No Slide Titlebsc2011l/pdfs/Summer 2006 Midterm Review.pdf · a whole specimen (as above) or...

http://bio.fsu.edu/~bsc2011L/

Click on Course Documents,then Lab Documents

Look at each lab (1 or more phyla) and the images posted.

This presentation is also available:Click on Course Documents,

then Lab Documents & select IV Coordinator’s Lab Review Presentations

http://bio.fsu.edu/~bsc2011L/

Lab Review

Monday,

June 12, 2006

CON 239What is it?

Sign-up for one session only.

Note times. Limit = 24/26 students per session

Come and go as you need during that time.

•Again - be careful of times! The schedule of sessions for the exams is different from that for the reviews. Students are responsible for taking note of the sessions they signed up for…and keeping to this schedule!

The actual exam lasts less than 40 minutes. We have a built in buffer at the end for business, but we will start them on time!

Limit = 24/26 students per session.Noted on the sign-up sheet

Practical Exam:Wednesday, June 14, 2006

CON 239

Midterm Review & Exam Sessions

See the web site

for the posted

session times for the

Reviews and Exams

Special Needs Students

• Students needing special assistance (e.g. extra time) must sign up for the LAST review & LAST exam session.

• They must have their signed documentation on file with the coordinator prior to entry into either.

Exam - Grade / Question Distribution

15% OF YOUR OVERALL GRADE

~1/3 Taxonomy & identification

~1/3 Structure & function

~1/3 Comparisons between phyla

Exam - Point / Time Distribution

25 stations - 2 questions per station

50 questions total - 1 point per question

Round 1 - 60 SECONDS (I min.) per station

= 25 minutes for round 1

Round 2 - 30 SECONDS (1/2 min.) per station

= 12.5 minutes for round 2

Total exam time given = 37.5 minutes- ¾ minute (45 seconds) per question!

Exam - Grading Policies• Capitalize taxa

Points WILL be deducted for not doing so.If you wish to use all capitals, make sure the first letter is most definitely TWICE as big as the rest.

• Spelling 1 letter will be over looked2 letters - lose ½ point3 letters - lose 1 point

These rules only apply if 1 or 2 letters do notcreate another word that could mean that thestudent does not know the answer to the Q.

Mesohyl (of Porifera) Mesophyll (of Plants)

Exam - Rules!•Sign up for one exam!

•Arrive at least 10 minutes prior to your session talk time. If you are late you may not be let in!

•Bring only a couple of pencils and an eraser (Pencil enables you to change your response and leave only the part that you wish to be graded.) You may use a pen if you insist but it is not recommended!

•You will be given a pre-exam introduction re exam rules! No cheating! Keep eyes on your own paper (Turn caps around, pull hair away from face.) etc, etc……

•Sign your sheet if you want your grades posted. If you choose not to sign it you will have to see the Coordinator in person to get your grade.

•Grade information will not be given out over the phone or by e-mail.

When you sign your response sheet your signature corresponds to two statements:

1 You understand and agree to abide by the Honor Code

2 You wish to have your grades posted by the last 4 digits of your ss#

If you do not want your grades posted, you need to cross through portion a) of the statement.

I, ______Always Dowell_____________________ / ____________________________________ PRINT NAME SIGNATURE

do hereby give

a) my permission to post the grade to this test using the last 4 digits of my SS#. &

Delete a) if it does not apply (i.e. strike through the entire line)

b) my promise that I will hereby agree to uphold the Academic Honor Code during this exam.

ALL students must sign as the signature applies to b) - which is NOT an option

49, 50 1,2

DOORSIN

K &

AQ

UA

RIU

MS

WINDOWS41, 42

Student ‘flow’ around the lab

Note - the following slides may look different from what you saw in lab!!!

These images are to be used in conjunction with

your lab drawings, your notes &

the lab manual.

DON’T FORGET ……STUDY the MICROSCOPE- USAGE & PARTS!!!

