Modul_English Class Chemistry-MIPA

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Jember University

Department of Chemistry

2012-

2013

English for Chemistry

Papa Amadou Diawara., M. SocSocioloist, !rench and "nlish #ecturer



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UNIT 1%reetins and &ntroductions

Usual "-pressions, )oles Play

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G reetings and Introductions

Almost all conversations start with a greeting. There are several e!ressions that arecommonly "se# as greeting$ some formal an# some informal. %hich to "se$ of co"rse#e!en#s on the sit"ation.

&ntroductions

%hen yo" meet an# greet someone for the &rst time$ intro#"ctions are nee#e#. There are a n"m'er of stan#ar# e!ressions that can 'e "se# for intro#"ctions. Ta(e aloo( at some of them.

0. &ntroducin +ourself

"-pressions )esponses

)ello$ I*m + ... ,s. aines.

,y name is + ... ohn/rey.

I*m +... /eorge ran(s.%hats yo"r name

Allow me to intro#"cemyself. ,y nameis + ...ran( eers.

)ello$ ,s. aines$ I*m4"san A!!leton.

Nice to meet yo" ,r./rey$ I*m ,rs. 4"(5oy.,y name is 4o!i#a$4o!i#a )a(am. It*sa !leas"re to meet yo" ,r. ran(s.Im #elighte# to meet yo",r.eers. ,y name is

6orn!an 7rasa.

(ther useful e-pressions of closin an

1introduction2


)ow #o yo" #o

I am !lease# to meet yo"

I am gla# to meet yo"

It*s nice to meet yo"

/la# to meet yo"

Nice to meet yo"

/. &ntroducin others7n occasion$ yo" may &n# yo"rself in a sit"ation where yo" have to intro#"ce one!erson to another. 8oo( at these !ossi'le e!ressions that are "se# for this.

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Sam4 6eter$ I wo"l# li(eto intro#"ce +... ,iss)elen Cranston.

'elen4 Nice to meet yo"too ,r. 9ellogg.

5ob4 ,in "$ this is + ...my frien#:etty %atson.

5etty4 4ame hereAlice4 )arry$ let meintro#"ce+...my s"!ervisor$ ,r.8ee.Mr. #ee4 /oo# to meet

yo" too. :"t !lease$ call

me 4ammy.

Peter4 )ello ,issCranston$ nice to meetyo".

Min Ju4 )i ,s. %atson$a !leas"re to meet yo"

'arry4 ,r. 8ee$ it*s goo#to meet yo".

(ther useful e-pressions of openin an 1introduction2

"-pressions

,ay ; intro#"ce ; +to ;.

8et ; intro#"ce ; +to ;.

3.!arewells

"st as there are several stan#ar# e!ressions for greetings$ there are also e!ressions of farewell. The farewell itself is generally very short- one or two wor#s. )owever$ manytimes !eo!le a## something to the e!ressions$ #e!en#ing on what they want to ha!!enin the f"t"re or the sit"ation.

"-pressions )esponses/oo#'ye

4o long

I have to r"n< I m"st 'e o

/oo# #ay

:ye<:ye 'ye< :ye now<

Catch yo" later

I have to 'e going now 8ater #"#e <4ee yo"<Cheerio




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"-tensions to !arewells


4ee yo" again< I ho!e tosee yo" again

4ee yo" ; +later<<soon<tonight;

Call me

4ee yo"<:e seeing yo"<

ine< 7.9< All right<

ine< 7.9< All right<4"re

6.%reetins 7ell beinAfter the greeting &nishe#$ the conversation sho"l# 'e contin"e# in some way. 7ne of themost common ways is to as( a'o"t the other !eo!le well 'eing. Again$ there are severale!ressions that can 'e "se# for this. The res!onses to s"ch in="iries will$ of co"rse$#e!en# on how one act"ally feels. 8et*s ta(e a loo( at these.


)ow are yo"

)ow*s it going

)ow are things

)ow are things going

)ow have yo" 'een

)ow #o yo" feel

)ow goes it

)ow are yo" #oing

)ows life treating yo"

)ow are yo" getting on

)ow*s everything

&! %((D

/reat<ine<%ell;than(s

Co"l#n*t 'e 'etter.

antastic<won#erf"l..than(s

6retty goo#; than( yo"

&! S(8S(

Co"l# 'e worse.

I can*t com!lain.

Not 'a#

&! 5AD

I*ve ha# 'etter #ays.

Not too goo#.

Not very well

8o"sy.




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9.)ead this dialoue and practice it

4t"#ents sho"l# wor( together in !airs an# rea# the following #ialog"e$ onest"#ent rea#ing one !art$ the other st"#ent rea#ing the other. Note the e!ressions"se# in the #ialog"e an# the !rogression of the conversation. The #ialog"e can 'e "se#as a mo#el to have similar conversations.

Sam4 )ello$ yo" loo( lost. Can I 'e of assistanceMary4 7h$ than(s. >o"*re right$ I am lost. I*m loo(ing for the Agric"lt"ral Engineeringac"ltySam4 >o"*re close? it*s 5"st across the roa#. It*s the '"il#ing over there$ 'ehin# the

coee an# cocoa com!any.Mary4 I see$ well than(s a lot. >o"*ve 'een a 'ig hel!.Sam4 Ec"se me for saying so$ '"t yo"*re not from aro"n# here$ are yo" Are yo" from

em'er or whatMary4 Act"ally I am from og5a(arta. I*m a new transfer st"#ent. >o" are avanese$ Iass"me

Sam4 >es$ 'y the way I*m 4am$ 4am @ial.Mary4 I*m ,ary 9ristina. 6lease# to meet yo".Sam4 4o how long have yo" 'een in em'er University$ ,aryMary4 I*ve 'een here a'o"t three wee(s now. 4o$ what*s yo"r ma5or 4amSam4 I*m a chemistry st"#ent. %hat*s yo"rsMary4 %ell$ I will 'e st"#ying Agric"lt"ral Engineering.Sam4 4o$ #o yo" live in the #ormMary4 Act"ally no$ I have a small a!artment a'o"t &ve 'loc(s from here. %ell$ I have to

r"n. Than(s for yo"r hel!. ,ay'e we*ll '"m! into each other again sometime.Sam4 Co"l# 'e$ it*s a !retty small cam!"s. Nice to meet yo"$ ,ary. 4ee yo" later.Mary4 4o long.

After rea#ing$ close yo"r 'oo( an# tell yo"r !artner a s"mmary of the #ialog"e. Then switch an# have yo"r !artner tell his or her s"mmary. 4tart li(e thisB This dialogueis about two people who meet... This may seem silly$ since yo" 'oth alrea#y (now whatthe #ialog"e is a'o"t$ '"t the !"r!ose is to !ractice "sing yo"r English$ not to giveinformation or test yo"r rea#ing s(ills.

Conversation Activities

0. Pair wor:8 )ole Play *he situation4 ,eeting new !eo!le %or(ing with a !artner$ role !lay the sit"ation$ "sing the information 'elow

*he roles4 4ee items 'elow0. 7ne !artner is a new st"#ent at a "niversity meeting his<her ma5or !rofessor

for the &rst time./. 7ne !artner has recently move# to a new neigh'orhoo# an# is meeting their

net #oor neigh'or for the &rst3. 7ne !artner is a new em!loyee at a com!any meeting a cowor(er for the

&rst time.6. :oth !artners are strangers at a m"t"al frien#*s !arty meeting for the &rst

time.

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/. Pair wor:

Interview someone in the class yo" #o not (now well. After the interview is over$the interviewer co"l# give a short intro#"ction of the !erson to the whole class or tosmall gro"!s of to D !eo!le. "estions yo" may want to as( #"ring theinterview incl"#eB

8 name 8 ae

8 where they are from 8 <ob or ma<or

8 number of people in theirfamily

8 hobbies

8 his or her oal in life 8 reliion

8 what their family membersdo

8 marital status

8 favorite :inds of music orfood, movies, etc

8 why they want to learn "nlish

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UNIT 2*e-t 04 )eadin Comprehension

Con<uation Point4 Simple *enses4 Present > Past

> !uture

*opic writin?discussion4 childhood?life atcampus?plan for the future

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8i(e a lot of other i#eas$ chewing g"m #evelo!e# when aninventive !erson was trying to #evelo! something else. In 1FG0$ Thomas A#ams was trying to create a s"'stance similar tor"''er. )e (new that in the !ast natives of ,eico ha# en5oye#chewing chicle$ which was a g"m of the sa!o#illa treeB hetho"ght that this chicle might !ossi'ly 'e "sef"l as are!lacement for r"''er. %hile he was wor(ing with it$ he #eci#e#to try chewing it$ 5"st as ha# 'een #one in ,eico. )e en5oye#the sensation an# #eci#e# that he sho"l# try selling it.Unfort"nately$ however$ not many !eo!le 'o"ght it. )e thenim!rove# the !ro#"ct 'y a##ing Havoring an# s"gar to it$ an# hegave o"t free sam!les "ntil the !ro#"ct ca"ght on. Tho"gh henever s"ccee#e# in his original search for a re!lacement forr"''er$ he 'ecame highly s"ccessf"l as a chewing g"m !ro#"cer.

