world as a whole it cn be said, "Tellwill tell you how y-ou eat." There tire exceptions, butcountries fare well nutritionally, poor countries fare badh2.groups within these countries fare the worst.
NUTRITIONAL TARGET7
eotnitrystep
!i3 to Fctdetermining world foodnutritional targets showi...)
11
consider th:3 question of tarrts, cith the cf:;;:itLt.;
the »cint. It that 'usi Pe given to the, -present ,,s fegards
the various food::i, and that the should c.:111 1o2
ill be
bye changu; :n food
supplies hiLn are D.H;;C';.s{,ry to provide the world with a better diet.The Iiot Springs .(,-;.:;.:.ference recomi-nended that governments should
adopt as the ulPcxae go.,,,1 of their fo ed nutrition policy, dietary standP.rdzor allowanc:- of the amoi:D:.food, in terms of au-.i.1.;;s, which pr.,;i-:-:,-Jte health, and disti;.-Luish el-?,--fly be-tween these stc,a(1,,,,rds and the mo eite consurc.-0,.lonnecessarily rriusc, be ba,.ed upon the practicl,.1 p();B)ilL_Tes o. ng thefood supply of thei?
The problem of :-.-::;andards or al1H.is one with which bel,h. 7A0 and the Worldcerned in the future. In the United States of America fe recommended dailyallowances of the ira.Jo-su-..1. P eeh Council J`TliC) have been wldely acoeptedand are used by official ::11 such standards are provisional in the sensethat they are subjeci. to L-odilicai:::in as nutritional knowledge advances. Theyrepresent the consensus of experts itt a given
Where food consumption is already cdeeorï.e in the quantitative sense,"opthnum" standards can be applied to determine the chan..-4'es in food supplynecessary to improve the quality of national diets. But in of the countrieswith a medium calorie intake, and in all of those with a le cc..isu:mptiong,oals must be set ffmsi,jertlbly below the optimum if thr.!y-within any reasonable -Lii.]-1a. The achievement of such intefil
a vast improvement in world nutrition. They may be:on the road to the ultimate Hot Springs objective,.
arly in 1946 FAO convened a small group of nutrition experts (see Appenc:ixI, page 31)foodweightsuppliesin existing dietary patterns rather than revolutionary changes. ido proiexperts suggested the following principles and methods which couh-s. 1-)e applied,with the exercise of careful judgment, in approaching the problem:
(a) A per captit calorie intake of 2550-2650 should be taken as thelevel to which intake should be raised in the low-calorie countries, andquantities of additional foods required should be estimated on this basis.,(b) Cereals. If calories from cereals fall between 1200 and 1800, no changeshould generally be recommended. If the-y fall below 1200, :o::d if totalcalorie intake is below 2600, some increase in cereal intake may be recom-mended unless the total calories from cereals, starcly- roots and .;tibers andstarchy fruits, sugar, fats, and pulses exceed 2000--%.:!.'00.
If cereal calories exceed 1800 and total calories are high, the question ofdecreasing the former should be considered. In deciding the quantities ofother foods which in such circumstance can replace cereals, weight must begiven to the dietary pattern as a whole and the objective of improving nutri-tion must be kept in view.
(e) f:::::.rchy roots and tubers and starchy fruits (for example, bananas, whichyposition resemble roots and tubers). An intake of 100 to 200 calories
fron,_ hese foods ma,y be taken as a desirable objective. A larger consump-tion may, however, be advocated if intake of cereals is low an,d adequatecorounts ofyirotein can be obtained from such foods as pulses, milk, mec):,,aud. fish. here these ffLutlot easily be made available, as for e-z.e.in
noioe-eo,-i-Zog countries, too high a consumption of starchy rootsitffie
In geiy. .crease in the intake of sugars should be recom-naende(-e If calorieF.; hon-,t sugar eo:ceed 10 to 15 -percent of total cfe.
on may be eousidE-red,-;eit-,11 due regard the rlietary patteen
ir,ats (as a separate food group'2east 100 and preferably ---200. Intake of fat through the medjeLe.
sthcr food grourr, eiTee be ' into conej-Theation.
e'vises. In coue pulses are ,rdready an iillpOrto,nt featureof the dietary pattern, caloeies from this source may well ?eachfe..50-300daily, In general, thi,s ..eee:is countries in which meat supplies are of neces-sity low (say below 150_ calories from meat daily) and sources of animalprotein limited. But even when meat calories are as high as 200-250,calories from pulses may be pushed to 200-250 if this is in general conformitywith dietary habits. Pulse intake must be considered in relation to intakeof cereals, starchy roots and tubers and starchy fruits, milk, and meat.
Fruits and vegetables. Total 3,9,1o:des frorr, i-ese foods, (ezecluding starchyvegetables and fruits) should be at least 10C, per caout daily Preferenc'3must be given to leafy green and yellovz vegetables and fruits and to ;roltsand vegetables which are good sources of vitamin C. The quantities offruits and vegetables recommended should be considered in relation to theirn ' !Rive Value. If the kinds grown are of dail;-, calories
his source should be raised, if the level-se; -they ean oerha,psreduced.
3at (including poultry), fish, and eggs. IT les D calories perlaily, and preferably 150-200, sho71e-' be _:d tu. -these sources.
intake of milk and pulses is high, that o; oc'rc-spoudinglyreduced. Fish can replace meat in _ weicls the latter ,3,5,1-113.0...,
easily be produced in qua,ntity and where EC-, supplies can be readily inc: 2 -
(i) Milk and milk products. An intake of 300-400 calories per capre'represents a desirable minimum level of con.suraption, In recommemilk su.pply targets, weight must, however, be givem (1) to existbag die aryhobitS in respect of milk consumption, (2) to the present level of milk intake,
(3) to the possibility of providing certain important nutrients of milkeugh a comVoation of pulses and leafy green and yellov7 ,-egei;ables.elP. fish eateoe -;:,,-hole can supply calciu-no to replace- milk calcium, but thisloot the case vtv enly fish muscle is ea;-,eee fr count-1:1es! in which milk
12
FIG.4
PRE-WAR -.FOOD SUPPLiES AND NUTRITK)NAL TARGETS lis! EIGHTEEN AREAS(CiALORICS PEF: HEAD DAILY AT THE RETP IL LEVEL)
1°-Cereals Roots 8 Sugaii Fats Pulses Fruit a Meat, Fish Mi!li
Tubcts Vegetables 8 Eggs
CALOR ES1000 0 1000
'0'c_g
f=7-,,,*g.146Z-7;4-7-77±-**?0*.".6.6P6-5z,-:4:-.4):
[
T.- 1' <T3 /./
P Z-).2 !
;
P er.)
7-4
164= XP'leg 7111: 1110,UA.1.7..`71:, I -Do
SOUTHEAST ASIAMainland
2220
2000
-zr
e t-
t
Lele
`443331-ef
13
A*,zzi:'14eggl'
-. S;qEgfi
_ °o*
-1--:=41
P773070 5,47, 1/7/".
I
ASIA-1,*575
je, ,,i"e:.' ,r:;"V1;4F,..2:11-1
i
CENT:i 20:33
2e470
MAJOR SOUTHEAST P 2035
ASIA ISLANDS Y 2. 575 if
P 2025INDIAN PENINSULA
lip.57ri o r::;:01,"5
SOUTHERN EUROPEP251.3
725,151
.30UTFI AMERICA Sr., 25'2-7'
13' 9.510OTHER AFRICA
2985.FR ICA
F' 9.2ry's
e
't &;
VIESTERI I EUROPE
`.;
2755l-t..it.13.0PE T2755
P. PreviarT. Tarr.
OCEANIA
supplies are at present negligible or nonexistent, the milk calorie target maytemporarily be set at 50-100 calories, which will represent a very large per-centage increase over existing supplies.
How the Targets were Set UpOn the basis of the criteria suggested by the Nutrition Committee, which
conform with the principles of modern nutritional science, targ:s were drawnup for 18 areas. These are given in figure 4, in terms of total ul.o.; .L.Ld caloriesfrom various food groups, together with prewar consumption levels for purposesof comparison.
The targets show approximately the changes and increases in food supplywhich may be aimed at in improving nutrition in 18 areas covering 70 countries.Group'ng of the countries into these areas followed the drawing up of targets forthe 70 countries separately. Prewar food supplies per cut, country by country,were studied and changes were introduced which -..--onlc! -.:oificantly improvenational diets withoui; altering their general pattern too
Because of the great, variation in :existing consumpl-,.value of ric.`bio.Lal .1;.iers,, it was consi. ed impracticable to pcalling for a uniform degree of nutriUonal adequacy. In iLies in rlidchfood supplies v.,er,a insufficient in quan.tity as well as unsatisfactory in quality, thefirst step was to consider t,he increa.ses in food supplies necessary t,o haise cabriaintake to a reasonable level of surdc,iencya Targerz.,- fol cotintrk,-s, i 71iiawar food supplies yielded less than 260- (-1 1( per 1,9.112, have 1)eoo
justed to bring the calorie level to 2600 (p17.: or miaus For couni.,-fiae ozithcalorie supplies above this level, adjustmere..3 were made to improve the quElityof the diet while the same energy value as in the prewar period was maintained.