*Compound vs. Dissection*How to illuminate an opaque vs.

transparent object*Magnification formula (M=OO) etc.

KINGDOM ANIMALIAPHYLUM PoriferaPHYLUM CnidariaPHYLUM PlatyhelminthesPHYLUM NemertinaPHYLUM NematodaPHYLUM RotiferaPHYLUM AnnelidaPHYLUM Arthropoda

(SUPHYLA Trilobitmorpha, Crustacea & Chelicerata.)These are the phyla that you will be tested on for the midterm practical

• CELLULAR level of body organization

• Middle layer = MESOHYLAcellular matrix - location of spicules, spongin & archeocytes

• Diagnostic cell type: CHOANOCYTE – the flagellated collar cell

PHYLUM

PORIFERA

The Three TYPES of Sponges

Asconoid = smallest

Syconoid = middle-sized

Leuconoid = Largest

Too small to dissect in lab, you could only look at a whole specimen (as above) or prepared slides.

PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Asconoid

This sponge looks white in the jar, but many (not all!) of our slide specimens have been stained green so they look like green cacti! This is the smallest and simplest sponge type. Too small to dissect.

PHYLUM Porifera TYPE ?

BSU – Basic Sponge UnitIt’s choanocytes are located in the spongocoel. Note the buds (asexual reproduction) and many oscula(plural of osculum). What are gemmules?


PHYLUM Porifera TYPE ?

Name this hole?

What is this?


Note: Spicules at the

neck of the osculum

Terms you need to know: spicules, spongocoel, osculum & bud. Compare to fig 1.3-A in your lab manuals.

Incurrent Pores (Ostia), Porocytes and Prosopyles

Incurrent pores or ostia are the openings through which water first enters a sponge. These can be formed by one or more cells.

The PROSPYLE is name given to the entry hole/channel/pore leading into the area of choanocytes.

It is formed by one donut-shaped cell, the porocyte.

Asconoid SpongesSince in asconoid sponges the incurrent pore/ostium not only brings water directly into the sponge, but also into contact with the choanocytes(lining the spongocoel), it has a dual function.

The incurrent pore/ostium is also serves as a prosopyle.

The actual opening is formed by 1 cell, the porocyte.

Syconoid SpongesThe ostia/incurrent pores in syconoid sponges are

generally made of several cells. Water enters the sponge through these pores and moves into the incurrent canal.

Water leaves this area to enter the radial canal (area of choanocytes) via the prosopyle – (a porocyte cell)

The choanocytes are located in the radial canals. These are the ‘middle-sized’ sponges

PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Syconoid

Note the prominent spicules

Osculum (O) Spongocoel (S) Incurrent canal (I) Radial canals (R) Choanocytes (C) Water enters via the ostium - > l - > via the Prosopyle (P) (a porocyte cell type) - > radial canal - > Apopyle - > S - > O

O

l.s.

S

SR

I

I

II

R

l.s. & c.s. views

Ostium

R

P

PHYLUM PoriferaTYPE Syconoid

Choanocytes are located where?

These are examples of the most complex sponge type. The choanocytes are located in the many flagellated chambers.Any large sponge is most likely a leuconoid - type sponge.

PHYLUM PoriferaTYPE Leuconoid

Leuconoid SpongesThe ostia (several cells) allow

water to enter incurrent canals. Water leaves these to enter the flagellated chambers (area of choanocytes) via the prosopyles (porocytes)

Sponge Reproduction

ASEXUALMarine• Budding• Fragmentation• RegenerationFreshwater sponges• Gemmules • + 3 methods above

SEXUAL• Male & female gametes

are formed. Archeocytes become eggsChoanocytes filter sperm out of the water

• Fertilization is involved.• Planktonic larvae or mini

flagellated colonies are released to colonize newareas.

Sponges are monoecious

• TISSUE level of body organization

• Middle layer = MESOGLEA = Acellular matrix (Just jelly!)