&. C(MP)"'"$S&($ C'"C

Answer the following ="estions 'ase# on the tet1. The main i#ea of the !assage is that

a. Chicle was commonly chewe# in ,eico'. Thomas A#ams invente# chewing g"m 'y acci#entc. Thomas A#ams en5oye# chewing chicle#. Thomas A#ams was "ns"ccessf"l in &n#ing a s"'stit"te for r"''er

2. In line 1$ the e!ression an inventive !ersonJ co"l# 'e 'est re!lace# 'ya. A creative !erson

'. An illogical !ersonc. A #estr"ctive !erson#. A mista(en !erson

3. Accor#ing to the !assage$ what #i# Thomas A#ams originally want to createa. Chewing g"m'. The sa!o#illa treec. A r"''er s"'stit"te#. lavoring

. %hich of the following is N7T tr"e a'o"t chiclea. It comes from a tree'. 4ome !eo!le li(e chewing itc. It is !art of the r"''er !lant#. A#ams tho"ght he might &n# a "se of it

K. In line 3$ nativesJ area. Trees'. 6eo!lec. 6laces#. 6lastics

D. The wor# sensationJ in line G is closest in meaning toa. Tho"ght'. eeling

c. Taste#. 8oo(

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G. Accor#ing to the !assage$ what ha!!ene# when Thomas A#ams &rst trie#selling his chicle !ro#"cta. It #i# not sell very well'. It was s"ccessf"l 'eca"se of the tastec. 6eo!le tho"ght it was r"''er#. A#ams 'ecame imme#iately s"ccessf"l

F. lavoringsJ in line L are "se# to im!rove a !ro#"ct*sa. A!!earance'. eelc. Taste#. 4mell

L. It is im!lie# in the !assage that A#ams gave o"t free sam!les of g"m 'eca"sea. )e ha# a lot that he #i# not want'. )e #i# not care a'o"t ma(ing moneyc. )e was not a very smart '"sinessman

#. )e wante# to im!rove f"t"re sales

10. Accor#ing to the !assage$ in his search for a r"''er s"'stit"te$ A#amsa. %as not s"ccessf"l'. o"n# the original r"''er !lantc. 4"ccee#e# late in his life#. %as higly s"ccessf"l

11. %here in the !assage #oes the a"thor e!lain what chicle isa. 8ine 1-2'. 8ine 3-c. 8ine K

#. 8ine F-L

&&. U$D")S*A$D&$% %)AMMA)

Simple Tenses: Present - Past - Future

There are a n"m'er of tenses in English grammar. )owever among them$ there are some'asic tenses which can 'e #evelo!e# into other tenses. They are 4im!le 6resent Tense$4im!le 6ast Tense$ an# 4im!le "t"re Tense. 4ince they involve sentences$ the str"ct"reremains following the 'asic r"le of a sentence constr"ction.A. Simple Present *ense

To #emonstrate an event that "se# to ha!!en or relate# to )a'it"al ActionsJ "nctionsB

1. 6ermanent states is tal(ing a'o"t things that are always$ generally tr"e.

- I live in em'er2. /eneral tr"th +facts

- A wee( has seven #ays- The s"n rises in the east- The s"n shines 'y #ay$ an# the moon 'y night

3. @o"tines < ha'its is tal(ing a'o"t things yo" #o reg"larly$ all the time.

- I go to school every#ay

- )e "s"ally eats an egg for 'rea(fast Time 4ignals +A#ver' of re="ency




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Always B selal"/enerally B 'iasanya7ften B sering@eg"larly B secara teta!4el#om B 5arangNow M then B (a#ang-(a#ang

7nce a wee( B se(ali semingg"Normally B 'iasanyaUs"ally B 'iasanya4ometimes B (a#ang-(a#angre="ently B seringEvery#ay B setia! hari




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Afrmative (Positive) Form (+)

Sub<ect erb "-amples

I$ >o"$ %e$ They In&nitive I love yo")e$ 4he$ It In&nitive ses 4he learns her lessons

!e"ative Form (-)


I$ >o"$ %e$ They o O not O in&nitive I #on*t 'elieve yo")e$ 4he$ It oes O not O in&nitive It #oesn*t wor(

#nterro"ative Form ($)


o I$ >o"$ %e$ They In&nitive o they nee# the'oo(

oes )e$ 4he$ It oes she (now who amI

T%e spellin" rules &or 'e S%e an #t

erb )ule "-amples

,ost ver's A## s - The oPce opens at F o*cloc(- The class starts at L a.m

En#s in a consonant + * Change * to ies - The 'a'y cries very lo"#ly- The 'ir# ies in the s(y

En#s in c% s% s , A## es - ,r. iawara teaches English at8ang"age Centre

- 4he wishes to have a new caro an# "o A## es - ,y sister goes to school every#ay

- @ina does all her homewor(%ave %as - 4he has #inner at F !.m

- 4he has 'rother an# sister

5. Simple Past *ense To #emonstrate a !ast event. "nctionsB

1. A &nishe# single action in the !ast- I got scholarshi! last year- The movie starte# at G.30 !.m

2. A &nishe# state in the !ast- ian live# in a small town- :ima ha# a 'a# score

3. A re!eate# action in the !ast- Novi always st"#ie# English on ,on#ay

- 4he went to school every#ay%hen we "se the !ast sim!le$ we often say the time of the actionB in 1!"0# at $.%0#on Monday . Time 4ignals +A#ver' of re="ency

>ester#ay B (emarin8ast night B semalam$ ta#i malam8ast wee( B mingg" yang lal"A few min"tes ago B 'e'era!a menit yang lal" Two #ays ago B #"a hari yang lal"A month ago B se'"lan yang lal"In 1LGD B !a#a tah"n 1LGD

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Afrmative (Positive) Form (+)


I$ >o"$ %e$ They)e$ 4he$ It

6ast Tense I saw the car of my'rother

!e"ative Form (-)Sub<ect erb "-amples

I$ >o"$ %e$ They)e$ 4he$ It

i# O not O in&nitive %e #i# not call him



i# I$ >o"$ %e$ They)e$ 4he$ It

In&nitive i# yo" see my cat

6ast 4im!leB @eg"lar an# Irreg"lar Qer'

1. @eg"lar Qer'sUs"ally we a## . e to the ver'

T%e spellin" rules &or e

erb )ule "-amples

En#s in . ee.gB live

A## - 4he li&ed in em'er

En#s in a consonant +vo/el + consonant e.gB sto!

o"'le the &nalconsonant

- )e sto!!e# wor(ing at K.30 !.m

En#s in consonant + * e.g B co!y

Change * to ie - I co!ie# some articles

2. Irreg"lar Qer'sR have no reg"lar !attern,any common ver's have an irreg"lar !ast formBe.gB

go went have ha# meet met get got feel felt eat ate

C. Simple !uture *ense To #emonstrate f"t"re actions.

"nctionsB1. A f"t"re actions

- )e will !ost the letter- I shall go to ,alang tomorrow

2. A f"t"re a!!ointment- )e will meet yo" 'y ten- 4he will hel! yo" with yo"r homewor( tomorrow

3. To show a signalJ- @ani will give yo" a goo# #ictionary if yo" go with him Time 4ignals +A#ver' of re="ency

Tomorrow B 'eso( Tonight B malam ini1. The time signals in !resent contin"o"s can also 'e "se# in f"t"re tense

e.gB net month B '"lan #e!an2. Tem!oral con5"nction +(ata sam'"ng yang 'ersifat sementara




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If B 5i(a%hen < while B (eti(a:efore B se'el"mAfter B ses"#ahAs soon as B segera ses"#ah Till < "ntill B hingga$ sam!ai

after all of this tem!oral con5"nctions the following sentence will 'e writtenwitho"t shall < will

Afrmative (Positive Form) (+)

Sub<ect erb

I$ we %ill < shall O in&nitive >o"$ They$ )e$ 4he$ It %ill O in&nitive

!e"ative Form (-)

Sub<ect erb

I$ we %ill < shall Onot Oin&nitive

>o"$ They$ )e$ 4he$ It %ill Onot+won*tOin&nitive


Sub<ect erb

%ill < shall I$ we In&nitivewill >o"$ They$ )e$ 4he$

It

"t"re intentions 'esi#es the form"la a'ove f"t"re tenses can "se to e + "oin" + to +

innitive%e "se to e + "oin" + to + innitive when we are tal(ing a'o"t o"r !lans orintentions- %e are going to st"#y English net s"mmer.- Alice is not going to have a !arty this year.+O I*m

/oing to In&nitive+- I*m not+ Am I




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"E")C&S"S

A. Ma:e these followin sentences into the past, present and future tensesFPay attention to the time sinals that may chane accordin to the tenses.

1. Architects +ma(e the !lans of '"il#ing. Present

+O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.Architects +ma(e the !lans of '"il#ing. Past +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.Architects +ma(e the !lans of '"il#ing. Future+O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.

2. I always +meet yo" on the corner of this street. Present +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.I always +meet yo" on the corner of this street. Past +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.I always +meet yo" on the corner of this street. Future+O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.

3. They not +write a 'oo( last year. Present +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. They not +write a 'oo( last year. Past +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. They not +write a 'oo( last year. Future+O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.

. )e +'"y a new car. Present +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.)e +'"y a new car. Past +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.




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)e +'"y a new car. Future+O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.

K. 4he +goes to town every#ay. Present

+O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.4he +goes to town every#ay. Past +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.4he +goes to town every#ay. Future+O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.

D. )e +arrive tomorrow morning. Present +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.)e +arrive tomorrow morning. Past +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.)e +arrive tomorrow morning. Future+O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.

G. I +see yo" the #ay after tomorrow. Present +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.I +see yo" the #ay after tomorrow. Past +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.I +see yo" the #ay after tomorrow. Future+O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.

F. )e often +lose his !en. Present +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.)e often +lose his !en. Past +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.

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)e often +lose his !en. Future+O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.

L. )e not +'elieve me. Present

+O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.)e not +'elieve me. Past +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.)e not +'elieve me. Future+O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.

10. An#i not +see the movie last night. Present +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.An#i not +see the movie last night. Past +O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.An#i not +see the movie last night. Future+O ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+- ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.+ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.