The system of adjustment for quality recommended by the nutrition com-mittee makes it possible to suggest desirable changes and improvements in thefood supply -,.vithout drastically altering dietary habits. The recommendationswere not followed, however, in the case of areas in which it appeared tobe impracticable to set as high a goal for certain foocl o:roups as that put forr.var,_.by the committee. For example, to supply the aci.ditional quantities ofand milk products required in the Far East to attain the des minirriuu.300 to 400 calories a person a day from this source will be out he ,
practicable possibility for a longer time than that likely- to be ::--e:inired to achieveother consumption goals called for by the targets, since the prewar CORSIlilliXj032of milk in that part of the world was almost negligible. Supplies of milk eoui-valent to 50 calories per caput daily from this source laave been s*,,,;gesi,ed.
It should be emphasized that to improve nutrition iven are.acountry more is needed than an increase in total food suppt,,.. alongsuggested. Satisfactory distribution of food within countries so that all obtri.,an adequate share of the additional food made available is of the utmost im-portance. As has previously been pointed out, average figures cor' e.:putconsumption may conceal wide variations in the consumption of pol.T.-,ilationgroups in any countr3rfor exa.mple, regional groups or groups of differenteconomic status. It follows that in addition o bringing aboui-, the necessarychanges and increases in total supplies, measures must be taken to ensure thatthose whOse diets are below the average benefit in accordance with their needs.
The Targets for Countries with Low and Medium Calorie IntakeFor nearly all the groups of countries at the low calorie level, an irl.C73' T7-
cereal consumption is advocated, principally to raise the total calorie '
14
Substantial increases in the consumption of fats, pulses, fruits and vegetables,milk, and foods in the meat, fish, and eggs group are called for except in a fewcountries in these groups where prewar consumption of certain of these foods wasfairly largefor example, fats in North Africa and meat in Brazil, Chile, andColombia. For sugar the target is the same as the prewar level of consumptionexcept in the case of the Central American and Caribbean sugar-producingcountia rewar intake was exceptionally ht h.
The Target:: lediunt- and High-Calorie CouiThe targeta i'.Jr eastern and southern Europe and for the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics also call for increases in the consumption of fruits and vege-tables and of mill- (and meat in the case of the Soviet Republics), but suggestsome reduction in cereals. Where cereal consumption is high, it normallydeclines as the dietary improves.
The targets for North 1,Lmerica, the British Isles, Scandinavia, central andwestern Europe, and Oceania represent adjustments within high-calorie dietsrather th.s.y.. an increase in total consumption. The target figures correspond3Iciv fTfor a "moderate cost diet" cirawn up by nutrition experts in
_ag.,icultm'e, which supplic.--3 luataicar7- with the recmernenderi alic...,..7.,TLces of the National Resea3 eh Council.
The target figures also conform in general with the changes in food consumptionwhich in western countries tend to follow a rise in the purchasing power of thelower income groups that permits these groups a freer choice Of foods.
It will be seen that reductions in average sugar supply per caput have beensuggested by the targets for certain areas in which calories from this sourceexceeded 10-15 percent of total calories, which represents the quantity of sugarestimated to be sufficient for cooking and adding to food for sweetening. Thereason is that when sugar is consumed in large quantities, it often supplantsother foods of greater nutritive value. Once a luxury, sugar is now consumed inmany countries in four or five timas the amounts that were consumed 100 yearsago. It should be pointed out tlm.t.; with increase in population, a reduction inthe per caput supplies of any food c:oes not necessarily imply a reduction in theabsolute quantities retloired. The targets, however; indicate that the scope forfurther increase in su :r consumption is limited, in marked contrast with thefact that desirable incraases,in milk consumption are so large that the quantitiesneeded vv-ill with difficulty be produced after man-y- years of agricultural develop-ment.
The Largets for the three South American countries with a high calorieintake_argeni.vta, Paraguay, an.d Uruguay provide for increases in the con-sumption of fruits and vegetables and of milk, and a decrease in that of sugar.No increase in meat consumption is suggested, since this is already high.
The Targets Require Greatly Increased Productic7What would the attainment of these 'targets requi.i.e in. terms of actual quan-
tities of the different foods? The targets indicate tha direction to be followedin the improvement of diets, but they do not represent objectives to be reachedwithin any specific period of time. The time requirement, which will dependon the whole economy of the countries concerned and the degree of internationalcooPeration in increasing agricultural production and trade and in
of living, will have to be determined at a later stage when governmentsconsider the measures they are going to take to achieve satisfactory food con-sumption goals.
15
TAE
FOOD St5131.-1,1ES (11;) P_ND 2.?Eli..'(.',EITT;iGEliA1-1-GEE.: In3Q-masT.-70 iv:EET I-TUT/I/VON T.LIZGETS BY 1950 (T)-61.-TITED ST?iTES
OF' kMEICL IiND UNITED 12-75NGDOM(Amounts in .1,000 metric tonsChanges as percent of prewar supply)
6
SOURCE: Prewar :ood sunnhes computed a cm date gi-.-en in Food Co=L1r.,pfi.oi.., the Vattcd Starer,Canada, and the United Elagdom, -Third Report of a Special Joint Committea set up by the Combined Food Dos:NI17ashingLor.: Production and Liarhoting Administro.tion, U. S. Departmeni, oL Agocultnre. 1946. table 7. 7). 27.
'Flow or product2Fresh equivalenc.3Sugar'content or tal.;;aiz.,rat conLent. lnclude. butter.
freah, cured. .7.nd canned rucac7; (carcass weight), and edil -weight); egg:: arad egg produmz (fre.3h equivalent).
cHtl17. oncl =Jib prcclucts, er.cluding buLter (total milk solids, fat and nonf ).
In c( ; the quantities of food reouired by A wassary, howev ,to introduce the time e)emeDt by setilag cal datheir attainment, since increases or decreases in population dL, be take
(3 COlvat f!.S ,77etl aS changes in consumoijad Oef -person.Mble 3 shows the additional amounts of food, in relation to prewar supplies,
for two high-calorie countries, the United IChagdona 2Thij e United States ofAmerica, which were already fairly near the targetFJ 7.."950 as the assumeddate for reaching thera.
lIble 4 shows the food supply requirements for a nunaber of countries thatTvere at low or medium calorie levels before the -Tar, iLh 1960 as 6he assuJnec-,date for reaching '6110, targets. The areas included are China, india, easterTiEurope v7ith the e;:ception of Poland (wLich 7-7as oraiti:ed because bounAary-changes make estimates of future population difficult), f?..17. three Goll .,traericancountriesBrazil, Chile, and Colombia. It will be not, that, for almost Tier:food group, c( 'able increases in supplies 77,ILIld be needed o7er and abc-rethose required tc meet increases in population. Per China and Indio, 7.fihvast populatiens and 1,-,)T7 consurapdon lerreis, '61-F3 in ci.eases called for in 6
:73orne food szoup2 are mornaous.
United Slaies (1!3°10 inc,eascin population by 1950)
'Unid leingriera (6% incl cascpopplaion, by 19,50)
Grain products
Amount Change Amount Change
11,700 4,51012,170 +4.0 4,400 2.5
Roots and tubers2 8,515 3,7009,260 +8.7 4,000 +6.0
Sugar' 6,2805,490 12.6
2,3502,045 13.0
Fats and oils' 2,635 9702,645 +0.4 970 0.0
Pulses, nuts, and cocoa 1,140 3101,215 +6.6 295 5.0
Fruits and vet1,," 26,34039,140 +70.5
Meat, fish, and e 11,44013,450 +17.6
,
4,260 +6.5
Milk' 3,245 8205,050 +55.6 1,290 +57.5
ga e, and fr,sh (edible
TABLE 4
73RET72,17Z FOOD SUPPLIES (P) ND PERCENTAGE CliLliGES REQUIRED-TO MEET TTOTRITION TARGETS BY 1960 (T)-FOR FOU:s./ LREAS
(Arnow.nts in 1,000 mctrir, tons-Changes ac vercent of prewar supply)
17
Lie:A (earear.z v.iht), all (edible ¡..of (ion), equi-aleu).21nclude7. Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumania. 7ugoala-71a. Adjurc fe: chana-ar.i31.m....ludsz Bryan, Chi; Colombia, aud Peru.'Includc.o bananac
buacT. Fa cxatent.