• Diagnostic cell type = CNIDOCYTEIt contains the Nematocyst organelle

PHYLUM

CNIDARIA

AB C

A = ?

B = ?

C = ?

?

Cnidocyte vs. Nematocyst

(2 tissue layers)C = Epidermis (E) & A = Gastrodermis (G)with B = Mesoglea in between the two

Cnidarians areDIPLOBLASTIC

Insert: A Cnidocyte (C) – cell containing a Nematocyst - organellenot yet triggered.

E

E

G

G M

Specialized cells called cnidocytes contain nematocysts. These are used for anchorage, defense and capture ofprey.

Phylum Cnidaria

Close-up of Nematocysts

Cnidarian Life Cycles

• Hydrozoa Polyp dominantMedusa does exist

(Hydra is cute but odd!)Remember the fire coral!

• Scyphozoa Medusa dominantPolyp does exist

• Anthozoa Polyp only

Do you know the difference between a bud and a gonad?

PHYLUM Cnidaria

cLASS Hydrozoa

Cnidocyte-bearing tentacles, mouth, GVC & bud (branch = asexual reproduction) [fig 2.2]

PHYLUM Cnidaria

CLASS Hydrozoa

Polyp with gonads for sexual reproduction & close-up view of the gonads [fig 2.2] (bumps)

Which structure is used for what?

PHYLUM Cnidaria

CLASS Hydrozoa

Obelia colony slide with close-up of the some of the polyps or zooids. Note polymorphism - gastrozooids (with feeding tentacles) & gonozooids for reproduction [fig 2.3-6]

It floats like like boat and

Stings like a bee

It’s squishy and ghoulish

And dangerous to thee….

So what is it?

Clue - Hydrozoan

Portuguese Man-O-War is an excellent example of polymorphism. It is a colony of many individuals –again = zooids – modified for different tasks (feeding, floating, reproduction, etc.)

PHYLUM Cnidaria

CLASS Hydrozoa

This next specimen is on almost EVERY practical exam!

Calcium-carbonate skeletons of a fire coral. This is a hydrozoan(not an anthozoan corals) because it has both a POLYP stage (dominant = above) & a MEDUSA stage in its life cycle.

PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Hydrozoa

Ventral view of a Hydrozoan Medusa [fig 2.3-7]Note Long knobby tentacles with batteries ofnematocysts along them. (S) Statocysts are for balance

PHYLUM Cnidaria

CLASS Hydrozoa

S

Please pass the jelly!

What class am I talking about?

Clue – It’s NOT Polander All-fruit

A Scyphozoan = A jelly!

Statocysts can be at the base of the tentacles or in between them.

3 examples of jellyfish. Note the large amount of mesoglea present in this class. MEDUSA is dominant in Scyphozoans, butpolyp stage is also present at some point during their life cycle.

PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Scyphozoa

You need to know the order of the following life-cycle structures…..

Again – they appear in almost every exam….

Life cycle (fig 2.6)P A S St E A

P Planula A Actinula (No slide)S ScyphistomaSt StrobilaE Ephyra A Adult


P S St

E

Close-up of planula stage [fig 2.6-B] Bilateral motile larval stage able to move away from parent to settle in a new area.

PHYLUM Cnidaria

CLASS Scyphozoa

Close-up of scyphistoma stage [fig 2.6-D]

PHYLUM Cnidaria

CLASS Scyphozoa

Close-up of strobila stage. Buds form from asexual reproduction [fig 2.6-E]



Close-up of ephyra larva [fig 2.6-F]

Calcium-carbonate skeletons of various corals, sea fans & sea whips. All = Anthozoa: ONLY the POLYP stage is present.

PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Anthozoa

Some Anthozoa grow as individual polyps such as this Sea anemone. [fig 2.7]

PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Anthozoa

Note that ONLY the POLYP stage is present. In their life cycle

Remember you saw them fight in slow motion in the ‘Shapes of Life’video????

