MOTIVATION

MOTIVATION – PROCESS THAT ACCOUNTS FOR AN INDIVIUAL’S INTENSITY, DIRECTION AND PERSISTENCE OF EFFORTS TOWARDS ATTAINING A GOAL

THE WILLINGNESS TO EXERT HIGH LEVELS OF EFFORT TO REACH ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS.

CONDITIONED BY EFFORTS, ABILITY TO SATISFY SOME INDIVIDUAL NEEDS.

NEED – SOME INTERNAL STATE THAT MAKES CERTAIN OUTCOMES APPEAR ATTRACTIVE.

DRIVE – AN UNSATISFIED NEED CREATES TENSION THAT STIMULATES DRIVES WITHIN AN INDIVIUAL.

UNSATISFIED NEED

TENSION SATISFIED NEED

DRIVESSEARCH BEHAVIO

R

REDUCTION OF TENSION

MOTIVATION PROCESS

MOTIVATION – EARLY THEORIES

MASLOW’S HIEARCHY OF NEEDS

Self Actualization( Self Fulfillment )

Esteem Needs or Ego Needs( Prestige, status, self respect )

Social Needs( Affection, friendship, belonging )

Safety and security Needs( Protection, order, stability )

Physiological Needs( Food, water air, shelter )

SELF ACTUALISATIONPERSONAL GROWTH

REALISATION OF POTENTIAL

ESTEEM NEEDSTITLES, STATUS SYMBOLS, PROMOTION

AFFILIATION OR ACCEPTANCE NEEDSFORMAL & INFORMAL WORK GROUPS

SECURITY OR SAFETY NEEDSSENOIRITY BASED PROMOTIONS, MEDICAL INSURANCE,

PENSION

BASIC NEEDSPAY & CASH BENEFITS

MC GREGORS THEORY XAND THEORY Y

THEORY X – NEGATIVE VIEW

• EMPLOYEES INHERENTLY DISLIKE WORK AND WHENEVER POSSIBLE ATTEMPT TO AVOID

• EMPLOYEES MUST BE COERCED TO WORK

• EMPLOYEES AVOID RESPONSIBILITY• MOST WORKERS PLACE SECURITY

ABOVE ALL

THEORY Y – POSITIVE VIEW

• EMPLOYEES CAN VIEW WORK AS BEING NATURAL

• WILL EXERCISE SELF DIRECTION AND SELF CONTROL

• AVERAGE PERSON CAN ACCEPT AND EVEN SEEK RESPONSIBILITY

• ABILITY TO TAKE INNOVATIVE DECISIONS IS WIDELY DISPERSED

HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY

(MOTIVATIONAL- HYGIENE THEORY)

DISSATISFACTION FACTORS

• SUPERVISION• RELATIONSHIP WITH SUPERIORS• WORK CONDITIONS• SALARY• RELATIONSHIP WITH PEERS• RELATIONSHIP WITH

SUBORDINATES

SATISFACTION FACTORS

• ACHEIVEMENT• RECOGNITION• WORK ITSELF• RESONSIBILITY• ADVANCEMENT

CONTEMPORARY THEORIES

OF MOTIVATION

Three Needs TheoryDavid C McClelland

  • Need for achievement (n Ach)

 • Need for Power (n Pow) • Need for Affiliation (n Aff)

n ARCH – DRIVE TO EXCEL TO ACHIEVE IN RELATION OF SET STANDARDS.

STRIVE TO SUCCEED

PERSONAL RESPONSIBILTY

FEEDBACK

MODERATE RISK

n POW – TO HAVE IMPACT, TO BE INFLUENTIAL AND CONTROL OTHERS.

ENJOY BEING IN CHARGE TO BE PLACED IN COMPETITIVE SITUATION

STATUS ORIENTED

CONCERNED WITH PRESTIGE

n AFF – DERSIRE FOR FRIENDLY AND CLOSE INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP

CO-OPERATION

TEAMWORK

GOAL SETTING THEORY

• SPECIFIC GOAL PRODUCES BETTER RESULTS THAN A GENERALISED ONE

• ARE PEOPLE MOTIVATED BY DIFFICULT GOAL?

• FEEDBACK IMPORTANT• PARTICIPATION IN GOAL SETTING• GOAL SETTING THEORY IS CULTURE

BOUND

MBO PROGRAMS

REINFORCEMENT THEORY

“ BEHAVIOUR IS THE FUNCTION OF ITS CONSEQUENCES” REINFORCERS – ANY CONSEQUENCE IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING A RESPONSE THAT INCREASES THE PROBABILITY THAT THE BEHAVIOUR WILL BE REPEATED.

EQUITY THEORY

EQUITY THEORY – “A THEORY THAT INDIVIUALS COMPARE THEIR JOB INPUTS AND OUTCOMES WITH THOSE OF OTHERS AND THEN RESPOND TO ELIMINATE ANY INEQUITIES”

EMPLOYEE REFERENT

• SELF INSIDE

• SELF OUTSIDE

• OTHER INSIDE

• OTHER OUTSIDE

WHAT IS EQUITY AND FAIRNESS?

- CONCEPT OF ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE

ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE

• DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

• PROCEDURAL JUSTICE

• INTERACTIONAL JUSTICE

EXPECTANCY THEORY OF MOTIVATION----Victor H Vroom

 AN INDIVIUAL TENDS TO ACT IN CERTAIN WAY BASED ON EXPECTATION THAT THE ACT WILL BE FOLLOWED BY A GIVEN OUTCOME AND ON THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE OUTCOME

THREE VARIABLES OF EXPECTANCY THEORY

• EXPECTANCY – EFFORT – PERFOMANCE LINKAGE

• INSTRUMENTALITY – PERFORMANCE – REWARD LINKAGE

• VALENCE – ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE REWARD

MONEY AS A MOTIVATING FACTOR

DESIGNING MOTIVATING JOBS

JOB ROTATION, ENLARGEMENT AND

ENRICHMENT

ALTERNATIVE WORK ARRANGEMENTS

• FLEXTIME

• JOB SHARING

• TELECOMMUNICATING

THEORY TO PRACTICE

• RECOGNISE INDIVIUAL DIFFERENCES• MATCH PEOPLE TO JOBS• USE GOALS• GOALS SHOULD BE PERCEIVED ATTAINABLE• INDIVIDUALISE REWARDS• REWARDS LINKED TO PERFORMANCE • EQUITY• DONOT IGNORE MONEY !!