CategorySoa'dheass n vope'. (10.1% in-
crease in -v)pulatioa by 1960)South A.-rtmrica W.;.()%
crease in pouvlai,ion by If:60)
Cer,
Change
11,430 7,11011,100 -3 12,0_1 3
resh P 91r, 10,720:2,790 +26 13,030e +22
280 1,220310 +10 1,816 +49
I. d oils' 270 330350 +31 K.15 +65
Pulses, nuts, a 315610 +93 +70
'4,3 a VI 5,000 9,7708,900 +78 .,_3J)40 +73
I eggs" 1,370 3,1301,520 +11 4,975 +59
Milk, fi i ent 6,020 3,98010,650 +77 11,300 +184
Catz3gGi'yChina-?f? Pf,ovincec (15% i a-creacein popula+ioa ï.)y 296o)
(25% inue.15:.,population by 1080)
Amount Change
89,760103,220 +15
er,-,00ts, and inibeiz, frezh ,',700 6,780+66 13,760 +103
SugAr 610 5,540700 +15 6,925 +25
Fat!is 2,290 1,0703,020 +58 2,200 +113
Pulses and nuts 11,300 ,550
e
17,970
18,300
+59 ,73C, +84
78,140 +327
6,015 3,018,720 +45 12,150 +305
Milk, fluid equivalent 20 23,5001,150 +5,650 37,600 +60
TAM.
WORLD FOO_ 1 , IN 1960(Approximate percent increase over pre ,ar supplies required to m et targets,
assuming a 25 percent increase in world population)
Finally, table 5 shows, in percentages, the order of increases inlo-s- all tile 70 countfies;-Iyis surve3-. assuming that the tar -7e
reacheci by r;?61-_; and that world population rias -iiser, 2 perce.n;:, bystimate of food needs in 19 tof the magnitude
to be undertalTen and the for food producers if theset out 1.o nutrition oil scale.
e highest increases shown ia -table 6 aro 163 percent for fruits and vege-tables and 100 percent for milk and milk products. This indicates the -nutri-tional importance attached to these two food groups. Certain fruits andvegetables are rich in some of the essential vitamins. Milk is a foodstef whichcontains all the constituents essential for human life. Further, most of themare present in milk in physiologically balanced proportions, which favors morecomplete assimilation. Had it been practicable to raise the milk consumptiontargets of all countries to the desirable level, the, aggregate -percentage increasewould have been considerably higher tiii. ivIiIh wd regetables highlyperishable unless subjected to fairly complex processing. To E, laige e-_,:tent;therefore, they will have to be produced in the areas in which they are consumed.
The nutriti7e, alue of pulses, which ca: br grown :-,'orrnDoxaftvely easily, isparticularly significant when meat oncl milk consumpdon is low. 'I'ableindicar an increase of 80 percent in supplies. Tl-yeze, are .matv places whe,-:-the consumption of meat needs to be increased but where production cannoteasily be raised. It would be necessaiv to -make suTveyse::plo±ng all the pessibilitir ki rcler indi-cated in table 5. In many countries it will be Cc "Cimal
bein by increasing supplies of fish than by c: 3ing Withmeat production ill be a need for :.:.ore cereals, pb;:.ticularly the
cciL.:.!se gtains, for feedstuffs. The 21 percent increase in cereals shown in thetable takes account of direct human consumption only.
Targets drawn up after 3areful investigation of local conditions and resourceswould unquestionably differ in many respects from those put forward here.Nevertheless, neither the inaccuracies of the food supply data nor the' provisionaland illustrative n.ature of the targets affects the bread issues considered inreport. Moreover; the Tneasures needed for raising levels of n.titrition.t:out ti e world will be essentially the same whether the period needed for
, of these or any other series of nutritional targetS is as 'short as 10 oras lc as 50 or even more years.
18
Commodity Percent
Cereals 21llooes end tubers 27Sug,ar 12Fats 34Pulses 80Fruits and 163T',4: eat, 46Milk 100
4. THE DIRE 10N OF FUTURE ADVANCES
(7-TO.UNTRIES with inadequate food supplies rnust obtain t'ne additional foodneeded to raise nutrition levels by importing from other countries, by
producing more themselves, or by a combination of both. Great Britain is anexample of the first method. The supplies of food produced by its own agri-culture have long been entirely inadequate to meet the requirements of its people,but they have been able to get what they need by exchang,ing goods and servicesfor food from other countries. During the war, the Unid Kingdom also in-creased its own food production by some 70 percent in terms of calories.
Although international trade in food vv-ill be increasingly important, thegreater part of the a,dditional supplies required by the low-ealorie countries toreach the consumpi:ion goals suggested in this report will in most cases have tobe obtained by 3.7q)anciire,.,; their own food production. To understand theextent of the effort rieerlo' to .2. ',hieve this expansion, it is necessary to considerthe taweti from anothca
The food supplies of most of the less developed countries consist largely ofar foods of plant origin. The people live mainly on a veaetarian
often 1ac»..5 the marl*.- :TtH 1es and 11/2its). fngenaral, the tar.. oequire
more ia..)ocis of animal origin.lioa crops are fed to ro-d-o-lais instoad of beina: 'ectly
bein C.::: to .jo i their ealorie alo,s; he 3..v,ahie:
u, ileat and con7enience, t.3-21,1.1
origi??ol calories, which is sometimes used for t,he calories yielded by crops.About seven1 of these original calories are required to produce one calorie fromanimal products.
The prewar North American diet contained about 2200 calories per caputdaily from foods of plant origin and about 870 calories from livestock products.If the latter figure is multiplied by seven, the total value of the diet in originalcalories becomes 6090 + 2200, or 8290. At the other end of the scale, the dietof certain islands in Southeast Asia contained about 1940 caloal,!s froin plantproducts and only 100 from livestock products, which + 700, or2640, as the total value in original calories. Thus the value of the NorthAmerican diei, in te..ms of _ calories was about three times that of the, dietin SoutheasL Asir.
The world both to feed more people and to feed peoplebetter. Figure 5 illust. ari-.ec .:;he relation between the two. It shows in percent-ages the increases in original calories requirad by ra,--;. rgeb iii ION and 127(,)in a number of the less developed couniries, including India, Sotnheast Asia, anacertain othei arcas, and also i-,he -relative demands made by- changes thequality of diets and by of population er con'. to .E.
at about the present rate, hich for most of the less O.e,veloped ci les
O per,..-,.enL a decade.By 1060 original calories would have to be increased by 90 -oeicianL ftm com-
parison .Ti11 the prewar value. Fifty-five percent of this iTIC:1»?.E'S?: is t.10,3oulltr'rl.;'or by imprmrenients in the diet and 35 percent by population growth. By1970, ihe increase in original calories required would be about 110 percent.
There is a rough (see figure 6) between the value of a diet in original
19
1This ngure applies to central and western Europe. The multiplier varies, of course, fromone class of destock to another and also among countries, according to differences in the qualityof liVestock and in feeding practices. Further research is needed on this subject, but the argu-ment is essentially the same whether the multiplier is 4, 7, 10, or some other number.
cE.7cnies and the agricultural resources needed to produce it, using the beinaces in P., brorx.I sen.se i conceroe,:i in -;i:cle rf.t'odnetiion
feo,:: from land.Cleari-y-, to double the food supplies, in terms of original calories, in the les.e
developed countries will reouire a great en,onansion in agricultural resources andindeed in all other resources as well. Large increases in imports mE.,3, be, neededalso. That wenlid en:ended production f.-n ennortiag count-zies as well asproduction of co:iniro,..7ities in i-ne importing countries -to trade for food. -n-Tothinr,
less is involved than a transformation of life in all its aspects 77hiel challerirreethe best efforts of sciertce and industry, governments and peoples.
l-elthough these broad issues have been discussed in reports of the 1-1-otJrngsConference, the Interim Commission, and FAO, it is worth going over some of themain points brie,fiy iii he nresent content,
Improveme. _ FarmingProbably first need, 1 the.) can be said to be any priorit, ded
,, is to improve farming efficiency so as to increase the yields 'b ofia . This means in ioar.J.-iulal noakinn- greatcr use of fertilizars, growinT bettervarieties O ofOp plants, controlling pests ano narasites, ad nanringikols ad machinery. _Tin--; high yields obtained on enpe,rimantal rnr In;heless rievelopecl countries show how n-luch can be done by these rneans.
the ease, Tedia it has been setimatecl per Pere yielris ef ?°711Z
be increased by 30 percent in ten years-5 percent by the use ,-.2f improvedvarieties, 20 percent by manuring, and 5 percent, by protection against pests.'Flubsequent improvements, it is estirnated would probably bring the tota"!increase to 50 percent.
A committee of soil and fertilizer experte , ned by FACwith C-ie world food survey estimateC iould aelo. neously use1.5 tons of nitrogen, 750,000 tons of na,ce, and 150,00:7 OTIS al. potash
arntun J. The reouirements of China are probabl3r of a similar order. Theseamene more than tweìab the quantities be-,ing used tocia,y.
Similar improvements can be ria,de 'm the case of livestock production 'o,3the use of better breeds; better feeding Dract,ices, disease control, and bettel-Managerosat in general. ml)e biel. of alories per head. c2 I 42-j
times as high in northwestern Europe as in Africa, and eel-tail?. par i;f3 Of /1- sir_.