5. &n the pararaph below. *he verbs in italic tell us /%at %appene . 7rite thepassae aain. Chane the verb in italics so that they tell us /%at /ill %appen !uture *ense.. *hen tell us /%at is %appenin" riht now Present*ense.%hat will ha!!en+"t"re tenseI went to my oPce with my frien# @eg. @eg an# I had o"r &rst !resentation a'o"tAgric"lt"ral #evelo!mentJ. After the !resentation$ the #irector ga&e a short s!eech?he spo'e to the mem'ers of meeting a'o"t o"r !resentation. The !resentation wasvery s"ccessf"l an# I thin( a great many !eo!le en(oyed it very m"ch.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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..............................................................................................................%hat is ha!!ening +6resent tenseI went to my oPce with my frien# @eg. @eg an# I had o"r &rst !resentation a'o"tAgric"lt"ral evelo!mentJ. After the !resentation$ the #irector ga&e a short s!eech?he spo'e to the mem'ers of meeting a'o"t o"r !resentation. The !resentation wasvery s"ccessf"l an# I thin( a great many !eo!le en(oyed it very m"ch.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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C. *here is a line under each word or roup of words in the statements below.*he words are not in the riht order. Arrane them correctly. *hen put thesentences into the Present and !uture *enses

1. The &lm I en5oye# yester#ay ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

2. ,y mother to mar(et went ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

3. The chil#ren as(e# contin"o"sly ="estions in the class this morning

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. %e at home stay on 4"n#ays ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

K. This morning a 'oo( I from the li'rary 'orrowe# ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

D. *he verbs in brac:ets tell us /%at %appen. %ive the correct form of eachverb and each time sinal4

%hat ha!!ene#,y frien#$ @oy$ )die* last year. )e )lea&e* me his recor# !layer an# his collection of recor#s. @oy )spend* a lot of money on recor#s. )e )buy* one or two new recor#severy wee(. )e never )go* to the cinema or to the theatre. )e )stay* at home everyevening an# )listen* to m"sic. )e often )lend* recor#s to his frien#s. 4ometimes they)'eep them. )e )lose* many recor#s in this way.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

". 7)&*&$%

7rite a te-t about your childhood Use the Past tense

7rite a te-t about your studies, or your life at campus or your family

Use the Present tense 7rite a te-t about your plan for the future Use the !uture tense

F0 sentences minimum

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Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences 0B



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

UNIT %Text 2: )eadin Comprehension

%rammar Point4 *he plural form

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences /



2012-2013

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*opic writin?discussion4 'ow to strule aainstdeforestationG

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2012-2013

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"ite #ierent from storm$ s"rges are the giantsea waves calle# Tsunamis# which #erive theirname from the a!anese e!ression for highwater in a har'orJ. These waves are also referre#to 'y the general !"'lic as tidal wa&es$ altho"ghthey have relatively little to #o with ti#es.4cientists often refer to them as seismic seawa&es$ far more a!!ro!riate in that they #ores"lt from "n#ersea seismic activities.

Ts"namis are ca"se# when the sea 'ottoms"##enly moves. "ring an "n#erwaterearth="a(e or volcano for eam!le$ an# thewater a'ove the moving earth is s"##enly#is!lace#. This s"##en shift o water sets of aseries of waves. These waves can travel great

#istances at s!ee#s close to G00 (ilometers !erho"r. In the o!en ocean$ Ts"namis have littlenotica'le am!lit"#e$ often no more than one ortwo meters. It is when they hit the shallowwaters near the coast that they increase inheight$ !ossi'ly "! to 0 meters.

Ts"namis often occ"r in the 6aci&c 'eca"se the6aci&c is an area of heavy seismic activities. Twoareas of the 6aci&c well acc"stome# to the threatof ts"namis are a!an an# )awaii. :eca"se theseismic activity that ca"ses ts"namis in a!an

often occ"rs on the ocean 'ottom ="ite close tothe islan#s$ the ts"namis that hit a!an oftencome with little warning an# can therefore !rove#isastro"s. ,ost of the ts"namis that hit the)awaiian Islan#s$ however$ originate tho"san#sof miles away near the coast of Alas(a.$ so thesets"namis have a m"ch greater #istance to travelan# the inha'itants of )awaii generally havetime for warning of their imminent arival.

Ts"namis are certainly not limite# to a!an an# )awaii. In 1GKK$ E"ro!e e!erience# acalamito"s ts"nami to swee! onto the 6ort"g"ese coast an# Hoo# the heavily !o!"late#

area aro"n# 8is'on. The greatest ts"nami on recor# occ"re# on the other si#e of theworl# in 1FF3 when the 9ra(atoa volcano "n#erwent a massive e!losion$ sen#ing wavesmore than 30 meters high onto near'y In#onesian islan#s the ts"nami from this volcanoact"ally travele# aro"n# the worl# an# was witnesse# as far as the English Channel.

&. C(MP)"'"$S&($ C'"C

1. The !aragra!h !rece#ing this !assage most !ro'a'ly #isc"ssesa. Ti#al waves'. ti#es

c. storm s"rges#. "n#erwater earth="a(es

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences //

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2. Accor#ing to the !assage$ all of the following are tr"e a'o"t ti#al wavesESCE6T thata. They are the same as ts"namis'. They are ca"se# 'y s"#en changes in hih an# low ti#esc. This terminology is not "se# 'y the scienti&c comm"nity#. They refer to the same !henomenon as seismic sea waves

3. The wor# #is!lace#J in line G is closest in meaning toa. locate#'. not !lease#c. &ltere##. move#

. it can 'e inferre# from the !assage that ts"namisa. ca"se severe #amage in the mi##le of the ocean'. generally reach heights greater than 0 metersc. are far more #angero"s on the coast than in the o!en ocean

#. are often i#enti&e# 'y shi!s on the ocean

K. a main #ierence 'etween ts"namis in a!an an# in )awaii is that ts"namis in a!an are more li(ely toa. arrive witho"t warning'. come from greater #istancesc. 'e less of a !ro'lem#. originate in Alas(a

D. in line 10$ water that is shallowJ is nota. clear'. #ee!

c. ti#al#. coastal

G. the !ossessive theirJ in line 1F refers toa. the )awaiian islan#'. tho"san#s milesc. these ts"namis#. the inha'itants of )awaii

F. a calamito"sJ ts"nami in line 20 is one that isa. e!ecte#'. etremely calm

c. at fa"lt#. #isastro"s

L. from the e!ression on recor#J in line 22$ it can 'e inferre# that the ts"namithat accom!anie# the 9ra(atoa volcanoa. occ"re# 'efore ePcient recor#s were (e!t'. was not as strong as the ts"nami in 8is'onc. was &lme# as it was ha!!ening#. might not 'e the greatest ts"nami ever

10. the !assage s"ggest that the ts"nami res"lting from the 9ra(atoa volcanoa. ca"se# volcanic e!losions in the English Channel'. was far more #estr"ctive close to the so"rce than far awayc. was "no'serve# o"tsi#e of the In#onesain islan#s#. res"lte# in little #amage




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T%e plural &orm

1 /enerally$ we form the !l"ral in English 'y a##ing S to the sing"lar form of theno"n$Eam!le B a carH.I many cars ? a 'oo(H.I many 'oo(s

2 or the no"ns en#ing 'y + $ we a## &"S$ ece!t if + is !rece#e# 'y a vowel$Eam!le B a 'a'yH.I many 'a'ies ? a la#yH.I many la#ies ? a cityH.I many

cities

A HyH.I many Hies ? a co!yH.I many co!ies ? a co"ntryH.I many

co"ntries

A li'raryH.I many li'raries ? a ho''yH.I many ho''ies ? a #"tyH.I

many #"ties

F "-cept4 !or the nouns endin by +, but preceded by a vowel, we <ust

add S for their plural form,

Eam!le B a 'oyH.I many 'oys ? a (eyH.I many (eys ? a #ayH.I many #ays

A toyH.I many toys ? a mon(eyH.I many mon(eys ?

3 or some no"ns en#ing 'y ($ we form their !l"ral form 'y a##ing "S, Eam!le B a heroH.I many heroes ? a tomatoH.I many tomatoes

A !otatoH.I many !otatoes ? a volcanoH.I many volcanoes ? a

mangoH.I many mangoes, a '"aloH.I many '"aloes

F "-cept 4

!or the nouns endin by ((, &(, (", +(, we <ust add S for their plural

form,

Eam!le B a 'am'ooH.I some 'am'oos ? a ra#ioH.I many ra#ios ? a !ianoH.I

many !ianos

or some no"ns en#ing in sing"lar form 'y ! or !"$ we form their !l"ral form 'yre!lacing ! 'y an# a##ing "S +"S$

Eam!le B a (nifeH.I many (nives ? a leafH.I many leaves a lifeH.I manylives ?

A wolfH.I many wolves ? a loafH.I many loaves a halfH.I many

halves ?

4 !or some nouns endin by E, S, K, S'. C', 7" add "S for their pluralform,Eam!le B a '"sH.I some '"ses ? a 'eachH.I some 'eaches ? a ="iLH.I many

="ies

5 or some no"ns$ their !l"ral form will 'e irreg"lar$




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Eam!le B a manH.I many men? a womanH.I many women a footH.I many

feet

A toothH.I many teeth a mo"seH.I many mice

6 4ome no"ns will have the same writing in sing"lar an# !l"ral form$F "-ample0B a swineH.I many swine? a #eerH.Imany deer a shee!H.I

many sheep

a shH.Imany sh

F "-ample/B a s!eciesH.I many species? a seriesH.I many series a

4"#aneseH.I many 4"#anese, a :alineseH.I many 5alinese? a ,a#"reseH.I

many Madurese

7 Some nouns are always in plural form,

F "-ample0B glasses ? arms ? scissors ? clothes ? !antaloons ? shorts ? tro"sers ?

!ants ? shoes etc.

F "-ample/4 news ? civics ? mechanics ? mathematics ? economics ? gymnastics ?

!hysics ? !olitics ? ling"istics etc.

8 These following no"ns are grammatically "se# as !l"ral$ #es!ite their sing"larform$

Eam!le B /overnment ? sta ? family ? team ? committee ? com!any ? &rm ? !oliceetc.

10*hese followin nouns are in sinular form,

F "-ample0B Every'o#y +an# all no"ns with the !re& ever* ?

F "-ample/B 6erson +the !l"ral of a !erson is people... not !ersons

F "-ample3B Tal(ing a'o"t weiht +(g$ !o"n#s etc$ a'o"t time +years$ months

etc an# distance +(m$ miles etc

11 These following no"ns can 'e in sing"lar or !l"ral form$

F "-ample0B Series +a TQ series? many TQ series etc?