Other Anthozoa grow as colonies of polyps. Examples of this include sea pansies (shown here,) sea fans, sea whips, sea pens and of course corals.

Remember, ONLY the POLYP stage is present in the Anthozoa class of cnidarians.

PHYLUM Cnidaria

CLASS Anthozoa

ACOELOMATESPHYLUM

PLATYHELMINTHES&

PHYLUM

NEMERTINA

The

ACOELOMATE Condition

Any triploblastic organism which lacks a body cavity is said to be an acoelomate...

Lumen of gut

Endoderm

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

PLATYHELMINTHES‘Flatworms’

• ORGAN grade of body organization

• TRIPLOBLASTIC

• MESENCHYME = Middle layer derived from mesoderm germ layer = space-filling packing tissue

• ACOELOMATE - Mesoderm obliterates the blastocoel in the embryo

PLATYHELMINTHES3 main classes

• CLASS Turbellaria - Free-living flatworms

• CLASS Trematoda - Endoparasitic Flukes

• CLASS Cestoda - Endoparasitic Tapeworms

These next guys caused a laugh in the video…

(Ooh, yes their going to do it………….. Yes, Yes, YES! Oh wow! That was great!)

It was violent and yet the participants were quite beautiful…

What am I referring to?

Marine flatworms…

But what we saw in lab was a freshwater flatworm. It was brown and looked as if it were boss-eyed.

Note extensible pharynx (P), pharyngeal opening (PO), mouth (M) & intestine (I) [fig 3.2-A]

PHYLUM PlatyhelminthesCLASS Turbellaria

M

PPO

PO P M

I

cs through anterior of organism [fig 3.4] aka Batman’s plane. Note No pharynx, only caeca


Anterior

Pharyngeal regionPosterior

c.s. through pharyngeal region [fig 3.4] Note Pharynx, gastric caeca & Mesenchyme (Cilia!?) First of 2 Acoelomate c.s


View of whole fluke organism. Note the two suckers. Anterior (A) one is for feeding, the ventral (V) one is for attachment

PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Trematoda

A

V

Anterior end of fluke. Note oral sucker (OS), pharynx (P), caeca (C) & ventral sucker (VS) (for attachment) [fig 3.5]


C

C

VS

OS

P

Note eggs E, ovaries O, shell gland, caeca C, uterus U and testes T [fig 3.5]


E

O

C

T

U

OC

Scolex (I) and maturing proglottids.

The most reproductively mature sections are at the posterior end of the tapeworm.

What are these sections called?

PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Cestoda

Scolex region. Note rostellum (R) (rings of hooks) & suckers (S) for attachment [fig 3.7-A]


S

R

S

Mature proglottid w/ reproductive structures [fig 3.7-D]


Sperm in from partner

Ovary

Uterus & Shell Gland

Speckled background = Testes

Sperm exit here

to enter another partner’s proglottid

Uterus will swell with many out-pockets as the eggs develop

Gravid proglottid chock full o’ eggs [close-up of fig 3.7-E]


Uterus has swollen with eggs - fertilized with a partner tapeworm’s sperm

PHYLUM

NEMERTINA(Acoelomate)

This is our 1st organism with a COMPLETE digestive tract -

(i.e. it has an anus)

PHYLUM Nemertina

You did not see the specimen but had to fill out labels on a diagram in your lab manual showing a slide of a c.s.

= 2nd acoelomate c.s.

c.s. through anterior end of a flatwormat a point behind the mouth.

??

?

PHYLUM Nemertina

Rhynchocoel

Proboscis

Intestine

Note proboscis in the rhynchocoel & the flattened intestine (outlined). [fig 4.3-B]

PSEUDOCOELOMATES

PHYLUM NEMATODAPHYLUM ROTIFERA

The PSEUDOCOELOMATE Condition

Any organism which has a “false” body cavity (pseudocoel) is said to be a pseudocoelomate...