,nt!
Land is the basic resource in food pro: In s 7 parts -the area of cultivated land is less than one ncre per of poi : andthis is decreasing as population riS3F3. Ab present only abont 7 percent of thelond surface of the globe is cultivated. Much of the rest is unfit for cultivationby present methods, but tuero are le,rge Etreas that could be opened up -7e,re available -;'or th&_- develormeot by medern tec.hnicE1,1 inethoden ;oclueling,many caseE,, irrigation and drainage. The malaria-carrying inoconito eenid thetsetse fly new successfully occupy e:ntensive territories that might be devoted to'2...11...aliag if these deadly Tr."--'31; were en:terminated by well-organized, larf_T,e-seedecampaigns.
But the opaning up of new land io- only s part of the prrblern of increasingland reson.rces Equally irnportant is the reclamation of land n hieb, once-2entile, has been rendered barren by hurnarl inisuse, and hhoeonse,rtion of 7,22.,(-:
ns, 71. C., Technological Posc,ibiliti3c iv° Ai 2 Development in India, Lahore:G4 I' 3nt PI:jai-11a 3Li.c3, Punjab, 1921.
20
AT PRE-WAR LEVEL AT TARGET LEVEL
.L.:22/77172.""
/."""t, / 41/
1, Z.
StriffINZWArffsWrrOv.. 01,,, 0,
ttr.:Werier.R.Ogertti, /Ley:44294a...
r7,037altrafr,
ts,
I
I I
I
,s/rzear4',"002r4ri, growv.4
d,"'prorivorOaraMr.4,my,rer,,wow rowtwonstafteite.omegraw:ea ritelOOME1-
,
1-1
1 0
kn`-
K".tz,z, " /7/ 7
L2222
/
,1r-Jt, LILL21j,
FIG.5
r7,-1 (% 5-, ,-,LJff r í777-9Ffrg- -
( IN u OF ORIGINAL CALORIE-
^i\fqyii ,H
:50P111C-!115_111Er-SE79',-;
CZ-77 F1'' &"7--- ff F77-
21
N11
vivwwwwwvi s
'7, 7 r 7=7) rt.' 77'
Fr.0 `,.." 2 L. L't'46
E E
4p.V vi.7,-/ i 1 !
now deteriorating. Every country has its own specific problems n_ increusingand safeguarding land resources, and they must be attacked in d'ThntThe main point is that the attack must be scientifically planned L',11%.: coordinai.-A,and adequately financed by goveriments.The Need for Improvement Apj I) Ail Countries
The need for bettor use of the land applies not only to countries that are atlow nutritional levels but to those at medium and high levels as well. In manyof the latter a reorientation of production will be required to furnish more of thefoods needed for healthlivestock products, fruits, vegetables; and this willresult in types of farming that favor good soil management, including long-termrotations and increased use of pasture. Indeed, although the discussion in thischapter concerns the less developed countries in particular, much of it appliesuniversally. SCuclies in the United States of America, for example, show that inmany areas lertilizers could be profitably used in greater quantities. Great,well-organized area developments, such as that in the Tennessee 'Valley, can beuseful i countries and regions. There is no country that has yet achievedall is 1 -r
over,people eslifOrient.
Economic an ----O
Since food ore. luc-r -t is the most important aspect of the whole economyand way of living of most peoples, a wide range of economic and social changeswill be involved in making extensive improvements. For example, unjust andoppressive systems of land tenure which give the cultivator neither opportunitynor incentive to improve his lot will need to b t wr.y. Since most methodsof increasing food production necessitate an oua-e- of cepital, satisfactory systemsfor supplying credit to farmers are essential; in rnost countries they do not exist.The capacity of the farmer to develop his land depends to a large extent on theprice of primary agricultural oroduets; b musC therefore obtain ofeie 1,3turnfor Che food he produces, and CORS11311C1'S i-nust have the purchasinF. -(;ower togive him a fair roimrn.
f'.,pplication of technical advances to agriculture. More-eed later, for greater industrial-ists in Europe and parts of the ILmelicas as well as in
22
This figure illustrates relation between resources and prGdt..3-orfh America: v.,ith lar .nd techni acres of
clikive(.1 land per extensive ri -,[tivntion whichprefluces only 2500 C-f'2:iP!7,.1. calories &,ily per acre bt or. -!:lories percaput daily for the population as a whole. ThL- a hid: wumption oflivestock products and a small surplus for South with only1.5 acres of cultivated land per caput, follee newhat moY:3 intensive C,d3s,of cultivation producing,...,;(3G original calores ni3re; but this iec!ndesstock fed chiefly on the .ffeige, which is noi. cuh"- land. Thehigh output of original calories per head reflecd 6 export t-- from someSou can. countries. Western Europe only 0.7 acre of cultivatedland pe: caput, undertakes more intensive farming operations and has a higheroutput per acre than any other region. Even so, the 5250 calories producedper caput is in.sufficient and has to be supplemented by large imports of foodand feedstuffs. In -7-,7:.stern Asia, with small land and technical resources (0.5acre of cultivate-7.! lend Ti;er caput), cultivation is also fairly intensive, as shownby the figure of :;3';:n: ci.iginal calories per e-.3, but the food output furnishesonly 2750 original calories per head and then- .3 virtually- no imports.
k-3.0
o.s's.n
f;1,118V;.:-.1
'S.) (LI I,.
;77 .7.7477S;.,71.:
`1130:ilR1V
M.0.Z
1("_))N
()NA
N 1d 1JQ
'e
Di:11
=1
0°1 \71c,))
11
0'))
One of the principal needs in many E,weas is to wipe out diseasesmalaria, for.instancea-tat take, a hoary toll of human Fe, health, rcJ efficiency.all, there is the need for educationmore and better schools and the develop-ment of agricultural extension and advisory servicesif farmers are to be ableto make full use of rnodern production methods.
,TheHeart o; the ProblemThe hee,rt of the problem is'Go illefea,se individual productivity. The clearee
to which a country suffers from overpopulation clepends on the e::tent to 7.7hiolaití7-Jeop1e are fully Lnd productively employe,d. Eng-land and Darts of northern
uope have a heavy population in relation to lancl area, ye t they enjoy relativelyrtf_,ndards of living because their production of we,alth in the form of goods
ar-1 3ervices is relatively high.A fifth of the population in some natiorL tlat
supplies sor'ne 0000 oziginal calories a person a day ; that is, one farm familyfeeds itself and four oile-±- families at a conaT)aratively high nutritional ievei.'hese farmers could Produce ill rnore if modern methods were iully applied:
C07.11(3. -;:,roduce Ess uic s iS 11077 beirig p-,ocluced.centrast, Lnany c he iess developed countries, 1,7'Tc-thirds c-± moicr:
_1 1-pOpiliatiCTI prOd.113e8 111:.3Zic.L of 2C,OC-3003 fc,rou-i-vy as a ,Thole, '111(1 one farm fr.,,r_eil,q manager:, tr DrochIce, ouy (=roue, to
feed itself 9.,nd hlf avher amilz7.Thus the output of food per man is gret,.32 in .;;;:z:-; .
the poorer countries. The conclusio- 1 for tbe produced in much greater abund:
Land resources everywhere an )---latiori pressesheavily on these resources, rur, :mploy inefficiency are in-evitable. Human abilities stagnate 1uring a good p of the year.bodied men and women produce only a -pittance by t__eir labor. Theyear's work on many a farm in the underdeveloped countries could lDe donP.3-,7 days by or..e man with modera c.,,c.juipment andf..T.,CIUCC3.
The way out of this situation is to open up resources other than those offarming for the bull: of the population. The opportunities i'er, the use of huma,-,i
throngh the c.pplication o mocle,-o soier:ce ard:,echnclogy, ntlz,of goods and services other '6han foocl are e,normous. B developing them,,opportunities at the same tirxe, br,, opened for tIlosT:to increase th,e,lr efficiency rnanyfoicl.
This Us for rapid, large-scale development of inclust,:y and trade, and oflucatio
e ,pital an ol technical skill will be Deeded. The only al teialative, to this innest-,ent for western world is to restrict ir cwn high Toroclliction. The invest-
ment will be orolitable be,eause it will -,rastly incese t'ae- pl'oductivE;y v_ad thepurunas1n c. 3 rilillic;115 of humaa beillcz6. The aglioraui.:-.in the, less developed coun',:xies 7zill in itself result in jarge, demands fo:,machin_ery, fe:rtilizers, transpoltE,tiou ecl;aiprnent. p-:caessing eauipmeat,other material, as well as or consumer goods to meet the needs c/-2 more prospefe,:,sfarm populatbns.