F "-ample/B Species +a s!ecies of 'ir#$ many s!ecies of 'ir#s

F "-ample3B Means +a means of trans!ortation? many means of trans!ortation




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"E")C&S"S

A. %ive the plural form of these followin words1A gift B VW ;;;;;;;;....;;. ? 2A !arty B VW ;;;;;;;.;;;;. ? 3A#warf B VW ;;;;;;;;;.;;..;. ?A !erson B VW ;;;;;;;;;..;. ? KA wife B VW ;;;;;..;;;;;. ? DA

ho''y B VW ;;;..;;;;;;;. ? GA co"rse B VW ;;;.;;..;;.;;. ?FA chil# B VW;;;;;;;;.;..;;. ? LA r"sh B VW ;;;;..;..;..;....;;;. ?10A s"!!ly B VW ;;;;.;;;;;;. ? 11A leaf B VW ;;.;;;;;;.;;. ? 12Amango B VW ;;;..;;;;;;;. ? 13A ch"rch B VW ;;;;;;;...;..;. ? 1A ="i BVW ;;;;;;;.....;;. ? 1KA life B VW ;;;;;;;;;;..;;. ?1DA 'eachB VW ;;;;..;;;;;;.? 1GA '"alo B VW ;..;;;;;;;;;. ? 1FA#eerB VW ;;.;;;;;;;. ? 1LA f"rnit"re B VW ;;;.;.;;;;. ? 20A city B VW;;;;;.;;.;;;. ? 21A chief B VW ;;;;..;;;;;.;..;. ?22A cr"sh B VW ;;;;;;;.;;;. ? 23A tooth B VW ;;;.;;;;;;;. ? 2A cry BVW ;;;.;;;;;;;. ? 2KAn elf B VW ;;;;;;;;.;..;. ? 2DA roof B VW;;;;;;.;;;..;. ? 2GA !roof B VW ;;;;.;;;;;;;;. ?2FA torna#o B VW ;;;;;.;..;;. ? 2LAn aircraft B VW ;;;;;;.;;.;. ? 30A(iss B VW ;;;;...;;..;;;;. ?31A mos="ito B VW ;;;;.;;;;;. ? 32A avanese B VW ;..;;;..;;;. ? 33Aho"se B VW ;.;;;.;.;..;;;. ?3A #ress B VW ;;;;.;;;;.;. ? 3KA witch B VW ;;;;.;;;;;;. ? 3DA '" BVW ;;;..;;..;.;;.;;;. ?3GA cli B VW ;;;;.;;;;.;. ? 3FA fr"it B VW ;;;;.;;.;;;;. ? 3LA '"s BVW ;;;;;..;;;...;;.;;;. ?

5. %ive the plural form of these followin words?verbs

Choose the correct form +sing"lar or !l"ralof the ver'<no"ns.

1 every'o#y in the class ;;;;;;; tire#. +Is<are2 20 (ilometers ;;;;;;; !retty far for me. +is<are3I get "se# to long #istance relationshi!$ two years witho"t meeting my h"s'an#;;;;;;; 'eara'le for me. +is<are ,any ;;;;;;; li(e #oing eercises. +6ersons< !eo!leK every +st"#ent<st"#ents ;;;;;;; +has<have ;;;;;;; to !re!are theeamination.D The news on TQX I want to watch ;;;;;;; +them<itG @ea#ing news!a!ers +is<are ;;;;;;; +a<some ;;;;;;; goo# means ofinformation.F DK (g ;;;;;;; a !erfect weight for a mo#el. +is<areL Islam 9T6 +is<are ;;;;;;; a nice TQ series.10 This year$ the &rm Coca Cola +has<have ;;;;;;; ma#e lot of 'ene#icts

11 Every +!eo!le<!erson ;;;;;;; +have<has ;;;;;;; to earn honestly.12 In many co"ntries$ 3 years +are<is ;;;;;;; eno"gh to get yo"r :achelor #egree

C. %ive the plural form of these followin words

Choose the correct form +sing"lar or !l"ral of the no"ns.

1There were two yo"ng +la#y ;;;;;;; wor(ing in the gar#en2I see two +#ish ;;;;;;; on the ta'le3these two +chil# ;;;;;;; are watching TQCo"l# yo" give me some +information ;;;;;;; a'o"t yo"r !ro5ectKThese +'o ;;;;;;; h"rt me 'y falling #ownD,y +tro"sers ;;;;;;; are #irtyGI can see many #ea# +leaf ;;;;;;;

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2012-2013

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F>o"r +l"ggage ;;;;;;; are too heavyLThe +#eer ;;;;;;; are r"nning in the forest10I lost all of my +(ey ;;;;;;; this morning11I ="ic(ly nee# some +f"rnit"re ;;;;;;;12I wo"l# li(e some +!otato ;;;;;;; in my !late !lease13There are many 'lac( +shee! ;;;;;;; in 4cotlan#

1oes yo"r father give yo" +a#vice ;;;;;;; 1KThere +is<are ;;;;;;; hair in my so"!X

D. !ill the blan:s with the riht verbs

Choose the correct form +sing"lar or !l"ral of the ver's.

1 /ymnastics ;;;;;;; my favorite s!ort. +is<are2 The tro"sers yo" 'o"ght for me ;;;;;;; &t me. +#oesnt<#on*t3The !olice ;;;;;;; to interview two men a'o"t the ro''ery last wee(. +want<wants 6hysics ;;;;;;; my 'est s"'5ect at school. +was< wereK Can I 'orrow yo"r scissors ,ine ;;;;;;; shar! eno"gh. +isn*t< aren*tD ort"nately the news ;;;;;;; as 'a# as we e!ecte#. +wasn t<werentG %here ;;;;;;; yo"r family live +#oes< #oF Three #ays ;;;;;;; long eno"gh for a goo# holi#ay. +isnt<arentL I cant &n# my 'inoc"lars. o yo" (now where;;;;;;; +it is < they are10 o yo" thin( the !eo!le ;;;;;;; ha!!y with the government +is<are11 ;;;;;;; the !olice (now how the acci#ent ha!!ene# +oes<o12 I #ont li(e very hot weather. Thirty #egrees ;;;;;;; too warm for me. + is<are13 Twenty tho"san#s !o"n#s ;;;;;;; stolen in the ro''ery. +was<were1 The sta at the school ;;;;;;; ha!!y with their new wor(ing con#itions.+ aren*t< isn*t1K 4cotlan# ;;;;;;; !laying rance net wee( +in a foot'all match. +are<is

". !ill the blan:s with suitable words below

+Nat"ralNews The Unite# 4tates e!artment of Agric"lt"re +U4A recently;;;;;;; 'efore a )o"se committee that anti'iotic "se in animal agric"lt"re ca"sesh"mans who eat s"ch meat to #evelo! antimicro'ial an# anti'iotic resistance.Conventional cattle farmers often "se anti'iotics to ;;;;;;; the ;;;;;;; of their animals$ '"t s"ch "se is ca"sing wi#es!rea# anti'iotic resistance$ accor#ing toe!erts.Accor#ing to A#s ,oines @egisterre!ort$ ohn Clior#$ chief veterinarian at the U4A$e!laine# 'efore the committee that anti'iotic "se in animals Y#oes lea# to some casesof antimicro'ial resistance among h"mans an# in animals themselves.Y 4o 'oth the U.4.

oo# an# r"g A#ministration +A an# the U4A are wor(ing to re#"ce$ an# !ossi'lyeliminate$ the ;;;;;;; of many animal anti'iotics.7ne reason ;;;;;;; o!erations "se anti'iotics is to treat sic( animals. ,ostconventional livestoc( o!erations are highly "nsanitary$ an# animals are raise# withincon&ne# animal fee#ing o!erations +CA7s. These cram!e# con#itions ca"se theanimals to 'ecome sic( more fre="ently than they wo"l# if they were raise# in mores!acio"s con#itions$ so they often nee# reg"lar treatment for their constant;;;;;;;Another reason why conventional animal farmers "se anti'iotics is to fatten their animals;;;;;;;. This !ractice is em!loye# !"rely to increase !ro&ts$ an# has nothing to #owith 'ene&ting the animals or the h"mans who en# "! cons"ming !ro#"cts ma#e fromthem.

a. ="ic(ly ? '. s!ee# ? c. livestoc( ? #. testi&e# ? e. illnesses? f. growth? g. "se

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2012-2013

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!. 7ritin

'ow can we strule aainst DeforestationG Minimum 0 sentences

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Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences /B



2012-2013

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UNIT +Tet 3: )eadin comprehension

%rammar Point4 %ender ?Masculine8feminine?Common ender?$euter %ender

*opic writin?discussion4 "nlish lanuae,famine, ariculture




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

irectionsB 9ea t%e passa"e T%en ans/er t%e uestions elo/

What do you do with your orange peels and corn cobs after you are

done eating? Most people throw them in the trash can. But food leftovers

do not have to go into the trash. They are biodegradable, which means

that they can be broken down by bacteria into natural materials. People

who like to garden often put their fruit and vegetable scraps in a special

place known as a compost pile.

compost pile is a spot outdoors where food waste can break down into

compost, which gardeners use. This process takes several months.

!nce the compost is created, people spread this mi"ture in their gardens

to add nutrients to the soil. The compost in the soil helps new plants

grow in the garden.

#ow do you take care of a compost pile? $t needs air, water, and heat.

Bacteria and other microorganisms break down the food waste into more

basic elements like water and carbon dio"ide. This process re%uires

o"ygen, so people use a shovel to turn compost regularly and help air reach all parts of the pile.

The pile cannot dry out, so it should be covered to keep moisture in. &inally, heat speeds up the

process. This means a compost pile should be in the sun for at least part of the day.

&ood leftovers are not the only things that turn into compost. 'ou can also add yard waste like grass

clippings, dried leaves, and straw. $n fact, you should add these things to create a healthy balance in

your compost. But do not add any weeds to your compost pile unless you want to grow weeds in your

garden( )ometimes seeds are left behind in the compost. This can be a welcome surprise if you find a

tomato plant sprouting where you had not planted one. The tomato seed was hiding in the compost,waiting to begin a new life in the garden.

&&. C(MP)"'"$S&($ C'"C

Answer the following ="estions 'ase# on the tet1. /ar#eners "se com!ost to

a. re#"ce the amo"nt of trash on the !lanet'. 'rea( #own foo# wastec. a## n"trient to the soil#. ta(e care of 'ateria an# other microorganisms

2. To ta(e care of com!ost !ile$ yo" have toI. t"rn it reg"larlyII. cover itIII. ma(e s"re it is in the s"n for at least !art of the #ay

a. I only'. I an# II onlyc. II an# III only#. I$ II an# III

3. 6eo!le sho"l# start a com!ost !ile if theya. nee# com!ost right away'. #o not li(e to gar#enc. want to !"t their foo# waste to goo# "se#. eat oranges an# corn




2012-2013

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. >o" sho"l# not !"t wee# in a com!ost !ile 'eca"sea. they #o not create a healthy 'alance'. foo# leftovers are the only things that t"rn into com!ostc. yo" #o not want s"!rise !lants growing in yo"r gar#en#. the see#s can create new wee#s in yo"r gar#en

K. As "se# in the &nal !aragra!h$ sproutingJ most nearly meansa. 'looming'. growingc. a!!earing#. hi#ing

D. The a"thor a!!arently 'elieves that a tomato !lanta. is not a wee#'. sho"l# not go in a com!ost !ilec. is the 'est thing a gar#ener can grow#. re="ires com!ost to grow




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A. U$D")S*A$D&$% %)AMMA)4

T%e ;ener in <n"lis%

In English$ we have three (in#s of /en#erB =asculine-Feminine ;enerCommon ;ener an !euter ;ener>

0. Masculine and !eminine %ender 4 There are three ways to change a wor# from masc"line to feminine form$

a) %e can change the wor# in masc"line form 'y another wor# in feminine form$Eam!leB 'oyH.I irl? 'rotherH.I sister?

