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What are Earthquakes?What are Earthquakes?

An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph

Interesting Facts About EarthquakeInteresting Facts About Earthquake

The largest recorded earthquake in the United states was a magnitude 9.2 that struck Prince William Sound, Alaska on Good Friday, March 28, 1964

Interesting Facts About EarthquakeInteresting Facts About Earthquake

The Largest Recoded Earthquake in the world was a Magnitude 9.5 in Chile on May 22, 1960

Interesting Facts About EarthquakeInteresting Facts About Earthquake World’s deadliest recoded earthquake occurred in1556 in Central China, killing an estimated 830,000 people in 1976 another deadly earthquake struck Tangshan, China where more than 250,00 people were killed.

Tidal wave Tidal wave vs vs TsunamiTsunami Although both are sea waves the two has two different and unrelated phenomena

• Tidal Wave – is a shallow water wave caused by the gravitational interaction between the sun, moon, and earth.

•Tsunami – is a sea wave caused by an underwater earthquake or landslide (usually triggered by an earthquake) displacing the ocean water

Hypocenter of an earthquake is the location beneath the earth’s surface where the rupture of the fault begins

Epicenter of an earthquake is the location directly above the hypocenter on the surface of the earth

It is estimated that there are 500,000 detectable earthquakes in the world each year. 100,000 of those can be felt, 100 of them cause damage.

Magnitude Magnitude & & IntensityIntensity

Magnitude is a measured value of the earthquake size. The Magnitude is the same no matter where you are, or how strong or weak the shaking was in various location

Intensity is a measure of the shaking created b the earthquake, and this value does vary with location

Kinds of ShakingKinds of Shaking

1. Lateral

2. Vertical

Baguio Earthquake, 1990

How to ConductHow to Conductan Earthquake Drill ?an Earthquake Drill ?

Why do we need to Conduct an Why do we need to Conduct an Earthquake Drill ?Earthquake Drill ?

Earthquake is a natural phenomenon and cannot be Earthquake is a natural phenomenon and cannot be prevented. It can strike quickly without warning.prevented. It can strike quickly without warning.

Earthquake can damage lives and properties.Earthquake can damage lives and properties.

No available technology that give an No available technology that give an accurate earthquake prediction.accurate earthquake prediction.

TO MITIGATE EARTHQUAKE DISASTERTO MITIGATE EARTHQUAKE DISASTER..

Date : 17 January 1995Date : 17 January 1995

Time : 5:46 am (Jap. Time)Time : 5:46 am (Jap. Time)

Magnitude : 6.9Magnitude : 6.9

Depth : 22 kmsDepth : 22 kms

Casualties : 5,502Casualties : 5,502

Injured : 36,896Injured : 36,896

~200,000 buildings are damaged or destroyed.~200,000 buildings are damaged or destroyed.

~300,000 people were evacuated to temporary ~300,000 people were evacuated to temporary sheltersshelters

Source: USGSSource: USGS

The Great Hanshin EarthquakeThe Great Hanshin EarthquakeKOBE, JAPANKOBE, JAPAN

How to Conduct an Earthquake DrillHow to Conduct an Earthquake Drill

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES To ensure the safety of everybodysafety of everybody during and after a damaging

earthquake.

To help the building administrators and their disaster action groups to design a specific response planto design a specific response plan for earthquakes.

To train the building occupantstrain the building occupants on proper action and response during earthquakes.

To test various elementstest various elements of the response plan designed by the Disaster Management Committee (DMCDMC).

Stage 1Stage 1

Planning/Organizing

Stage 2Stage 2

Developing an Evacuation Plan

Stage 3Stage 3

Orientation prior to Earthquake drill

Stage 4Stage 4

Actual Conduct of Earthquake Drill

Stages in Conducting Earthquake DrillStages in Conducting Earthquake Drill

STAGE 1STAGE 1

Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill

STAGE 1STAGE 1


A. Form a Disaster Management CommitteeDisaster Management Committee (DMC) (DMC) composed of several teams with specific task and designate an over-all coordinator.

First Aid or First Aid or Medical TeamMedical Team

Fire SafetyFire SafetyTeamTeam

Overall Overall CoordinatorCoordinator

Site SecuritySite SecurityTeamTeam

CommunicationCommunicationTeamTeam

EvacuationEvacuationTeamTeam

Have the following information available yearly:

Total numberTotal number of building occupantsof building occupants Total number of occupants at each roomeach roomTotal number of occupants at each flooreach floorTotal number of occupants at each buildingeach buildingIdentify occupants with special needsspecial needs (sick, old, disabled) and their their locationlocation

STAGE 1STAGE 1


Members of the Disaster Management CommitteeDisaster Management Committee (DMC) (DMC) should evaluate the building.