Such advances for great populations and areas of the glebe can 3CCIIP cal:rif the problem is considered a world problem an.d the challenge a 7orld ehalle_nge.The poorer countries cannot master the problem or a-lee-5 the ohaliengs, alor_e,especially in the present state of development of -:,hair raatelial and hurn,?,n.resources. All nations will gain by -,pprici aclva--c.ces in h/nnar heFitia ano
24
PTtt /
I ; -
Fia I
CALORIES ANO PROTEIN FROM PRE-WAR FOOD SUPPLIES IN 70 COUNTRIESPER HEAD PER DAY AT THE. RETAIL LEVEL)
_
GALOPES PEA ttEso PER D
0 500 IC:,/ IF.,:-D t:C170 2E00 ;;C:',0
:^Ic,qc, ..,:,
i 1 1 1 1
. P/T/ 7/7/p-7/722-22/7
_
L
Ti
-
I
-
- r/SP,/,, V.52f . I
^
il
P - P,P7,, 1
0E /-,=i2
//-
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yz,
Ptt:
PROTEIN (ARAOS)
O 00 100
_
1
I
-
/17/4/,
..e ////.//,/,/// t
't
-
, .
LALX4"
3 I- ./
_ 1
-Pp:EpST
,I. I
li 1;"- 1
25
'n prod d trad , _ ust p bringing them to
iviany people who have given serious stucl3r to the population. orobler_n_prophesy doom foi much of mankind unless the rate of population growth canbe drastically checked. 1..t, is 7.7orth reiterating that the f VrnA n mental solution
problem lies in ireK-e_asing the productivity of the Individual by puttingEt hLs disposal modern L 1-Liroi.71e4:e sud the'tools oj's' :,nodern technolor,:y.Tc- the that thiS is done, every individual can become a source ofwealth to his countr3r and to the 7or1d. To the extent tha t it is not done,potential liability, unable to supply his own needs let alone helping t-1,hose .o.7. his !7ello w hip-nap being,s..
To out this kno-vledge a,nd these tools at, the disposal of millionsboings rhc have neve,r had them requires -,.7ision and l)oldness in the b'and the highest :legree. mus rro,not do. 1r 'they fixe -the best tha t can be. ::i.evised -;3h:e siti,,ation wiì. lTecomemore and more hooeless, and the proi.)hesies of doom will come'to pass.f..,L-aeliat'aioia here, a lialf-heartec.1 a.ttempt at improvement there rj11 serve inittnree, as it has in the past, only to inarease the numbers of th-e.
The,, clifi-loulties in the '77y c formulating and putting into, aliect.vigorous, conce,ri,:ed measures for industiial and agricultural de-Teloprnent :5batwill open up new- oppoitunitiw for these people are very great, bu t 'they ninst
the 7Oi1t iiuïe ot unii,ei,3ally eer st'and--erdszved -cevolutions that 101 CC
_Making possible sufficiently rapid_ arld e-_-:tensive progress in the applicatior,_cl science to human needs is thus the biggest; and -most essential step ip solviro-2-the population problem. ifn western countries population growth has is_wariabIL,slackened, after a preliminary period of ;ncrease, as standards of living haverisen. There is no lemon to believe 'Ghat the sr,,,me process will not take place inthose c.,eu....2.-2.-tfies in which population is now pressing to the limit of subsistence.With econsmic an6, social dev-elopment, history ',-Lown that a change occursin whole . .-1.ope in the, fTe.-;...e:e3::,.--±ielLe.eLig hobeless aceeptancl-
r and poverty as man's natural lot. social environment ic created inJL parents consider it of paramount importance that tb.eir childre.,n should lye
ieh educated, viq.orotts, and healthy, and should he ,re good nros,eea-i.,s in lile;and ernphaqirs is placed 311 the declop-me-lit of service,s rnad education .12la.,t i'oster
the.. ideal e-' healthy mothe-i- and a healthy ehild."The enormous achievements of the western nations during the nao proVo
e and intelligence and skill e, !al to the tasle f bringing ale-cf.:1,,eco-,,L--e, u are available. ow is ade.,:e
iuuinaiOfl2 Lio the ee-o±, and the
5. MISTAKES AND OPPO°P.:!.".ITIES
[IT IE clear that the world needs greatly exoLe. -7ed ood To.recluetiou but that11.,C,t eorne automatically-. The direction of future advances and
need for positi-v-e international action have been discussed so far largely A'on-tthe standpoint of the less developed countries. AajOn is eQually necessar-y Ire,mthe b.ïtoint of the more advanced countries, some of which produce surplusef::of centain foods over and above their evm needs for the international market.:,-(7.Tithout adequate hiternational action, not only will the 7071d's reouirementc3for i'ood not be met; there is danger of a regression to the trends of the j_g?O's,-erhen the, 1-1:!0S; ,ee,111-11eCiti advanced a.r4ricuttLre in the. --77..1-,rld repnc7.iate
its own progress and restrict production to avoid economic disr . Thechoice in the highly developed agricultural regions is not one of stamong stilland holding on to the great gains made during the war, when production waspushed to unprecedented levels. The choice is between going forward and goingbacloward.
Ib will he worthwhile here to review briefly some of the main trends of thepast and the nos!tion today.
The Restrictionist 'ThirtiesUnder the stimulus of the First World -gal the agricultUre of the new world
greatly expanded, and in the ten yeane '1.'011(n-zing the war production in Europeieturned to its former level. Together these two sources of supply could have
vided sufficient food to feed at least the entire population( of the western world(-gnat?, levels of nutrition. Instead the increased supply of food becamr,' an
ent and the embarrassment n catastrophe. It proved imposFdle:T..- i.'ood consumed. Nations had not the purchasing the lo -
income group:3 ithin ccontries had not trie purchasing power, it seemedeasier to ro toe . tj create purc :ing power.
During th same period_ was a notable i rease inthe of coun-tri?...; supplying foodstuffs ";::Ae world market, and simultaneoundr improve-
: ts in storage and trtri..oFneetanion. All this should have led to greater StabilltY11 wold market prices. Jontt the reverse happened. Prices fluctuated MOr3violently than ever before. No international machinery existed by which theshocks of economic warfare could be mitigated and conflicting interests reconciled.
There was substantial technological progress in agriculture and Derinannt,*option in the real cost of producing many brjo-±: foodetut):::o This should
heon- -nefited consumers everywhere. Actually it spelled ruin for fannersinmany 3specially for those who opportunity to find other occupa-tions wnen their products became unsalehle. It also drove muy countries .loprocect tlaeir producers by shuttirn-, the door against importre-.1. 73-buff.the same time technical progress in iodustry was proceeding pace -could have raised the purchasing powe.' oi industrial workers coon-Oa:es.Instead the world was plunged. into -ooreseion with u...-!er o,;:i.nent sowidespread thrn; consuri-oers he.e. to Tenses of
.7ere aceroen n.y me-2e
dev countries and 7e available for foreign investment. -dhe loss do-ve or :ountries stood in urgent need of capital, but the prevailing atmosphere
oi madcal and industrial betterment, and surprisingly little deneloproent tookre the need for it Teas hrtot. Nc 31=.1Y1:;:11i was annilabie
internationally to direct the -flow of e:apital, and fo: i-eoney wen Of Gen devoted_ tcfinancing doubtfully productiv projects in countries in which needs were lessacute.
The policies o rnee-:.-i the lbTn in the 1:1;oTo tool:: a variety offorms. Some countrios which normally- onported modeen ir ouantities of foodsucceeded in reducing their imports until they became virtually self-sufficient.Some continental European countries halved their imports of wheat and reducedthose of beef ntd veal by two-thirds. They kept farm prices high to benefittheir own , nn :s but at the cost of discouraging agricultural progress andWorsening diets of urban workers. The large-scale food importers, inparticular Yingdolsi, helped their own farmers by mean of tariffs,
26
quotas, and subsidies, but on the whole did not reduce food irn 7e.n1ow pre-
war levels.Countries which were large exporters of agricultural products were faced in
the early 1930's with a drastic shrinkage in markets. They were driven toextraordinary expedients in order to save their economies from collapse. TheNetherlands, for in.stance, introduced an elaborate system of control ve r theprodneetiou of all sanle fogdstuffs and in.i..peed on feed censnnetptioneider to give farmers some compensation for the loss of export markets. Simi-larly, in Australia the home consumer of food was charged high prices te makeup in part for the low prices realizable on weAd markets. In Brazil, during thetwelve years from 1929 to 1941, 75 million ef °ogee, one-third of the totaloutput, had to be burned. In these and. ninny other exporting countries theeconomic crisis brought a heavy de.cline in national income. Governmentstried to give farmers at least as of that inc3ine as formerly.to do this production had to be cuitailed and domestic commeice penalized.
In countries such as the United States of America 'which depended less onthe world market, the spread of unemployment caused as great a fall in drreat home as the shrinkage in vcld trade dici abroacl. The; TTTliber'. Statesdriven into policies o'L- restriction and large-scale subsidizingthecommunity.
