Networking Practices & Technology

8/6/2019 Networking Practices & Technology

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5/15/2011Networking Practices & Technology

Networking Practices & Technology

Presentation

Prepared by: Abhishek Gaur

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Introduction

y Objectivey The goal of this presentation is to present the necessary skills in the field of networking learnt

by me during the period of industrial training.

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Project Overview

y Project descriptiony Basic LAN Introduction

y Networking Hardware

y Network Media

y Sample LAN Implementation

y Project completed under Techno Solutions, Jaipur.

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Introduction

Networking began its infancy in the mid -1960s.

by the US Department of Defence (DoD).

ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency)

was created in response with the launching of the Sputnik

in 1957.

ARPA decided that a DoD network should be packet-

switched networked consisting of a subnet andhost computers.

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Experimental network research was awarded to

UCLA, UCSB, SRI and Univ. of Utha in 1969. These

areas were because they all had a large numberof ARPA contracts.

ARPANET protocols were not suitable for running over

multiple networks, so TCP/IP model and protocols

were invented in 1974.The OSI was to be produced like an IBM-reference

model.

The OSI model became the world standard and was

not controlled by one company, but by a neutral

organization, ISO (International Standards Association).


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Types Of Network

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LAN LOCAL AREA NETWORK IS A SMALL

GEOGRAPHICAL AREA SUCH AS OUR SCHOOL

BOARD.

MAN METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK IS ANETWORK OVER A LARGER GEOGRAPHICAL AREA

SUCH AS THEPROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.

WAN WIDEAREA NETWORK IS A NETWORK USED

OVER AN EXTREMELY LARGE GEOGRAPHICAL AREASUCH AS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT.


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Networks are classified as:

y Single Node Topology

y Bus topology

y Star topology

y Ring topology

y Tree topology

y Mesh Topology

y

Hybrid topology

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OSI Model

There are following seven layers in the OSI Model

y Layer 1 : Physical

y Layer 2 : Data-Link

y Layer 3 : Network

y Layer 4 : Transport

y Layer 5 : Session

y

Layer 6 :P

resentationy Layer 7 : Application

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Network Hardware

y Switchy Split large networks into small segments,

decreasing the number of users sharingthe same network resources and

bandwidth.y

Understands when two devices want totalk to each other, and gives them aswitchedconnection

y Helps prevent data collisions and reducesnetwork congestion, increasing networkperformance.

y Resides on Layer 2,3 and 4 of OSI Model

depending on specifications.

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Picture: Cisco Catalyst Series Switches


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y Routery A device that connects any number of

LANs.

y Uses standardized protocols to move

packets efficiently to their destination.

y More sophisticated than bridges,

connecting networks of different types

(for example, star and token ring)

y

Forwards data depending on the Networkaddress (IP), not the Hardware (MAC)

address.

y Resides on Layer 3 of the OSI model.

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Picture: Cisco 2801, D-Link-2640T, Linksys-wrt100-rangeplus Router


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y Repeatery Used to boost the signal between two cable

segments or wireless access points.y Can not connect different network

architecture.

y Does not simply amplify the signal, it

regenerates the packets and retimes them.


y Bridgey Connects two LANs and forwards or filters

data packets between them.y Creates an extended network in which any

two workstations on the linked LANs canshare data.

y Transparent to protocols and to higher leveldevices like routers.

y Forward data depending on the Hardware(MAC) address, not the Network address(IP).


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y Additional Network Hardware Devicesy Network Interface Cards (NICs)

y P

uts the data into packets and transmits packet onto thenetwork.

y May be wired or wireless.

y Gateway

y Connects networks with different protocols like TCP/IP

network and IPX/SPX networks.

y Routers and Gateways often refer to the same device.y Proxy server

y Isolates internal network computers from the internet.

y The user first access the proxy server and the proxy server

accesses the internet and retrieves the requested web page or

document. The user then gets a copy of that page from the

proxy server.

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Picture: Bigfoot Networks

Killer 2100 NIC


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Network Media

Electrical (copper)

Coaxial Cable

Single copper conductor in the center surrounded by a plastic layer for insulation and a

braided metal outer shield.

Twisted pair Four pairs of wires twisted to certain specifications.

Available in shielded and unshielded versions.

Fiber-optic - A cable, consisting of a center glass core surrounded by layers of plastic, thattransmits data using light rather than electricity.

Atmosphere/WirelessUses Electromagnetic waves. whose frequency range is above that ofmicrowaves, but below that of the visible spectrum.

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Copper

y CAT5y Ethernet cable standard defined by the

Electronic Industries Association andTelecommunications IndustryAssociation (EIA/TIA).

y Speeds up to 100 Mbps.

y Other versions are CAT5e,CAT 6 and CAT7

y

Connectory RJ-45 - Standard connectors used forunshielded twisted-pair cable.

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Picture: Cat5 patch cable, Cat5 trimmed,RJ-45 conector


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Ethernet Specifications

y 10BaseT

y Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair cable (category 3, 4, or 5), transmitssignals at 10 Mbps (megabits per second) with a distance limit of 100 meters per segment.

y 10BaseF

y Ethernet specification for fiber optic cable, transmits signals at 10 Mbps (megabits persecond) with a distance limit of 2000 meters per segment.

y 100BaseT

y Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair cabling that is used to transmit data at100 Mbps (megabits per second) with a distance limit of 100 meters per segment.

y 1000BaseTX

y Ethernet specification for unshielded twisted pair cabling that is used to transmit data at 1Gbps (gigabits per second) with a distance limitation of 220 meters per segment.

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Wireless Media

Wireless LAN or WLAN Wireless local area network that uses radio waves as

its carrier

Wi-Fi ("Wireless Fidelity) A set of standards for WLANs based on IEEE 802.11

Wi-Max Emerging technology that can cover ranges up to 10

miles or more

Satellite/Microwave High speed media used for longer distances and

remote locations

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Picture: Wi-Fi Logo, USB wireless

adapter, USB WIMAX adapter


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Optical Fiber

Infrared light is transmitted

through fiber and confined due to

total internal reflection.

Fibers can be made out of either

plastic or glass.

Used for high speed backbones

and pipes over long distances.

Comparatively expensive.

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Picture: Optical Fiber patch

cable, trimmed optical fiber


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Other Networking Tools

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Picture: Media Convertor, Crimping Tool, Fusion Splicer,Crimping Toolkit, OTDR{optical time-domain reflectometer}

Machine.


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Sample Implementation

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Thank You

20End Of Slide.

Networking Practices & Technology

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