) %e can change a wor# from masc"line to feminine form 'y a##ing something+ pre or suf to its masc"line form$

o A pre- + placed before the word BEam!le B he8catH.I she8cat ? man8servantH.I maid-servant ?

o A suN- + placed after the word

BEam!le B gran#-fatherH.I gran#-mother ? washer-manH.I washer-

woman ?

c) %e can also !"t a masc"line wor# into the feminine form 'y a##ing Z <SS [ to itsmasc"line form$

o A##ing Z <SS [ with no change to the masc"line form of the wor# +the,adical$

Eam!le B a"thorH.I a"thoress ? hostH.I hostess ?

o A##ing Z <SS [ an# #eleting the &nal consonant of the wor# in masc"lineform B

Eam!le B actorH.I actress ? h"nterH.I h"ntress ? tigerH.I

tigress ?

o A##ing Z <SS [ in an irreg"lar way B Eam!le B masterH.I mistress ? m"r#ererH.I m"r#eress ? tigerH.I

tigress ? sorcererH.I sorceress ?

F Particular cases04 wi#owerH.I wi#ow 'ri#e-groomH.I 'ri#e etc?

F Particular cases/ wor#s from foreign lang"ages4 heroH.I heroine

signorH.I signora s"ltanH.I s"ltana etc?

/. Common %ender 4

4ome wor#s in English can 'e masc"line or feminine$ that why we sai# they have

-ommon ender

Eam!le B 'a'y ? cat ? chil# ? co"sin ? !arent ? !erson ? shee! ? s!o"se ?

st"#ent etc ?

3. $euter %ender 4




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

That*s all no"ns meaning Z abstraction [$ things etc

Eam!le B wine ? mil( ? 'rea# ? ha!!iness ? !oliteness ? 'ea"ty ? silver ?

satisfaction ? committee etc ?




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

"E")C&S"S

i ;ive t%e correct &eminine &orm o& t%ese &ollo/in" /ors

1A '"ll VW ;;;;;;;;....

;;;;;;;;;..2A cat VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;;;3An "ncle VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;A coor#inator VW ;;;;;;;;....;.;;;..KA camel VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;.DAn actor VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;GA wolf VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;;FA coc( VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;;LA 'ear VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;;10A tiger VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;11A lion VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;..12A goat VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;.13'ri#egroom VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;

14ister-in-law VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;..1K:achelor VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;...1DA m"r#erer VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;.1GA host VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;..1FA !oliceman VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;1LA 'ee VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;.;..20A hero VW ;;;;;;;;....;..

;;;..;;;.

21A s"ltan VW ;;;;;;;;....

;;;;;;.;;22A #"(e VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;;23A master VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;2A sorcererVW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;.2K/o# VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;;;..2DA !oet VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;;.2GA !ro!het VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;.2FA she!her# VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;..2LA !eer VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;;.30A con#"ctor VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;31A tem!ter VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;.32A em!eror VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;334ir VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;;;;..

3/entleman VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;3KA (ing VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;;...3DAn h"s'an# VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;..3GA 8or# VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;;..3FAn cl"e VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;..;;;;;..3LA co"nty VW ;;;;;;;;....;;;;;;;;.0A ew VW ;;;;;;;;....

;;;;;;;;;;

i ;ive t%e masculine an &eminine &orm o& t%ese /ors in common "ener

1A goat ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;2A singer ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;

3A cat ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;A co"sin ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

KA monarch ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;DA 'a'y ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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GA s!o"se ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;FA servant ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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LA swine +!ig ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;10An horse +stallion ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;11A si'ling ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;12A !arent ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;

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%. 7ritin minimum 0 sentences

Choose one the topics below4

i. *he importance of "nlish lanuae in your daily lifeii. 7hatOs your opinion about some drama li:e famineGiii. *he importance of stron policies to boost ariculture in

&ndonesia

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2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

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2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

UNIT 5*e-t 64 !le-ible &rriation Systems

%rammar point4 &nterroative, relative

con<unctive pronouns *opic

writin?discussion4 "-plain what is your

opinion about e-ible irriation systems




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

lexible Irrigation Systems

ohn 8. ,erriam$ 6. E.$ .A4CE? 4t"art %. styles$ 6.E.$ ,.A4CE? an# :ea" .

reeman

Intro#"ction

In areas where irrigation is essential for cro! !ro#"ction$ the eective an#

res!onsi'le management of water reso"rces is critical. The on-farm !ro'lems create#

'y the "se of a rigi# \rotation sche#"le that !ermits a canal to o!erate contin"o"sly

at a constant How rate +an engineer*s #ream '"t a farmer*s nightmare are 'eginning

to 'e ac(nowle#ge# in !lanning. The rigi# rotation s"!!ly forces wastef"l water "se

s"ch as im!ro!er timing$ an# inhi'its goo# farm management. It may 'e associate#with s"'-s"rface #rainage? high water ta'le ca"se# salinity$ an# re#"ce# !ro#"ction

!ro'lems. 4"'-s"rface #rainage? high water ta'le ca"se# salinity$ an# re#"ce#

!ro#"ction !ro'lems.

A Hei'le irrigation s"!!ly !ermits a farmer to manage his lan#$ water$

weather$ an# la'or reso"rces as one integrate# "nit within his total farming !rogram.

lei'ility is essential to o!timiing farming o!erations an# maintaining s"staina'le

irrigate# agric"lt"re. The val"e to wi#ely "tilie# s"rface irrigation metho#s of large

varia'le How rates an# #aytime only sets$ an# half or less as m"ch la'or conveniently

an# more eectively "se#$ m"st 'e consi#ere# in the economics of !ro5ects +,erriam

an# reeman 2002.

The engineer often consi#ers a#e="ate sche#"ling as #elivering water on the#ay the farmer nee#s it +or in a set rotation with a vol"me as nee#e# '"t with a &e#

rate an# #"ration s"ch as 2h. These restraints have no correlation with soil inta(e

rate or consi#eration of farmer la'or or its convenience. The convenience of irrigating

when an# with the How rate #esire# has val"e to a farmer an# he is willing to !ay

higher water charge for the im!rove# service. It is not 5"st the vol"me of water

#elivere#$ '"t the way it is #elivere# to ma(e it "sa'leJ$ that is im!ortant. The

engineer m"st learn to thin( li(e an e#"cate# farmerJ.

E#"cate# on-farm control of irrigation water #eliveries !ermits a!!recia'le

re#"ction in #rainage an# salinity !ro'lems ca"se# 'y ecess an# non"niform

a!!lication. A limite# rate arrange#-#eman# sche#"le is the #esire# !ractical

sche#"le. The farmer on an arrange# #ay$ an# as #esire# +#eman# can ta(e a


2

20

15

10

5



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

varia'le How "! to the system*s #esign limit$ "se it as long as nee#e# to in&ltrate to

the #esire# #e!th$ an# then sh"t o the irrigation when it is &nishe#.




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

A. C(MP)"'"$S&($ C'"C

/nswer the following uestions based on the tet

1. %hat #oes the tet mainly #isc"ss;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..

2. Accor#ing to the tet$ what are the a#vantages of Hei'leirrigation

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..

3. Accor#ing to the tet$ what is among the !ro'lems that Hei'leirrigation hel!s to solve

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A. *"C'$&CA# U$D")S*A$D&$%

1. %hat*s the meaning of correlationJ in line 1G on the teta. Alternation c. issociation'. Com!lement #. Interconnection

2. %hat*s the meaning of inta'eJ in line 1G on the teta. Cons"m!tion c. @etain'. E!"lsion #. ,o#i&cation

3. %hat #oes con&enienceJ in line 1F refer toa. In"tility c. ysf"nction'. A#vantage #. isa#vantage

. %hat #oes inltrateJ in line 2D refer toa. iminishe# c. As!irate'. Eval"ate #. 6enetrate

K. %hat #oes &ariableJ in line 2K refer toa. Unvarying c. 7rganie#'. Inconstant #. Changef"l

5. (CA5U#A)+ &$ C($*"E*

1. %hat #oes the !rono"n it J in line K refer toa. lei'le irrigation c. Im!ro!er time'. arm management #. armer

2. %hat #oes the !rono"n it J in line 1D refer toa. The farmer c. The engineer




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

'. %ater #. A#e="atesche#"le

3. %hat #oes the !rono"n it J in line 20 refer to

a. The farmer*s la'or c. 4oil inta(e rate'. The irrigation #. The restraints

. %hat #oes the !rono"n it J in line 2D refer toa. Irrigation system c. the varia'le How "!'. The farmers* #eman# water #. The arrange# #ay

C. "$)&C'&$% (CA5U#A)+3dentify the meaning of the underlined words below4

1. In areas where irrigation is essential for cro! !ro#"ction$ the eective an#res!onsi'le management of water reso"rces is critical.

a. Analytical c. Con#emning'. Cr"cial #. eman#ing

2. The on-farm !ro'lems create# 'y the "se of a rigi# rotation sche#"le that !ermitsa canal to o!erate contin"o"sly at a constant How rate are 'eginning to 'eac(nowle#ge#a. Im!ortant c. amo"s'. @ecognie# #. Constit"te#

3. The rigi# rotation s"!!ly forces wastef"l water "se s"ch as im!ro!er timing$a. Im!ose# c. Involve#'. %rong #. right

. It may 'e associate# with s"'-s"rface #rainage?a. A!!arat"s removing ecess water c. %aste water'. 6i!e accessing water How into #. %ater

analysis

K. )igh water ta'le ca"se# salinitya. highly con#ense# water c. 4oil rate of

water'. Con#ense# water #. 4alt rate of water

D. lei'ility is essential to o!timiing farming o!erations an# maintaining

s"staina'le irrigate# agric"lt"rea. 7!erating c. ,aimiing'. @egressing #. A changing

