Motivation. Motivation: What does it do for us? Connects our observable behavior to internal states...
-
Upload
allan-fleming -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of Motivation. Motivation: What does it do for us? Connects our observable behavior to internal states...
Motivation
Motivation: What does it do for us?
Connects our observable behavior to internal states Accounts for variations in behavior Creates perseverance in the face of adversity
Motivation
Motive: Needs, wants, desires, interests that involve ______________________
They can be biological, social, etc. Consider running….Biological? Learned?
Cognitive? Social?
STIMULUS MOTIVE BEHAVIOR
So what motivates us? …. Instincts? (old idea)…. Drives? (newer idea)…. Incentives? (rewards)
Motivation
Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic: Desire to performbehavior because
of promise of reward or threat of punishment
Intrinsic: Desire to perform behavior for its own sake,
for “internal” reward
Examples?
Motivation
Extrinsic /Intrinsic: Which is better?
Intrinsic generally has the edge
Extrinsic still valuable, & the two often work together
• Problems with extrinsic motivation:
• Behaviors maintained by extrinsic alone may not last once motivation is gone• Will a student’s grades go down if parents stop giving them money for earning As & Bs?• Evidence suggests removal of extrinsic motivator results in lowered behavior levels• Overjustification Effect: if we give extrinsic rewards for things someone already loves to do, the intrinsic motivation may be replaced by the extrinsic motivation (athletes, musicians)
Motivation
The Theories (what is the stimulus?):
Evolutionary/Instinct Theories: Inborn behavioral patterns; unlearned, uniform, & universal fixed action patterns
• Do humans have instincts?• The modern view?
Motivation
The Theories (cont.):
Arousal Theories: “motivation” is to achieve/maintain some level of physiological arousal
Drive-Reduction Theory (“Push” theory): internal state of tension/arousal (the “drive” -- based on physiological need) that motivates (or “pushes”) the organism to reduce the tension, return to homeostasis (or physiological “balance”)
Need(food, water)
Drive(hunger, thirst)
Drive-reducingBehavior
(eating, drinking)
Motivation
MotivationThe Theories (cont.):
Optimal Arousal Theory: some “ideal” level – if below optimal, motivation to increase, if above, motivation to decrease
• Zuckerman’s “Sensation-Seeking” Scale…
Yerkes-Dodson Law: theory that says a degree of psychological arousal (stress, anxiety,
etc.) can actually improve performance, but only to a point; too much or too little arousal will decrease performance.
The Theories (cont.):
Incentive Theory (“Pull” theory): External goals motivate behavior
Modifed by the Expectancy-Value Model: motivation to pursue a given goal depends on your perceived likelihood of reaching the goal and the value of that goal
Incorporates the idea of Locus of Control: our belief that we control the outcome of our own lives (also comes into play in depression theories)
Motivation
The Theories (cont.):
Humanistic Theory: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Motivation
Abraham Maslow (Humanist)• Needs motivate behavior• Natural hierarchy of human needs• “Lower” needs must be met before
higher can be met• Criticisms?
Three “Types” of Motives:
Primary Drives (Biological): Necessary for Survival
Hunger – Influenced by:• Brain (“Hunger/Satiety Center”), hormones• External controls• Social influences• Culture
Motivation
Thirst – Influenced by:• Cells & Salt loss/Hypothalamus• External/environmental factors
Sex – Influenced by:• Hormones• Pheromones?• Experiences & learning• Culture
Three “Types” of Motives:
Stimulus Motives (Innate): Unlearned, Encourage “Exploration”
Exploration/curiosity: do organisms “need” stimulation?
Motivation
Manipulation: may explain our need to touch everything!
Contact: Harlow’s monkey studies
Three “Types” of Motives:
Learned (Social) Motives
Aggression: may be motivated by pain or frustration – cultural?
Achievement (need to excel): 3 types• Work orientation: do a good job• Mastery: improve abilities• Competitiveness: match skills w/ opponent
Affiliation: work for common cause (“belongingness”)
• “Joiners” vs. “Loners”
Motivation