Motivation

AYESHA KHALIL

WHAT IS MOTIVATION???A driving force that initiates and directs behaviorA kind of internal energy which drives a person to

do something in order to achieve somethingMotivation is a desire to achieve a goal, combined

with the energy to work towards that goal the process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed

behavior

The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

ASPECT OF MOTIVATION

Motivation is based on three specific aspects such as DirectionIntensityPersistence

ABRAHAM MASLOW Maslow saw human needs in the form of a

hierarchy, ascending from the lowest to the highest, and he concluded that when one set of needs is satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator.’’

As per his theory these needs are : Physiological needs Security or Safety needs Social needs Esteem needs Need for self-actualization

ABRAHAM MASLOW

Maslow theory

SELF ACTUALIZATION

Esteem need

Social need

Security need

Physocial need

DAVID MCCLELLAND

Three need theory

ACHIEVEMENT

AFFILIATION

POWER

THREE NEED THEORYNeed for Achievement (nAch) – drive to excel, to

achieve in relation to a set of standardsNeed for Affiliation (nAff) – the desire for

friendly and close interpersonal relationshipsNeed for Power (nPow) – need to make others

behave in a way in which they would not have behaved otherwise (to have power over them)

nAch

nPow

nAff

DOUGLAS MCGREGOR (1906-1964)

x • Theory X

Y • Theory Y

DOUGLAS MCGREGOR (1906-1964)

x y

Work is inherently distasteful to most people.

Most people are not ambitious, have little desire

for responsibility, and prefer to be directed.

Most people have little capacity for creativity in

solving organizational problems.

Motivation occurs only at the physiological and safety levels.

Most people must be closely controlled and often coerced to achieve organizational objectives.

Work is as natural as play, if the conditions are favorable.

Self-control is often indispensable in achieving organizational goals.

The capacity for creativity in solving organizational problems is widely distributed in the population.

Motivation occurs at the social, esteem, and self-actualization levels, as well as physiological and security levels.

People can be self-directed and creative at work if properly motivated.

FREDERICK HERZBERG (1923-2000)

Motivation and Hygiene Factors

MOTIVATION AND HYGIENE FACTORS

HYGIENE FACTORSENVIRONMENT

MOTIVATORSWHAT THEY DO

Policies and Administration

Supervision

Working Conditions

Interpersonal Relations

Money, Status, Security

Achievement

Recognition for Accomplishment

Challenging Work

Increased Responsibility

Growth and Development

HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY

MAIN POINTS

Maslow hierarchy of needsThree need theoryTwo factor theory

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Self-actualization

MOTIVATIONAL NEED THEORIES

Maslow Alderfer McClelland

HigherOrderNeeds

LowerOrderNeeds

Esteem self

interpersonal

Safety & Security interpersonal

physical

Need for Achievement

Need for Power

Relatedness Need for Affiliation

Existence

Growth

Belongingness(social & love)

Physiological

QUESTION

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