G. lei'ility is essential to o!timiing farming o!erations an# maintainings"staina'le irrigate# agric"lt"rea. @ational c. Qia'le'. Imagina'le #. g"arantee#

F. The val"e to wi#ely "tilie# s"rface irrigation metho#s of large varia'le How ratesan# #aytime only setsa. Normally c. )o!ef"lly

'. /enerally #. s"ccessf"lly




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

L. The engineer often consi#ers a#e="ate sche#"linga. 4"ita'le c. Un&t'. Acce!ta'le #. Nat"ral

10. ; "se it as long as nee#e# to in&ltrate to the #esire# #e!tha. 4"rface c. 6ea('. :ottom #. #ee!ness




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

A. U$D")S*A$D&$% %)AMMA)

#nterro"ative relative (con?unctive pronouns)

&nterroative Pronouns :ata anti penanya4

1 7ho (person as a su?ect) 4 )siapa* Eam!le B 7ho is that girl 7ho gave yo" this 'oo(

2 7hom (person as an o?ect) 4 )siapa* Eam!le B !or whom #oes she ma(e the #ress 7ith whom

#o yo" go to school

• 4ometimes we can switch these e!ressions For /%om@it%

/%om 'y For /%o@it% /%oEam!le B

!or whom #oes she ma(e the #ress 7ho #oes shema(e the #ress for

7ith whom #o yo" go to school 7ho #o yo" go toschool with

3 7hose (epressin" t%e possession) 4 )mili' siapa* Eam!le B 7hose 'ag is that 7hose #!ensils are these

7hat (epressin" a namet%in"?o"rate o& someone) 4 )apa* Eam!le B 7hat is yo"r name 7hat is he

4 7hich (epressin" a c%oice) 4 )yang mana* Eam!le B 7hich #o yo"r !refere$ the a!!el or the mango

7hich of these girls will win the !rie

5 7here (epressin" a place) 4 )dimana* Eam!le B 7here are yo" from 7here #o yo" live

6 7hy (epressin" a reason) 4 )'enapa* Eam!le B 7hy are yo" so sa# 7hy #o yo" st"#y english

Other interrogative pronouns

&nterroative pronouns "-amples

;. ,"ch +'era!aharganya ;. ,any +'era!a how ;. 7ften +'era!a (ali ;. 8ong +'era!a lama ;. ar +'era!a 5a"h ;. 7l# +'era!a "m"r

)ow m"ch is that clothes)ow many si'lings #o yo" have)ow often #o yo" go to yo"rhometown)ow long #oes it ta(e to go to4"ra'aya)ow far is the !etrol station)ow ol# are yo"




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

Pa* attention

,ost of the time$ the interrogative !rono"ns will 'e lin(e# to the !re!osition

following the ver's


* with* to

who * at* about

Who do work with ?

Who are you talking about ?

Who are you looking at ?

Who are you talking about ?


*. for * likewhat * at

* about

What did you buy it for ?

What is the film like ?

What are you looking at ?

What are you talking about ?


where ; fromwhich ; in

7here #are yo" from

7hich co"ntry #o yo" live in

)elative or con<unctive Pronouns 4

They areB who? which? that? whom? whose +yang

1 7ho (person as a su?ect) 4 )yang* Eam!le B The girl who always !lays in front of my ho"se is

very 'ea"tif"l

2 7hom (person as an o?ect) 4 )yang* Eam!le B That is the woman whom I saw yester#ay

• 4ometimes we can switch these e!ressions For /%om@it%

/%om 'y For /%o@it% /%oEam!le B

This is the girl for whom I '"y this Hower Ay" is my frien# with whom I went sho!!ing

3 7hose (epressin" t%e possession) 4 )yg nya* Eam!le B The man whose wife #ie# yester#ay is my "ncle

7hat (epressin" a namet%in"?o"rate o& someone) 4 )apa yg# apa*

Eam!le B I cannot tell yo" (now what ha!!ene#

4 7hich (epressin" a c%oice) 4 )yang mana* Eam!le B This is the &sh which I &she# last night

5 7here (epressin" a place) 4 )dimana* Eam!le B og5a(arta is the city where I grew "!

6 7hy (epressin" a reason) 4 )'enapa* Eam!le B I #on*t (now why this g"y is staring at me li(e this




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

Pa* attention1

In s!o(en English$ relative or con5"nctive !rono"ns often are #elete#B

Eam!le B )e has something (t%at) I want ? This is the 'oo( (/%ic%)I'o"ght yester#ay? )e is the !ainter (/%om) hI a#mire?

Pa* attention2

7hich an# 7hat are not "se# after B

All> some> an*> somet%in"> ever*t%in"> an*t%in">

not%in"> muc%> an little

It is often "se# T%at

Eam!le B )e has something (t%at) I want ? All (t%at) I nee# is somerest?

"E")C&S"S

5. &nterroative sentences4

i Fill t%e lanBs /it% t%e correct interro"ative pronouns

1 ;;;;;;;;....;;. #i# yo" arrive >ester#ay2 ;;;;;;;.;;;;. have yo" travelle# :y !lane3;;;;;;;;;.;.;. many !assengers were there 7ne h"n#re#$ really;;;;;;;;;.;.;. #i# yo" tal( to ,r. T"rner

K;;;;;..;;;.;..;. #oes he #o Is he still a &shermanD;;;..;;;;;.;..;. #on*t yo" eat Aren*t yo" h"ngryG ;;;.;;..;;..;.;.. tic(ets are these ,r. T"rner*sF;;;;;;.;..;;.;. is ,r. 6a!a 7ne meter eightyL;;;;..;;..;....;;;. #oes the leather 'ag cost Two h"n#re#tho"san#s r"!iah10;;;;.;;;;;..;... #o they come an# visit the hos!ital Twice a year11;;.;;;;.;;;...;. one is yo"r car The 'rown one12;;;..;;;;;;.;.. shall I have to wait for an answer Two wee(s13....................................... '"ys some shirts ,y mother #oes1....................................... is the teacher tal(ing The teacher is tal(ing to)asan1K....................................... hat is that That is Ali*s hat1D....................................... #i# she write 4he wrote a letter1G....................................... #o yo" nee# A 'oo( or a !encil >o" nee# a'oo($ not a !encil1F....................................... of these girls will win the !rie

ii 9eorer t%ese /ors into correct interro"ative sentences

1now yo" 8ive %here #o ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;.2#o #o >o" %hat ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;.3yo"r salary monthly is %hat




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

yo" marrie# Are ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;Kmarrie# yo" %hen get #i# ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;Dyo"r what o #oes wife ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;

G)ow Chil#ren got yo" have many ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;F)ow a'roa# yo" o often go ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;

Lthis '"y for yo" #ress whom #i# ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;10a me hel! write who letter can to ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;

C. )elative con<unctive pronouns4 !ill the blan:s with the correctrelative pronouns

i Fill t%e lanBs /it% t%e correct relative pronouns

1 The man ;;;;;;; was here yester#ay has gone to rance

2 The Hower ;;;;;;; he 'o"ght is a lot"s3The man ;;;;;;; we were loo(ing for has come )e is a man ;;;;;;; I (now yo" can tr"stK This is the girl ;;;;;;; 'rother lives in 8on#onD I cannot tell yo" ;;;;;;; ha!!ene#G )e has something ;;;;;;; I wantF I (now all ..;;;;;;; he #i#L That*s the tiger ;;;;;;; he ca"ght10I saw everything ;;;;;;; he #i#11 Every +!eo!le<!erson ;;;;;;; +have<has ;;;;;;; to earnhonestly.12 In many co"ntries$ 3 years +are<is ;;;;;;; eno"gh to get yo"r:achelor #egree13 6eter is the 'oy ;;;;;;;.. ri#es the 'l"e 'i(e1This is the 'oy ;;;;;;;;;.. ha# an acci#ent1K>ester#ay I saw a car ;;;;;;;;; was really ol#1D,an#y is the girl ;;;;;;;;;;.. I met on ri#ay1GI haven*t seen 6eter$ ;;;;;;;;;. :rother is &ve$ for a long time1FThe ro''er stole the car ;;;;;;;;. the la#y !ar(e# in front of thes"!ermar(et1LThis is the man ;;;;;;;;;.. ho"se is on &re20Can I tal( to the girl ;;;;;;;;. is sitting on the 'ench21The 'oo( ;;;;;;;;.. yo" gave me is great

ii. =aBe some positive sentences usin" t%e relative pronouns

elo/




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

1who ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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2whom ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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3which ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

what ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;

K%hose ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;

D%here ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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;;;;;;;;;;;;

iii. =aBe some interro"ative sentences usin" t%e interro"ative

pronouns elo/

1who ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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2whom ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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3which ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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what ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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K%hose ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;

D%here




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

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;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;

/ive the #e&nition of B 1 Electron ? 2!roton? 3atom? ne"tron? Kmass?Delement? Gtem!erat"re? Fheat? Lenergy? 10com!o"n#




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

D. 7ritin

"-plain what is the denition of the concept of 1radioactivity2G %ivesome concret e-amples minimum 0 sentences

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2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

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UNIT

"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences 9/



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

*e-t 94 Aricultural "nineerin

%rammar point4 *he use of many,

much, a lot of lots of, few, a few,

little, a little a bit

7ritin?discussion4 "-plain how it loo:s

li:e studyin ariculture enineerin at

U$"J

A

gricultural engineering

Agric"lt"ral engineering is the engineering

#isci!line that a!!lies engineering

science an# technology

to agric"lt"ral !ro#"ction an# !rocessing.

Agric"lt"ral engineering com'ines the

#isci!lines of animal 'iology$ !lant 'iology$an# mechanical$ civil$ electrical an# chemi

cal engineering !rinci!les with a

(nowle#ge of agric"lt"ral !rinci!les.

4ome of the s!ecialties of agric"lt"ral engineers incl"#eB

the #esign of agric"lt"ral machinery$ e="i!ment$ an# agric"lt"ral str"ct"res

cro! !ro#"ction$ incl"#ing see#ing$ tillage$ irrigation an# the conservation

of soil an# water


10

5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_science


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_biology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_machinery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structures

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_biology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_machinery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structures

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water





2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

animal !ro#"ction$ incl"#ing the care an# !rocessing

of !o"ltry an# &sh an# #airy management

the !rocessing of foo# an# other agric"lt"ral an# 'iorenewa'le !ro#"cts$an# foo#

engineering.