On the international lenrel the reeercl as lillie bc.'tter. The T oagi.3c e;' a '6i0:12
an economic', eon fereneein'n'eene..-Tai no.-einnte erniedevelopment ancl free: internationa! -t,rade. The confere-ace iffifilediatOlyfollowed by an increa.sa in tariffs in rna.n-,,, countries and the imposition of quotarestrictions. A World EconoTnie (2o: --nee was held in London in 1933. Tt
met at the depths of the de-i-JrceAce ne the purchasing power of OODSUirterF2was greatly reduced everywhere, anel -' only subject on which it- could agreewas the desirability- of further restrictio: ef production. With regard to agri-cultural commodities, there -...7ere protrr e-';en negotiationc, for all internationalwheet agreement, hub these -,eiere without F.,--access. There vvere tvio su2,11r agree-
-the first the so-callecl Chadbourne A.greeinent which led to subs i/aLitiaicu-Helie.o.ent of nrocluction in participating countries; and a seccen.e broader in
e neein, achieved the stabilization of a restricted im...-en-e; en the banicTheee 7aS also a.L1:17;OOO<' ag-J.-,3ern2nt, ich b-nought
price of rubber to a "remunerative" level by ,3utting down production andexports.
Altogether, between 1929 and 1939 the world failed to deal the situation:e.eated b rhe application c ciJai c to iT7nE?..-ite and te absorb
suppr 7-41.-T tOAli within the si i:;:seij. e
'tons in the Vt,, y eachacting on its 317711 acedunt End by attempts tc, cle-al with c:-.. erhodities
'f tely. Idueh of dais unilatera; ger,efe.-.
linnings in a New DirectionThough the general tendency in the 'thirties .wan to-wa.rds restn.i.ction of out-
out, existing policies were being questioned in some quarters and attemptswere being made to solve the problem of poverty ane ennptionthe midst of potential plenty.
After the failure of the World_ Economic Conference in nen., approachwas developed in the international sphere. The science Of uhitioa had
vanced far enough to make it possible to define with some accuracy the kinrit:diets needed for health, and it had become clear that the greater part of the xed.population was getting far less than good nutrition required. In 1935 theAssembly of the League of Nations authorized the League to report on the effectof improved n.utrition upon health and the relation of nutrition to arieulttivaland economic preble7-oe During the next two years the Mixed Committee onIrfutrition of the Lim il Nations reviewed these problems 5,A d urge.:}. go veno-rnents to develop food policies which would improve nutrition, especially in thelower income groups, and simultaneously reduce agricultural surpluses. Theinitiative of the League met with considerable response. A numberestablished national nutrition organizations to advise their governee-epolicies of nutritional betterment. But the war intervened before much prop -
could 7e,e achieved.rnber of countries programs were ciz-.7',1opc,-6, which had die effeen, en:
brio eurplus food supplies within the each oi those in need; and of raisin!,nutritional levels. These included the provision of nutritious food, free or atlow cost, to "vulnerable" groups in the population.. School lunch Dl'OgrEMC andthe distributior of inilk in s,2hools were or,,g-anized in come r.reued;:ries. Ye, the-jnited 8tates oi. ArnezicE, the food stamp olarn follov.red by the cotton stamnelan, brodght ;Ten-plus supplies '77 it hi h `Ghe reaeh of the unemployed. Purnerousothe-2 e:oarnplPe could be giveo.
-)rne cal tF., nrerre also made to reduce barriers to inte:vedl or1, the United States Government, proceeding un el li ee-
ra ds Act, negotiated agreements nrith the most important ti h intrieswhich resulted in substantial reduci tai i-Ldes.
The War ar 1A1,The appi-oa
policies of thewere devoted to e.-zpandiee--
f war brought abou'c, LI reversal of che enonornic:uses disappeared almost rnreenight. Lu effortse output not only of munitions but also of food-
garraeos ;,ene. wooed by fo.nrorabie prices, guaranteed markets, and a --viderange oí other inducements a.,nd special fp,cilities. They responded vigorously.In the United Ringdorn, as already noted, output, of ;'ood increased by '70 nereentin terms of calcules, and in the United States by 33 oereein as -measured io. rriciqb?..7value at constnnt, C(._3. Even in Germany and certain other lJazi-controlledcountries prodee-L.'Tee e:',n-nained until near Lhe e.,--fic1 of the war almost cb ;.-he,
peacetime level, spite of the great scarcity of manpoeeer, draught power,fertilizers, etc. There was a leap forward in the technicHin a L-,.111-ifoc-:,-cf eounaies. Scientific discoveries and methos-_, no erapidly and effectively than ever before.
Under the., stress of war :....emerkoble developments took place in food distri-bution. In some countries marketing arrangements were rationalized, with thelesult that a no.mbei- of steps T,Tnere aliminatal. Distribution waslarge-scale use of such methods as the dehydration of milk, eggs, negetables, Ededmeat. _41:vailable food supplies were used -Lo the best advantage for the consumer,partly by rationing programs which ensured that no member of the community
should receive more than his share and partly by price policies 'which, held_ do7-noretail prices so that everyone could afford to purchase the necessaiT basic reocls.In sorne countries mothers and children were given prior elaims on mill. supplies.The most familiar example of an effective wartime food policy is that followed, inthe United Kingdom where, in spite of scantier supplies, the nutritional le-eelof the lower income groups was raised and the health of the nation. as reflected in.
28
its vital statistics, improved. The infant mortality rate reached the lovvestpoint yet attained.
Equally important was the international planning of food production anddistribution. The Combined Food Board was set up to allocate supplies at thedisposal of the United States; Canada, and the United Kingdom. The United
10113 Relief and Rehabilitation Administration was created to undertake the._ relieving war-devastated. countries and has been concerned with the
I d-scale and regulated distribution of food supplies in response to urgent needs.Leng-term international food problems were thrust into prominence. In 1943President Roosevelt summoned the United Nations to a Food and AgricultureConference at Hot Springs, -.Virginia, leading to the formation of the Food andAgriculture Organization. More recently the United States Government hasput forward proposals for an International Trade Organization which will beconcerned with the reduction of trade barriers and the stabilization of commodity-markets.
These hopeful developments are at present overshadowed by the worldwidefood crisis. With the cessation of hostilities the world Loci situation rapidlydeteriorated_ Before the end of the war it had bee7.7. e7ded --dd.t the shortageset .tats, rrieet,, dairy products, and sugar would reniain dri: a considerabletime. end of 1945 it be3ard:d. apparent tl-td-; sdreri.:dies of grain. -- -
also be sel.00sly irLadecf,ate. Among the causes which led to this shortddewere the actual cic---;.-asIration of war, which WE...0 da-mae;in;.: ,:luri-ng theautumn and spring of 194.-i-45, the serious dislocation of the -;7orlci's agriculturaleconomy and trade as a result ofsid yea,rs-of war, and the disloc.e .ion of the world'stransport system to ser-e -edar ii-ne.peses. The culminati7-7 ^ter has been aseries of droughts during seriousl-y reduced l-ndrvests in -variousparts of the world.
It is unlikedy that the immediate food crisis will be fully resolved until sometime in 1947-48. To deal with it, the International Emergency Feoe Councilwas set up to replace the Combined Food Board as a result of the Special Meetingo Urgent Food Problems called b:-.; FAO in May 1946.
of Planuit - I
Lime b,?ing, the problem_ ir still one -2f r.tretclair,eg reseurce, ta theod-e-xpoiting countries to pre-vend famine and alleviate, hunger abroad and tc-,
dem.9,nr1 that; as in thr-,, T_Tnited States of Arne-oico, resnl'cs frene e1dvethigh rmci dr. power at home. But a different set of problems looms ahead.
e present ernergenc-y is over, a few major ccdnmodiths?nppl:,, -
are wheat and algar. There nia-,v weLwhem t td rneet the effective demand 9-_:.Ler the 1941 rep is --:restee.. 1`,102,a-
r2k7K', theZC:, is considerable s:_--,o-oe foi inri3asing production in man:y- 3"; the COUY1-1,-55 in rrhieh e:heai 1:E; :;520Te-7 ne.cds will not gi-s-atle.,- Jirhoi.3c,sc-, and tie
only possible large outlet for increasing exportable supplies appears to be theFar East. It is not easy to substitute wheat for rice, 1-ic-,.renor, in those partsof the East, 7-here the latter is the staple food; and in addi-don, there may bedifficulty olking the necessary financial arrangements for large-scale pur-chases, !dhould cease to be scarce by 1948 or 1949. r.71'7-'7 potential worlddemand is he.ge, and production could be greatly expande:' in many tropicalt,,-.Leas; but, this will happen only if economic conditions are favorable.
It is likely, therefore, that procluccn.s of these and other crops will be facedagain a n which, if adjustments are left to take care of them-
9
selves, the same violent price .f:luat,uations will occur t 3aracterized theinternational market in the past.
