Motivation
-
Upload
motivationdays -
Category
Education
-
view
158 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Motivation
MOTIVATION
DR. Ahmed Albehairy, M.D
Consultant Psychiatry
Definitions
Motivation is the activation or energization of goal-orientated behavior .
Desire is a sense of longing for a person or object or hoping for an outcome (craving).
Goal or objective is a projected state of affairs thata person or a system plans or intends to achieve .
need is something that is necessary for organisms to live a healthy life.
Motivation affects every thing we do ; ability to learn, memory perception.
Types of motives physiologically based psychologically based
Unlearned, in animals:- Survival needs:
hunger & thirst.- Biologically based
social needs: sex & maternal behavior.
- curiosity
Learned , socially in nature
Concepts of motivation
1- concept of instincts.
2- concept of need & drive.
3-concept of incentives.
4- concept of equilibrium.
5- psychoanalytic concepts of motivation.
6- social learning theory of motivation.
concept of instincts.
• Unlearned pattern of behavior that occur in the presence of certain stimuli.
• Basic instincts are ( by William McDougal, 1980)- repulsion, curiosity, flight, parenting, reproduction,
gregarious,acquisition,
constructive, puganicity, self a berement,& self assertion).
2- concept of need & drive.
• needs arise from deprivation. E.g. need for food drive a state in which the need makes the organism tense, aroused and activated e.g. hunger drive.
• Drive state is motivation.
• Drives is alike instincts , 1ry ( unlearned physiological)– 2ry ( learned experience).
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
3-concept of incentives.
Incentives , external stimuli & consequences are controlling the response and behavior.
Motivated if operant conditioned with positive incentives.
Not motivated if related to negative incentives.
4- concept of equilibrium.
Essence of motivation is to maintain optimum level of functioning, equilibrium.
Balance involve either physiological process or /and cognitive, emotional , arousal processes.
4- concept of equilibrium.(cont.)Homeostasis:
-1ry, survival motives operate acc. To homeostasis, i.e. constancies are essentials for survivals, in the face of changing external environment .e.g. body temp and body water.
- Need s the physiological departure from the optimum value.
- Drive s the arousal and seek of org. to correct this problem( homeostasis)
5- psychoanalytic concepts of motivation. Eros, enhance life thantos, destruction
• Libido, sex is energy of life instinct.
• Unconscious motives, tongue slips, dreams.
• sex
• Suicide( inward).• Aggression
( outwards).• Unconscious motives,
tongue slips, dreams.
aggression
6- social learning theory of motivation.
- Concerning behavior not the drive.
- Successful behaviors, person select them by reinforcement and discard the others.
- Social learning theory stresses: a- vicarious learning .
b- cognitive process that think in the situations symbolically and so our action can be governed by anticipated consequences.
c- self regulation , evaluation of the behavior and reaction to it and form a standard to the level of function of the behavior.
d – most effective ext stimuli when there s consistent between self reinforcement and society approval of the behavior.
6- social learning theory of motivation. (CONT)
The reinforcement that control the expression of learned behavior may be:
- Direct reward, social approval, disapproval.
- Vicarious learning.
- Self – praise and reproach.
Current classification of motives inherited acquired
• Physiological, air, water, food, etc.
• Survival of species: sex, motherhood.
• Emergency :fight and flight.
• Objective : exploration, manipulation , interests.
• General social motives shared by whole env.
• Cultural social motives.
• Individual social motives: education & subculture.
THANK YOU