:ioreso"rce engineering$ which "ses machines on the molec"lar level to hel! the

environment. The &rst c"rric"l"m in Agric"lt"ral Engineering was esta'lishe# at Iowa 4tate

University 'y . :. avi#son in 1L0K. The American 4ociety of Agric"lt"ral Engineers$

now (nown as the American 4ociety of Agric"lt"ral an# :iological Engineers$ was

fo"n#e# in 1L0G.

Agric"lt"ral Engineers may !erform tas(s as !lanning$ s"!ervising an# managing the

'"il#ing of #airy e]"ent schemes$ irrigation$ #rainage$ ^Hoo#_ an# water control

systems$ !erform environmental im!act

assessments$ agric"lt"ral !ro#"ct !rocessing an# inter!ret research res"lts an#

im!lement relevant !ractices. A large !ercentage of agric"lt"ral engineers wor( in

aca#emia or for government agencies s"ch as the Unite# 4tates e!artment of

Agric"lt"re or state agric"lt"ral etension services. 4ome are cons"ltants$ em!loye#

'y !rivate engineering firms$ while others wor( in in#"stry$ for man"fact"rers of

agric"lt"ral machinery$ e="i!ment$ !rocessing technology$ an# str"ct"res for ho"sing

livestoc( an# storing cro!s. Agric"lt"ral engineers wor( in !ro#"ction$ sales$management$ research an# #evelo!ment$ or a!!lie# science.

In the Unite# 9ing#om the term Agric"lt"ral Engineer is often also "se#

to #escri'e a !erson that re!airs or mo#i&es agric"lt"ral e="i!ment.


15

20

25

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_processing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_engineering


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioresource_engineering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_State_University


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Agricultural_and_Biological_Engineers


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_extension

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_processing



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioresource_engineering



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Agricultural_and_Biological_Engineers


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processing



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_extension

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

A. C(MP)"'"$S&($ C'"C

1. %hat #oes the tet mainly #isc"ss

a. e&nition of agric"lt"reengineering

'. evelo!ment of engineeringagric"lt"re st"#y

c. Agric"lt"re engineering as as"'5ect of interest

#. The origin of the termagric"lt"re engineeringJ

2. %hat can 'e interfere# a'o"t agric"lt"re engineering 'ase# on the !assage

a. It covers 'roa#er &el#s'. It is an i#enti&a'le occ"!ation

c. It is very com!etitive#. It is an !rogressing activity

3. The following are the &el#s where an agric"lt"re engineer may wor( $ Ece!t ;

a. @esearch<#evelo!ment'. 4ales

c. 6"'lic a#ministration#. 6ro#"ction

5. (CA5U#A)+ &$ C($*"E*

1. The wor# disciplineJ in line 2 co"l# 'e 'est re!lace# 'y ;

a. 4"'5ect'. Control

c. @eg"lation#. 6"nishment

2. The wor# principlesJ in line F refers to ;

a. )istorians'. Creators

c. octrines#. :ases

3. The wor# designJ in line 10 has a similar meaning as ;

a. Conce!tion'. ,etho# c. 6ers!ective#. ormation

. The wor# tillageJ in line 11 co"l# 'e re!lace# 'y ;

a. Animals* vaccination'. The lan#*s !re!aration for

!lanting cro!s

c. )ealth test for the animals#. )ealth test for the cro!s

K. The wor# poultry J in line 12 means ;.a. Chic(ens '"siness

'. ertilier '"siness

c. Cows '"siness

#. Cro!s '"siness




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

C. "$)&C'&$% (CA5U#A)+

3dentify the meaning of the underlined words below4

1. Animal !ro#"ction$ incl"#ing the care an# !rocessingof !o"ltry an# &sh an# #airy management

a. ,eat !ro#"ction'. ,il( innovation

c. ,eat innovation#. ,il( !ro#"ction

2. ; !erform environmental im!act assessments

a. 4tatements'. 7!inions

c. Tho"ghts#. ecisions

3. 4ome are cons"ltants$ em!loye# 'y !rivate engineering &rms$

a. actories'. Instit"tes

c. 7rganiations#. @esearch centers

. A large !ercentage of agric"lt"ral engineers wor( in aca#emia

a. In#"stry'. 4chool

c. arm#. :"siness mar(et

K. In the Unite# 9ing#om the term Agric"lt"ral Engineer is often also "se# to#escri'e a !erson that re!airs or mo#i&es agric"lt"ral e="i!ment

a. isting"ish'. Comm"nicate

c. characterie#. oc"s

Fill in t%e lanBs /it% suitale /ors in t%e o elo/

6ro'a'ly the most im!ortant scienti&c ;;;;;;;;;;;;;. of the 20thcent"ry was the 1LK3 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;. $ 'y ames %atson an# rancisCric($ of the str"ct"re of the NA molec"le which is the 'asis of here#ity. arwin ha#shown how ;;;;;;;;;;;;;. might have change# over eons 'y slow$

ran#om nat"ral !rocesses. %atson an# Cric( gave "s the (ey to moving evol"tionalong m"ch faster$ to ;;;;;;;;;;;;;. o"r own !"r!oses. +%hether the'iological worl# is governe# 'y /o#s !lan or arwins is a matter which contin"es to#ivi#e !eo!le$ '"t nothing in this re!ort sho"l# ;;;;;;;;;;;;;. yo" tochange yo"r own viewX

a @e="ire '. 4"it c. Event #. 4!eciese. iscovery














2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

". %)AMMA) U$D")S*A$D&$%

T%e use o& man* muc% a lot o& (lots o&) &e/ a &e/

little a little

1 Many 4 &or countale nouns,Eam!le B man* 'oo(s ? man* cars ? man* chairs ? man* !"!ils etc.

2 Much 4 &or uncountale nouns,Eam!le B muc% water ? muc% money ? muc% s"gar ? muc% in( etc.

3 A lot of Q lots of 4 &or countale or uncountale nouns,Eam!le B I have a lot o& 'oo(s ? I have lots o& frien#s ? I have a lot o&

s!are time ? there is a lot o& water here ?

o For uestions an ne"ative sentences :

It*s 'etter to "seB =an* an# =uc%B )for countable and uncountable nouns*#

Eam!leB we #i#n*t s!en# muc% money? how muc% water is there in the

class There aren*t man* !eo!le in the street Etc.

o For positive sentences :

It*s 'etter to "seB A lot o& B +for countable and uncountable nouns$

Eam!leB I nee# a lot o& time to &nish this wor(?

(ther e-pressions of Ruantity or lare number 4+For uncountale nouns

A "oo ("reat) eal o& ; '"siness

A lar"e uantit* o& ; wine

Plent* o& time

+For countale nouns

A "oo ("reat) man* ; c"stomers

A "reat numer o& ; cars

4 !ew?a few &or countale nouns 4

!ew +negative meaning$ can 'e re!lace# within a sentence

'y not many J

Eam!leB Fe/ !eo!le will a#mit their fa"lts? )as he &e/ 'oo(s 4he has &e/

frien#s$ ece!t yo"

A few +!ositive meaning$ can 'e re!lace# within a sentence

'y se&eralJ




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

Eam!leB I wish yo" wo"l# stay here a &e/ #ays? I was gla# to have a &e/

'oo(s? I have a &e/ frien#s 'esi#es yo"




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

5 #ittle?a little a bit &or uncountale nouns 4

#ittle +negative meaning$ can 'e re!lace# within a

sentence 'y not muchJ

Eam!leB I have little time to #o it? )e was sorry to &n# that he ha# little

money

A little +!ositive meaning$ can 'e re!lace# within a

sentence 'y a bit J

Eam!leB I am gla# I have a little time left? )e %ill yo" have a little wine

6lease give me a little 'rea#

"EC")C&S"S

a Fill t%e lanBs /it% &e/a &e/ littlea little

1. %e m"st 'e ="ic(. %e have ;;;;;;;;;. time

2. 8isten caref"lly. Im going to give yo" ;;;;;;;;;. a#vice

3. o yo" min# if I as( yo" ;;;;;;;;;. ="estions

. This town is not a very interesting !lace to visit$ so ;;;;;;;;;. to"rists

come here.

K. I #ont thin( ill wo"l# 'e a goo# teacher. 4hes got ;;;;;;;;;. !atience.

D. %o"l# yo" li(e mil( in yo"r coee >es !lease. ;;;;;;;;;.

G. This is a very 'oring !lace to live. Theres ;;;;;;;;;. to #o.F. )ave yo" ever 'een to 6aris >es$ Ive 'een there ;;;;;;;;;. times.

L. They live in a very small Hat 'eca"se they have ;;;;;;;;;. money.

10. I really nee# to see him. Ive got ;;;;;;;;;. ="estions to as( him.

11. Co"l# we have ;;;;;;;;;. cham!agne$ !lease

12. %ere yo" s"r!rise# ;;;;;;;;;.

13. Theyve alrea#y 'een to 4!ain ;;;;;;;;;. times.

1. These !lants re="ire ;;;;;;;;;. water an# its very han#y.

1K. At home$ the (itchen was a !leasant !lace. There were

always ;;;;;;;;;. Howers in a vase.

1D. )ows yo"r father ;;;;;;;;;. 'etter$ than(s.

1G. 4an#ra is H"ent in Italian$ rench an# 4!anish. Its ="ite

rare$ ;;;;;;;;;. !eo!le can s!ea( several foreign lang"ages.

1F. This 'oy isnt very !o!"lar at school. )es got very ;;;;;;;;;. frien#s.

(same as t%e eercise aD)

1. Come on @o'ertX I nee# ;;;;;;;;;. hel!.

2. )ow interestingX ;;;;;;;;;. !eo!le (now that.

3. %e ma#e goo# time 'eca"se there was ;;;;;;;;;. traPc so early in themorning.

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ;



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

. %e are going away for ;;;;;;;;;. #ays.

K. %ill yo" have ;;;;;;;;;. more ice cream %e might as well &nish it.

D. 4t"art is a goo# st"#ent$ he has ;;;;;;;;;. !ro'lems at school.

G. Can I hel! yo" I s!ea( ;;;;;;;;;. English.

F. I nee# to 'orrow ;;;;;;;;;. E"ros$ co"l# yo" hel! me

L. Its a very ="iet area here$ there is ;;;;;;;;;. noise in the streets.

10. i# yo" ta(e ;;;;;;;;;. !hotogra!hs #"ring yo"r holi#ays

11. )"rryX %eve got ;;;;;;;;;. time.