STAGE 1STAGE 1


Members of the Disaster Management CommitteeDisaster Management Committee (DMC) (DMC) should evaluate the building.

Acquire the most recent grounds layoutgrounds layout or vicinity plan/mapvicinity plan/map.

STAGE 1STAGE 1


Observe hazardous areas/practiceshazardous areas/practices within the building premises and dangerous conditions that may exist which people have not noticed before. This should be plotted on the layout.

Examples: * Any hanging, unstable objects or structure* Condition of power lines and utility poles* Narrow alleys between buildings* Corridors are too narrow* Are there blockages along the corridors and exit

points?* Do exit point remain open during working hours?* Doors that swing in instead of swing out.

B. Members of the DMC should conduct building watching building watching exerciseexercise and identify safe and unsafe spotssafe and unsafe spots inside the building. This is necessary for stressing the do’sdo’s and dont’sdont’s.

STAGE 1STAGE 1


Swing Out DoorSwing Out Door

Shelf nearShelf nearEntranceEntrance

Narrow ExitNarrow Exit

Glass WindowGlass Window

DecorationDecoration

Building Watching ExerciseBuilding Watching Exercise

STAGE 1STAGE 1


Electic PostElectic Postand wiringsand wirings

Gate’s ShadeGate’s Shade

Flower PotsFlower Pots

Building Watching ExerciseBuilding Watching Exercise

STAGE 1STAGE 1


Suggest corrections or improvementscorrections or improvements of current set-up.

Examples: * clean up stuff that blocks the corridors and exit points.

* exit points must remain unlocked during working hours.

Assess the structural integritystructural integrity of the building/s by a qualified civil/structural engineer.

The engineer could be tapped from the local city/municipal engineer’s office

Members of the DMC should conduct building watching building watching exerciseexercise and identify safe and unsafe spotssafe and unsafe spots inside the building. This is necessary for stressing the do’sdo’s and dont’s.dont’s.

STAGE 2STAGE 2

Developing the Building Earthquake Developing the Building Earthquake Evacuation PlanEvacuation Plan

STAGE 2STAGE 2


The Building Earthquake Evacuation Plan should have provisions to utilize all available open spacesopen spaces nearest the building that are evaluated as safesafe from falling debris and other materials that may cause injuries.

Parking AreaParking Area ParkPark

STAGE 2STAGE 2


Determine if there is sufficient open space for all. Areas to be occupied should be computed assuming 4 ‘evacuees’4 ‘evacuees’ would occupy a 1 sq m area1 sq m area.

Determine how many persons can occupy an open space.Determine how many persons can occupy an open space.

Assumption 1 : 800 persons Assumption 2 : 4 persons/m2

(800 persons) ÷ (4 persons/m2) = 200 m2

Is the space enough for the total number of evacuees?Is the space enough for the total number of evacuees?

STAGE 2STAGE 2


Determine the flow of trafficflow of traffic from each building along the street using the information on actual number of occupants per building and their designated evacuation area.

Indicate by arrows, the flow of evacuation coming out of each room down to their designated evacuation site. This will be the suggested earthquake evacuation route for the evacuation route for the building occupantsbuilding occupants.

One way traffic: Determine the flow

of traffic

STAGE 2STAGE 2


Flow of Traffic and Evacuation RouteFlow of Traffic and Evacuation Route

One way traffic: persons One way traffic: persons shall walk in one directionshall walk in one direction

Evacuation SiteEvacuation Site

Use arrows to indicate Use arrows to indicate the flow of evacuationthe flow of evacuation

Earthquake Survival Kits

First Aid Kits

Prepare

STAGE 3STAGE 3

Orientation Prior to the Orientation Prior to the Conduct of an Earthquake DrillConduct of an Earthquake Drill

STAGE 3STAGE 3


A. Prepare the building occupants a week beforea week before the scheduled earthquake drill.

Identify safe spotsIdentify safe spots (e.g. under tables, desks, doors, etc) and danger danger zoneszones (e.g. windows and glass, shelves, machinery, cabinets and furniture that may topple or slide as well as all hanging and heavy objects).

When dangerous areas have been identified, ask the building occupants/administrators to correctcorrect these and to take actiontake action.