The situation is lilzely to be the opposite in the case of s, rneats, and dairyproducts. The shortage of fats will probably continue for some time, paitlybecause of the reduction in livestock numbers in Europe, partly because sometropical countries that have been important exporters of vegetable ;ats, arefinding it nesessary to reduce production and export to meet the food require-ments of their own people, .T.n comparison with the prewar per caput supply.,the s:!-,e7teeeo ef 777cylucts and meats is likely to continue for several yeaeIt may ea-Jesa-. ;-re- years before cattle numbers in Europe return to pee-.levels, and the scarcity of concentrated feeds may also continue for some tin7o.hilean,,T,Thile, if nutritiou levels are to be raised, the question of increasing exportsof processed milk from the major dairy-producing countries assumes great im-portance. Part of the need for milk in the less developed countries, for example,might be met by imports of shim mill- powder.
This -brings up another problen-ithat of the means for financing interne-trade. Lack of foreign exchange may make it difficult for many Etna_countries to import the ;Tood they need, and there may be a deliberate .,ericlerley
folego use the available eae,hange- fie:. a eo:es
needed 2or:,..'ecerbsteetic;nlon.. PL,onle-,77b:D, similar situatior_ Tr!li irti)e, le,ssdeveloped countries. Large amounts of capital will be needed to build -up nay/industries en.d. increase _food production, and this may lead ío of seJ;:-sufficiency 5,nd reduction oi food imports over a long -r,eriod so that all eecourcesmay be devoted Lo rho task. 'jet these countries vaii in fact need. food inquantities from other parts of the world and would import it if tieee terms Vi'il;T7favorable.
Thus on the one hand thare i :!T of a return of u:. . 1 .itplusesof certain agricultural commodities, eesulting in a disastrouF:; be:e,aa in priceswhich would have -:,¡,-7e3peead repercussions throughout the economy and leaCagain to heavy pressure for restriction of farm output; and on ttle other, ff, needto expand piodueion as indiented by !-,lae target figures in this report,to raise levels oí health and s'uandards of living throughout the world.positive action is , he world will move not in the direction of the goalsbi- iwa,y free.) there may agai.n be shortages like i,hose yeei'ace,- in he
erneency, oculd havve been largetyr avoideo:1 ii a,deatiatemachinery ha.d 7.eeen
'ao avert the danger and supply the world's needs require,s a hind of planatngand organizing in the field of production, marketing, and finance, 7:filch neitheiferechacers nor nations D.Ct,.¡M-:',11:ir tileMSej'TeS cnn esrerry out. ibis-,n.sin the- setting up of the Food and kgriculture Organiza/ion. Tho' nee:t stepneeded ' --Lthna,1 action is discussed in -othee :sals for aWorld -yhich is the outcome of this
30
APPENDIXT:ijj CL:;V71.116-1 :HOF Tr-R-7. ;'ItTiRi,D
T daft,tatistician,
y of Food,I c LIngland
H. V.Senior Stc...tistician,Ministry of Foo,:i.London, Englancl
e a s'her agencies.
1. 1 TIITT
Frank G. Boudreau,E:,:ecutive Director,1,1ilbank Memofial Fund,NeT.T York, N. Y., U. S. J.
Johh IA. Cassels,Office of Interna"'-,:::'
-
De,pa,rtme,:s.".of Comir...e-fce;whmgon,"f_j.
ofSkkeile.11
ithf,,ca, N. Y., U. S.
de P."Di iectoY, i"T ioml Lls3:,-,itute of
Department of Public I-Teaitli,Mexico City, Mexico
Joseph L. Y_:;.ecker,International Commodities Braiich.
J.1. Foreign Lgficultufal
Depoztmont of .c_gricultule,-17;inshir.g:.--,on, U. S.
Cìcrlec L. r_iibbons,(formerly) 212,ricultufal Economist,Bureau of Agricultura.1 Economics,
of--,Tasl-liugton, U. 13. L.
as also received from (Al
31
ETS
E.:ther Furmel" Pnipard,Bureau of Human NutrKioi2. ano
Home ECODDepartmen`6 of Agriculture,Washington, J. 13.k.
Lydia J. Roberts.Director of Horno Economics,`1.ctiv-ersity of Pueito Rico,Rio Piedras, :Puerto
7-T.aT-,.." L.Stia-oe-iiiag,
Economice,Deoa-,:bn-Jeiat oZ Agriculture,
2. PL.
1.7 alenba
Gpecial Assistani, Lo the Directol;Office oZ
and Liaison;T:ieDal.;knent o.
W. 7-)&,,e7;
Read of Food EallSectIon,
J032:7 I:
...nlepoytrne-nt-77ftsiairig;zi32, :J. S. L.
O. V. Wells,Chief, Bureau of Agricultur
Economics,DeoartmeiTt or k gWashington,
2. PREWA_R FOOD CC..,1..!.aCii:/:
APPENDIX II
COMMENTS .)N THE STATISTICAL MATERIAL
Calories and protein from estimated prewar food supplies in 70 countriesire shown in diagrammatic form in fig,ure opposite page 24. The data on--,71yieb the chart is based are given in table 2 le _ppencii:: TIT. Table %,1 ppendi-y:.
shov7s z.,upplies o; the -,7;artus grou-05 in kilogrz,,ins a T.,rson. .2,, yea...-. Innaost instances the figures represent the average annual supply of the 7.,C,l'ICYCS 'iood
f():: die period 3.035-3r.:o 93ti--30, ban, in sonae instances it v7as moreconvenieni., Lo Lake a single year or some oiler peliod ,c_f years within the decade.
tount-,ries include bou fl percen3:, of the --zorld's tier); cernoi19i;i0-11
of clata loe ;,he remainint-7, areas was found, to 'be impossible.The i2ood Group..,J shoTra-'6he, chal-ts ail6 tables are yi
Cereals
ANTheat, rice, barley, maize, paillets, uat,s-, and lye. E'D.C1
E-2-.Iudes cereal e-rainc "V23,6 Erw erewhig 01' (5°)5tillivic:
oots an.';:i2e!Aidee -7115IC CC
5jT.7(2,-_¡-.,.00.6D,boes, yards, t5ro, allet naSSP,Va, Si,avciay "Zruits (panantts,uni)(19,_ 9ye 9
article c:'
Stifici.;J
efi.ned, cane and beet sugar, maple sugai a sugar, molasses, panocha,gur, and hone-y.
FatsIT; '"7 oils, both _Thle. Includes lard and tallow,
oilc PePriut coco-outis elassed. -tbis 'fieEd1;, the cace -77*111
5ubs-taztial
PulsesMature d,-.7 ':30f.113, beans, lentils, chick peas, gram, ene 7a-licu3
t'oc,',Ii.fleo also nts and er.-.0fic.-,3.:::1,E3 en
nd chocol
FruitAll fr whether fresh, dried; canned, or 1_
ways, e-z.e.ept Dotatc,as and 57,Teet,potaie,-, .32EaLL-kr,s
eluded under the eircun'siance reseed Io above.
Meat, fish, and eggsY.ocludes pOultry and edible offal. Excludes la ther animal tissueftyts.
MilkIncludes all milk pro the circi )ted above.
Wine and beerOther alcoholic drinks tio o totalcalories is unimpo
32
, e of western EuroDeL:. North. A.T.nerican countries, the Elitist?.5s and a few other co-e,,;, statistical data in more c leas buibE,
shape was obtai-:Li...ble. ID_ preparing the, data for ceun.tries recentcomprehensive Ee:L::--yeys of food supplies -,-7ere available, use iras made of k...elevantinformation ,Jieue,!:, food production :?,..)nsurnption onaiii in. officialnonofficial -leper LE'. This wt.ts fairly cereal supplies, but other foods1fCeí2 C 1:1101e diFiiculties. For arbitrary Oonsil-a-iptiozzwere sometimes inade, based on dietary sur7eys or other information aboutfood habits in the country cone,erned. Thus, estimates of supplies of milk andraeat had Of'6012 10 be made by inference, from livestock ures, thenaselveB
f I ac.3urae-,', Fish as another clietaiy item which paT,-;17.--.,-,1te, estimate. E-Teri in countries ill which t,he Lishing industry is well orgcnizad,
aguzez o production are- difficult to obtain, and rrh shin& is carried:u y more tiezimiti-oe r-nethods, no statistics O. any serious value- ina3- be f1,77H-
bLE'., rr-hi0 is th..e. r_7aseLi e;'a-1,-,.. tropical-(1e-yerthe1ess iinportant, article or diet. Statisties c irub nd veseble
are defective in 9..,,170.0Sí; all actirotl-ies.1-!,1"2`.2-0; 2--7.(----
i'rrr "`--. 001-(,?,117:2iguio¡night be o.uite 77,7th
djacent countries ill v7hich f_ooci habits are closely iiniia 01' eXi)OfiT,
,)-17 SOMC' food :night be reported record of supplies of .the :ame roodfcerisulnption. Oere,--irnoiasease acljustments 2:LTG-0:LC-iisilOh
:2'10 "z7,t 7.1-.7Ca
,3Quivalent to "food purchased." To adjust, production figures to this level,arbitrz/a, allowances made f.or loses between surte aeld
Losses through "spoilage" may be high in underdeveloped-.7hich storage eonditions are, poor, ths 3lime facilitates rapiC.