Lumen of gut

PSEUDOCOELOM

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Ectoderm

Definition of a pseudocoelom?- a fluid-filled body cavity, (derived from the

blastocoel), which surrounds the gut.

Functions (i.e. what’s it used for?)

• Hydrostatic skeleton• Circulatory

• Location of organs – reproduction & excretion

PHYLUM

NEMATODA • (Roundworms)• Eutely• Only longitudinal muscles• Pseudocoelom functions as

circulatory system• Complete digestive system• Renette cells - excretion• Amoeboid sperm

cs through esophagus. Note triradiate esophagus, pseudocoel (P) & thick cuticle [fig 5.4]

Phylum Nematoda

P

Male or female? Which one is which? How do you tell?

A

c.s. through female (A) & male (B) nematode worms. Notice the 2 large round structures in the female (uteri) and the thick cuticles on both the male and female worms. [fig 5.3]

Phylum Nematoda

B

c.s. of male, note reproductive structures, and pseudocoel (P) [fig 5.3]

Phylum Nematoda

Lumen of gut

P

c.s. of female Note intestine (I), pseudocoel (P), ovaries (O), oviducts (OD), & one of the 2 LARGE uteri (U) [fig 5.3]

Phylum Nematoda

PI

O

ODU

PHYLUM

ROTIFERA• Cirri, corona & trochus bring in

water currents and therefore aid in feeding, respiration and locomotion

• Mastax & trophi = internal feeding apparatus

• Pedal glands and spurs (toes) –attachment

• Flame bulb – excretory canals• Parthenogenesis, Mictic, viviparous

The other pseudocoelomate phylum we studied!!! Note corona (for feeding, locomotion & respiration), mastax/trophi, pedal glands & spurs (toes) [fig 5.5]

PHYLUM Rotifera What was the other one???

EUCOELOMATESPHYLUM ANNELIDA

onwards….

TheEUCOELOMATE Condition

Any triploblastic organism which has a TRUE body cavity is said to be a (eu)coelomate...

Lumen of gut

Endoderm

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

COELOM

PHYLUM

ANNELIDA3 CLASSES:

CLASS PolychaetaCLASS OligochaetaCLASS Hirudinea

Note parapodium w/ setae & acicula (A). Parapodia are used for locomotion, sensory purposes & respiration. [fig 6.3-A]

PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Polychaeta

A

Polychaete dissection. Note esophageal caeca (EC) and muscular pharynx (MP). Remember, polychaete worms have parapodia (which look like “fins”) [fig 6.4]

PHYLUMAnnelida

CLASSPolychaeta.

MP

EC

Esophagus

EC

This image is a give-away…….it is usually on an exam…. What is this?

Note typhlosole. This increases the surface area to aid in absorption of the food in the intestine that has already beendigested although some scientists still claim that the typhlosole may also play a part in digestion itself. [fig 6.8]

PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta

Dorsal blood vessel

TyphlosoleCoelom

Note longitudinal & circular muscles, nephridium (N), and the coelom (C). [fig 6.8]

PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta

N

C

You gave them a bath

You gave them some bubbly

And then you put them to sleep…. So that you could rip their guts open!

What were they?

PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta. Earthworm dissection [fig 6.7]

Gizzard (G)

Pharynx (P)

Nephridia

Esophageal region (P - G) w/ pseudohearts

They are not all blood-suckers….

(A) Preserved organism (B) whole mount Note segmentation (annuli), as well as the 2 suckers. [fig 6.9]

A B

PHYLUM AnnelidaCLASS Hirudinea

?

?