Introduce the suggested evacuation routeevacuation route prepared by the DMC. Also introduce the assigned open areaopen area where they should evacuate

after an earthquake. Assign somebody who will be in charge of making sure that all exit all exit

points are open during the shakingpoints are open during the shaking.

STAGE 3STAGE 3


B. The main concern during an ongoing shaking is how to protect oneself.protect oneself.

Give specific instructions on what to do what to do DURINGDURING an earthquake an earthquake.

Duck, Cover and HoldDuck, Cover and Hold

Take coverTake cover under a sturdy table or strongly supported doorway.

Watch outWatch out for falling objects.

Keep calmKeep calm and don’t panic.

STAGE 3STAGE 3



Give specific instructions about what to do what to do AFTERAFTER as soon as the as soon as the shaking stopsshaking stops: :

Be alert…Be alert…

ListenListen to the Teacher’s instructions.

Walk outWalk out of the building in an orderly manner.

STAGE 3STAGE 3



While walking along the alleys/streets, be alertbe alert and watch outwatch out for falling debris.

DON’T RunDON’T Run

DON’T PushDON’T Push

DON’T TalkDON’T Talk

DON’T ReturnDON’T Return

DON’T bring your thingsDON’T bring your things

STAGE 4STAGE 4

Actual Conduct of an Earthquake DrillActual Conduct of an Earthquake Drill

STAGE 4STAGE 4


1. Prior to the scheduled drill, inform the neighborhoodinform the neighborhood regarding the conduct of the drill.

2. Identify and assign observersassign observers for each exit points of the building and evacuation areas. They will give their comments and observations during the evaluation of the drill.

STAGE 4STAGE 4


3. For the Actual Drill.

Assumptions: 1-minute strong shaking1-minute strong shaking signified by 1 minute siren/bell Person can not standcan not stand. Buildings may have been damaged but no collapsedamaged but no collapse. Possible falling objectsfalling objects including glass windows No immediate assistanceNo immediate assistance will be available for at least several hours. Self-help and sustenanceSelf-help and sustenance are required. Possible injuriesPossible injuries, fear, panic among building occupants.

STAGE 4STAGE 4


3. For the Actual Drill.Give instructions/reiterate the what to do’swhat to do’s: once the siren is heard, do the proper and expected actionsdo the proper and expected actions. Participants during this 1-minute siren should perform the

duck, cover and holdduck, cover and hold After the 1-minute siren, participants quietly go out of the

building/s and proceed to previously designated open spaceproceed to previously designated open space. Team leaders should make head counthead count while in the ground.

While the drill is ongoing, observers should take noteobservers should take note on how the participants performed.

STAGE 4STAGE 4


3. For the Actual Drill.Give instructions/reiterate the what to do’swhat to do’s: When all the participants have converged at the designated

evacuation area, the assigned observers will give their give their commentscomments (if drill was conducted properly, if the evacuation proceeded smoothly, etc.) and suggestions on how to correct and improve.

To be effective earthquake drills To be effective earthquake drills must be done regularly.must be done regularly.

PHASES OF AN PHASES OF AN EARTHQUAKE DRILL EARTHQUAKE DRILL

Phase 1. ALARMPhase 1. ALARM

siren / bell rings for 1 minutesiren / bell rings for 1 minute

ongoing “ground shaking or earthquake”ongoing “ground shaking or earthquake”

Phase 2. RESPONSEPhase 2. RESPONSEduring the “shaking”during the “shaking”

perform “DUCK, COVER and HOLD”perform “DUCK, COVER and HOLD”

Remain in that Remain in that position until position until “shaking” stops“shaking” stops

Still BE ALERT, open your Still BE ALERT, open your eyeseyes

Observers should take noteof how teachers and students performed

Phase 3. EVACUATIONPhase 3. EVACUATIONafter the “shaking”after the “shaking”

All building occupants evacuate, All building occupants evacuate, following pre-determined routes, to the following pre-determined routes, to the EVACUATION AREASEVACUATION AREAS

Phase 4. ASSEMBLYPhase 4. ASSEMBLY

At the designated evacuation area, the ‘evacuees’ must be grouped togethergrouped together.

Phase 5. HEAD COUNTPhase 5. HEAD COUNT

Team leaders (Teachers) should checkcheck and make sure all ‘evacuees’ are accounted for.

Phase 6. EVALUATIONPhase 6. EVALUATION

An evaluation of the drill must be conducted to identify problemsidentify problems encountered during the drill and how this can be corrected in future earthquake drills.

Thank you!Thank you!

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