deterioration. and insect vac]. -rodent Dests abound. in. such C01.1Dtrie2. OLthe other hand. the poverty of the peoole tend3 to make 1-tocisehold
The reverse is the case in richer and more lairshi.7 del,eloned co,itntries:f-..s less J-,id household viaste sreae L. 36122Iji-2:2;,
Fondz; 77hieh (.,colsumer_l and are,y be 2 ce,isirleiableiniDort,,,..r.ce bu t are -oot, recorded in íooci cuppl statisties; t ',1e2 toe.lucle Duel:-roods as .7-ici f-,17its a-nrl 'leaves, E,7)(-1 ge-qa. -t--Zefere-nco uui alsoa1,301101i`3 bs7raos,-,vhich 0,1T-7, included in -,he ;.2ood statistics of
Tocy ?substa,T10ifC! r2,031t'ibiltiOLI 1,0 Lotr:1,1 COOT,:ies, 7-jr131z-
coilsuraption ìa other countries is available. Another fourceo la-ion statistics in ooro ín of the,
eadchla,ting, i;he energy value oi tac ;oocl supplies diaerent ceiuntyies,a eemmen set, of f.E.,ctors for e'mnn the calorie vp,hre foodrs sonsurnedmust i)e uses. ;-.-3trictly speaking, only a fe.77. fooes coreyri.on te.number o.f examples are refined sugar, -o-a-ze cereariprechicts. Llany ;'oodstufls, ee hough ealled the sanoe,G.0111:-0- e::.-tent in nutritive. 7alue ;EÏC.E 3ûUlli toT) -2,-01ALITLfy. ES 2.-foin
Exse, '73.-)611:12 an7 gien counnr, EJil .,sornetirnes ever: .L'On's01.11'!?-4 The following Droeedure 7as arlopteri statisti.33.`;.
(a Pubiished.Ligures o the orewar disappeara.ace aii-ood ir_calorieanu nra,./seCI in the case oi iust3aiia. Canc,cia,
711-0qed -17;.(1g-doi-A, and ;-.,he Uitcd arso ù Ì 1-17r3ri0c.,
3ountries the calo
33
appropriate were used although théir validity i'or the countliy in questionis not established. For EurOpe, the Middle 1-1]ast,4,--1.17riea, and Latin Arnelieu,the factors used were those advocated by the Combinee Working Part,-.7(1945). For Asia, the publication iVzitrient Values Suggested for Far-Easternfoods, issued in i,dgust 15 by he Foreign Ecouon-iie, e-Orriinistrtion of theiJnied'6tates oF IroarieD, was folic-77-7',
(c) TL figures are also L by bila method of computing thoCarbOh:ydi'ate egrAellotand, uEequentIy,the energ-y ,Talueof different17.3ods. For Australia, I-Te-k-7 Zealand, ano the -United 1Tingdom, the caloriefactors are based on "available" ca,rbohydrates, while for Canada and theUnited States they are based on carboh-ydrates. itccorciing to thereport Food Consumption 'Levels in ¿he gnit.ed 57,ales, Caqada, a',9d the Einifedr(inado-,:,z, (124-), p7egE!,"L'eCi PC'r th oabinedTPc,orl
for CanadL hie Unite(' 100 and 150 caloriesrespectivel-y if calculations 77:;-1":3 ')ased. on "total" rather than "a,Joilable"ealo]les. mhe c011,Te3..s13n _'`E501'S (Alt Valuccicjy:',7gested re'L' 6hegive, Ìoreî calorie -,-alues than th,ft usoniarvJ WAGES r.;C: the rounci thafl ilesE-
:.,.:::iducts are not as mle-eh digesd as rr.--ydned aareal;-.1.qrlon::ecl b Che rkvol-hi-ne(71 7trorl-i-og P-rtty fe)yrezeni:
OTTICT'D:711F:e; Ffv," fr".9.1nv.k. "F"n''n`7hce?vied. in Cfroarla P;rod taer..,, but higly.: figu, es ;:harl those user..l.
ustvalia, ILez 5,6ealEynd, and United T7ingclorn
st be strongly emphEf.-x,rhea muf2h of the material isa,ncl incomplete and that ,,iontintteci. revision will be necessary as
f;:i.°C; Mad3 a71;i1.;73,-"C± ii onnition becom3:3
FOOD SUPPI= IN 70 C OU1PIRI
3r head. per year at the retail level)
: : 1 Frui ta:sugar : Fats :Pulse::: r:.-nrii 1 1.:oaG : ir-;11:
: 2 :
Ls 23 9)47 19 8
38 16 250 21 6
Kilograms per year
55 26 2 13].36 25 346 18 345 17 227 13 3
38 16 2 53 5 .:v.;22 13 11 67 151!
24 22 2 65 .1.63--((-
34 23 10 i:o 61 t3 1624 15 2 115 21.3
26 17 4 70 13c, Ir25 14 4 75 1 0 7,17
11 5 2S
3 315 2
1 5
7 51 3
5 6 6 110 2
5 6 8 170 12:74 7 6 100 1! 2.i's
11 4 612 8 3
13 615 3
1764
9 79 76 76 7
14-9 1827 1356 1314.1 13
14 211 5
8 41I6
r.jeni,) n1,.)c
Ottl
frt.
203 -:,-0,-,...) ,
98 71 23h
90 57 2113 36 2.
11 60
3015 927 43
114 9320 53
63 14D
23 37
12 7219 10117 10115 101
25 5912 15
C owl try; To ':,a1 , ;re:, e,,,
,e,.1-73.10 grams . -
Roots :
and :tubers :
Nor uh Arzerica718 90 66;az
Canada. 637 9)4 88
British. 7slesEire 783_ 126 187Ifni-1;0d. angdoin 608 96 80
ScandinaviaDams;da 0 93 113Dorr,ay 672 126 1 28
S 11 97e el an4 6 129
- 127
Coucrel 2 "es ;err.:t.."E ETV' 869 110 90
3146 129 143C.-ea-many 723 118 1765e . 699 102 130
Ca'i 722 131 85757 1214 169
C zechoslovalda 654 131 160
2outhern E-avopeS-pat n 6214 ].)43 looT tal:,- 170 36Greect 146 14
5902oralcsil 143 700yo 317 164 19
Das;;ern and. SE Eurooe7(:) 224 LOir:lagoals, 73.2.
alM23,72.2.E 0 216 14)
atagark.652.4
226 10
599 137 99Po iatvi 673 150 275
USSR 578 198 174
Easi, :n. Asta323 233 a)391. 162 62298 166 42
Eorirdc& 432 117 153?Txu.- er.... 273 148 24
`:..L1dianPanins':.1...Ovion 331 134 13India
outheas b Asia l'adla.
296
359
138
164
s
28_Burma'!.. led ay?, 3614 163 258 1 es 382 136 46I ndochtna 363 144 36
1.1a,io;.; SE Asia Island5_369 124 1)43-iiar7e., and336 113 93
75
25
13 15 19 1507 10 23 77
io 17 12 SSS 10 10 1409 3 19 3
(j,;111111,:',1
(Ida e :Las
"rze? ed - cin-C271.1.n t72.1c7,2'6
3J L8BL!ogy.LvalentjJ 7/
PREWAR FOOD SUPPLITS IN °L, inued
per head per year at
36
Kilogra
: Tota",. °Bo o t : 77
al s : zad. '. bu `; Fai".-,., filLizt7.2 ; and g :.,..)s.1.,...
: 21 : , 743 t :hi , '' j-:
rkalt: 506 170 9 5eo 527 177 16 18 12
S 553 145 9 15 ly315 171 3 g 6346 139 6 1 e20.
2: r a 334 129 9 i i
trk. Jiic388 134
170136
10
2317
1 9
27 f-
6E,
fl6nci13.1. f- t..,1".` 611'2, T... a
Li 1113 15 2
To'549 124 210 i 6 17 15
ItoUsan of_ 619 60 6 4 23 25
o
521 134 1 3 6 30
Urto o So-o.12. Loo 160 22 9
C ic;Eon dircas 14)6 116 36 22 2 10
'D U ,
571 S2432
439714
1016
53
241
1676
159
1oxtco 539 1.09 18 24 12 100 7
588 92 14o 2g(:11-nr.
1-ofir i:-..,, ii-,..c c,
eaDri4.1-15.,::.1-.Y-s ?,9:91f=1 ":.c.
4110
6028269
3415 5
75138
32 10 UE.;
ST.7,17 61:s -.Loi 57e*
g 1.2 ay
i 661.'-0,7.....
1224 6 3 Ec
55C.1 1511 2 14
66
59E 9
'21e Zea1i 739 94- 3Aus troll a 639 924 2
Cov
ntry
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ich
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