(O) Long slender ovary (T) Round testis

A B

PHYLUM AnnelidaCLASS Hirudinea

T

O

PHYLUM

ARTHROPODA4 SUBPHYLA:

SUBPHYLA TrilobitmorphaSUBPHYLA CrustaceaSUBPHYLA ChelicerataSUBPHYLA Uniramia (not on Midterm)

SUBPHYLUMTrilobitmorpha

Trilobites are the most diverse group of extinct animals preserved in the fossil record.

PHYLUM

ARTHROPODASUBPHYLUM Crustacea

5 CLASSES: (BOCCM)

CLASS Branchiopoda CLASS OstracodaCLASS CopepodaCLASS CirripediaCLASS Malacostraca

Subphylum Crustacea

–Class Malacostraca SAID “…..”

»Order Isopoda »Order Amphipoda »Order Stomatopoda

»Order Decapoda

…to recap

SUBPHYLUM

Crustacea

Largest class4 ORDERS

Stomatopoda= Mantis Shrimp

Isopoda = Rolly polies & Giant Sea Roach

AmphipodaBeach Hoppers & Sand Fleas

DecapodaCrabs, Lobsters etc..

Class Cirripedia

Acorn & Stalked Barnacles

ClassBranchiopoda

“Lung feet”

Fairy Shrimp

Class Malacostraca

Class Ostracoda

Class Copepoda

Can you remember how to tell a male from a female crayfish?

1st pleopod is reduced or absent in females

Any dissected crab in the lab will not be stained like this but you should be familiar with the structures…..

SUBPHYLUM

Crustacea

The male crab has the T-shaped abdomen whereas the female abdomen is much broader

PHYLUM

ARTHROPODASUBPHYLUM Chelicerata

3 CLASSES:CLASS ArachnidaCLASS Merostomata (Horsehoe crabs)

CLASS Pycnogonida (Sea spiders)

SUBPHYLUMChelicerata

Merostomata Arachnida

Araneae

ArachnidaAcarina

Prosoma & Opisthosoma

Cephalothorax & Abdomen

Chelicerata Crustacea

TAGMOSIS

The line delineating the head from the thorax in the cephalothorax is the cervical groove.

COMPARISON Qs

A. How many of the following organisms

are at the organ level of organization?

B. Give the letter(s) of the organism(s) that

has(have) a CLOSED circulatory system.

Compare traits and systems such as circulatory, excretion, reproduction etc. and group Phyla when studying!!!

Body FormsMedusa vs. Polyp…….

PHYLUM Cnidaria

Body TypesAsconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid

PHYLUM Porifera

Level of Organization

Cell - PHYLUM Porifera

Tissue - PHYLUM Cnidaria

Organ - PHYLUM Platyhelminthes

onward…

• Diploblastic - 2 Cell LayersPH - PHYLUM Cnidaria

• Triploblastic - 3 Cell LayersPH- PHYLUM Platyhelminthes

onward…

Tissue Layers

Acoelomates (2 phyla)

Pseudocoelomates (2 phyla)

(Eu)Coelomates (6 phyla)

We are only dealing with two eucoelomatephyla this practical exam…

Coelom Formation

Acoelomates- PHYLUM Platyhelminthes- PHYLUM Nemertina

Pseudocoelomates- PHYLUM Nematoda- PHYLUM Rotifera

(Eu)Coelomates- PHYLUM Annelida- PHYLUM Arthropoda

PHYLUM MolluscaPHYLUM BryozoaPHYLUM EchinodermataPHYLUM Chordata

Digestive System

Incomplete (no anus)

PHYLUM Cnidaria

PHYLUM Platyhelminthes

Complete

PHYLUM Nemertinaonward……

These are the types of comparison or conceptquestions that might

appear on the practical.

This list is by no means exhaustive…

Good Luck!From: Dr. Mariscal – Professor

Me – Lab Coordinator Pete – Honcho & TA

Heather G. Heather N. Sarah, Jon & Neil - TAs

No Slide Titlebsc2011l/pdfs/Summer 2006 Midterm Review.pdf · a whole specimen (as above) or...

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