12. I met ,ichael ;;;;;;;;;. wee(s ago.

13. 4he is always alone. 4hes got ;;;;;;;;;. frien#s.

1. 8ets go an# have a #rin(. %eve got ;;;;;;;;;. time 'efore school

starts.

1K. 4he has ;;;;;;;;;. frien#s at the seasi#e$ an# we en5oy o"rselves a lot.

1D. ;;;;;;;;;. !eo!le can s!ea( two lang"ages !erfectly.

1G. 4he has got ;;;;;;;;;. !atience. 4he always gets angry.1F. The school was almost em!ty. There were ;;;;;;;;;. st"#ents.

1L. There is ;;;;;;;;;. s"gar in the ho"se. Can yo" go an# '"y some

20. %o"l# yo" li(e some tea >es$ !lease$ '"t only ;;;;;;;;;..

c Fill t%e lanBs /it% man*muc%

1. Theres ;;;;;;;;;. rain .

2. )ave yo" got ;;;;;;;;;.. frien#s

3. 4to! it X Its too ;;;;;;;;;.. for me X. I ho!e to have ;;;;;;;;;.. !resents for Christmas 'eca"se I was nice this

year X

K. No X I #ont #ive into this water$ its too ;;;;;;;;;.. col# X

D. 7h my 'e#room is messy I have so ;;;;;;;;;.. things X

G. )ow ;;;;;;;;;.. #oes it cost

F. )ow ;;;;;;;;;.. money #o yo" have

L. )ow ;;;;;;;;;.. oranges #i# yo" '"y

10. )ow ;;;;;;;;;.. orange 5"ice #i# yo" '"y

11. )ow ;;;;;;;;;.. 'oo(s #i# he write

12. )ow ;;;;;;;;;.. !eo!le will 'e at yo"r we##ing

13. Theres so ;;;;;;;;;.. love in yo"r eyes X

1. Theres too ;;;;;;;;;.. noise in this room X )"sh X The 'a'y slee!s X

1K. They have visite# ;;;;;;;;;.. co"ntries X

=aBe t/o sentences usin" &e/a &e/littlea-littleman*muc%

1few ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ;0



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

2a few ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;;3little ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;;a little ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;;Kmany

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Dm"ch ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;;

e =aBe t/o sentences usin" a "oo ("reat) eal o&a lar"e uantit*

o&plent* o&a "oo ("reat) man*a "reat numer o&

1a goo# +or great #eal of ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;;2a large ="antity of ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;;

3!lenty of ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;;a goo# +great many ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;;Ka great n"m'er of ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ;/



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

!. 7ritin

"-plain how it loo:s li:e studyin Chemistry at U$"J ive details about the

disciplines you are studyin, how your faculty is oraniLed, your lessonsetc minimum 0 sentences

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

UNIT $*e-t ;4 7ould +ou Could +ou, in the )ainG

%rammar point4 )elationship between

verbs8nouns8ad<ectives8and8adverbs

7ritin?discussion4 "-plain what do you

thin: about ariculture in &ndonesia4

advantaes and wea:nesses




2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

%

ould You, Could You, in the Rain?

S. /manda -audill# a doctoral student at the 6ni&ersity of ,hode 3sland# writes from

-osta ,ica# where she is assessing mammal di&ersity on co7ee farms.

*hursday, $ov. 0=, /00

The T"rrial'a area #oes not have

#istinct rainy an# #ry seasons li(e other

!laces in Costa @ica. It is relatively rainyall the time. 7"r three sites contain a

mi of coee$ native forests an# other

agric"lt"ral lan# "ses. Each is sam!le#

for a #"ration of two wee(s 'efore

moving onto the net site? this cycle will

'e re!eate# fo"r times$ yiel#ing a total

of a!!roimately eight wee(s of

sam!ling !er site

I am tol# that Novem'er is one the rainiest months$ an# we have seen a fair amo"nt

of rain ` rain that soa(s every &'er of yo"r clothing an# s(in. It is not the 'est

feeling to start yo"r #ay 'y !"tting on wet$ heavy 'oots. Than(f"lly$ there have 'een

only a han#f"l of #ays when it has raine# nonsto!. 4ome of the sites are ="ite stee!

an# #iPc"lt to traverse$ es!ecially when the gro"n# an# roc(s are slic( with m"#.

There are !oints within o"r st"#y gri#s where yo" literally have to t"c( into a 'all an#

"se yo"r feet as s(is$ ho!ing that yo" can stay "!right while sli#ing #own$ or 5"st go

ahea# an# sli#e #own on yo"r 'ottom an# ho!e that yo" can gra' onto something

not thorny or venomo"s to slow yo"rself #own. I am l"c(y to have a &el# team with a

great sense of a#vent"re +an# h"mor.

The consistent rain has an interesting eect on the coee. Instea# of the coee

!lants Howering an# !ro#"cing cherries once a year after the rains$ the !lants here

!ro#"ce cherries almost year ro"n#. There are coee cherries of all levels of ri!eness

right net to one another on one !lant. This means that coee !ic(ers are harvesting

the coee for a ma5ority of the time that we are in the &el#.

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ;;

5

2020

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2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

There can 'e "! to 100 wor(ers in o"r st"#y site !ic(ing coee. ,ost of them are

migrant wor(ers who ma(e very little money. %e try to e!lain the !"r!ose of the

tra!s an# what we are #oing. ,ost !eo!le thin( we are cray to st"#y mice an# rats$

es!ecially when we tell them that we are not going to (ill them. 7ne of the farmers

tol# me when we were co"nting the n"m'er of ri!e coee 'erries on a 'ranch

together$ >o"r wor( is very c"rio"s.J I thin( o"r e!lanation hel!s !eo!le

"n#erstan#$ '"t we still have a lot of tra!s stolen. 7"r car got 'ro(en into$ an# a 'ag

of 3D tra!s was ta(en so now o"r 'ac( stoc( of etra tra!s is r"nning #angero"sly

low.

The ro!es that we have 'een "sing to tie the trac( !lates together have 'een

#isa!!earing$ '"t at least ro!e is ine!ensive an# easy to !"rchase in town. %e have

not ha# m"ch s"ccess with the camera tra!s yet$ '"t we #o (now that they are

wor(ing. In the a'ove !ict"re se="ence$ one of the wor(ers loo(s insi#e the trac(

!late$ an# then ta(es the ro!e hol#ing it together. The coee !ic(ers tie !lastic

la"n#ry 'as(ets aro"n# their waists to hol# the coee cherries$ an# the ro!e is

!ro'a'ly very "sef"l for them.

%hen the trac( !lates #o stay intact$ they can yiel# some nice res"lts. The trac(

mar(s at right are those of a !oss"m in the forest of o"r &rst st"#y site. Altho"gh we

#i# not tra! any !oss"ms in the forest$ we now have some evi#ence that they are

there. Now if we co"l# 5"st (ee! o"r e="i!ment f"nctioning an# sec"re.

A C(MP)"'"$S&($ C'"C

1. %hat #oes the tet mainly #isc"ss

a. The T"rrial'a area'. )ot an# )"mi# 4easons in Costa @icac. The farmers !ic( some coee in T"rrial'a area#. An e!e#ition in the coee !lantation in T"rrial'a

2. Accor#ing to the !assage$ what was the 'iggest !ro'lem the a"thoress an# herteam face#

a. The 'ig forest of T"rrial'a'. The #iPc"lty to traverse thesites

c. ,any of their e="i!ments werestolen#. The rainy weather

3. %hat can 'e inferre# a'o"t the wor( of the a"thor*s team ;..

a. It interests the coee !ic(ers'. It im!resses the coee !ic(ers

c. It am"ses the coee !ic(ers#. It s"r!rises the coee !ic(ers

. The following are what the a"thor*s team wor( enco"ntere# $ Ece!t ;

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ;=

25

%0

%5



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

a. The weather*s harshness'. The farmers* colla'oration

c. The harshness of the wor(*scon#itions#. The farmer*s "n#erstan#ing

E (CA5U#A)+ &$ C($*"E*

D. The wor# distinct J in line 1 co"l# 'e 'est re!lace# 'y ;

a. ierent'. 4imilar

c. isting"isha'le#. 8ong

G. The wor# approimately J in line F refers to ;

a. Amo"nt'. A'o"t

c. 8ess#. ,ore

F. The wor# soa'sJ in line 11 has a similar meaning as ;

a. To #irty'. To tear

c. To enter#. To #i!

L. The wor# e&idenceJ in line 3G co"l# 'e re!lace# 'y ;

a. E!lanation'. 6roof

c. contra#iction#. @ef"tation

10. The wor# pic'ingJ in line 22 means ;.a. To ta(e'. To select

c. To arrange#. To eamine

C "$)&C'&$% (CA5U#A)+

3dentify the meaning of the underlined words below4

11. Now if we co"l# 5"st (ee! o"r e="i!ment f"nctioning an# sec"re

a. han# !hone'. clothes

c. ,achine#. ,aterial

12. It is relatively rainy all the time.

a. A'"n#antly'. 7'vio"sly

c. @arely#. Us"ally

13. rain that soa(s every &'er of yo"r clothing an# s(in.

a. 4"'stance'. ilament

c. 6art#. Com!onent

1. Than(f"lly$ there have 'een only a han#f"l of #ays when it has raine# nonsto!

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ;@



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() C'"M"S*)+

a. A#vantageo"sly'. Unfort"nately

c. 8"c(ily#. /enero"sly

1K. There are !oints within o"r st"#y gri#s where yo" literally have to t"c( into a 'all

a. A'sol"tely'. Com!letely

c. "lly#. :asically

1D. The consistent rain has an interesting eect on the coee

a. A'"n#ent'. 4ta'le

c. @eg"lar#. Contin"o"s

1G. 4ome of the sites are ="ite stee! an# #iPc"lt to traverse

a. high

'. @ising an# falling shar!ly

c. lat an# smooth

#. 4li!!ery

1F. an# ho!e that yo" can gra' onto something not thorny or venomo"s to slowyo"rself #own

a. )"rting'. !oisono"s

c. Contagio"s#. angero"s

1L. There are coee cherries of all levels of ri!eness right net to one another on one!lant

a. 4tate of 'eing mat"re'. 4tate of 'eing #ry

c. 4tate of 'eing ri!e#. 4tate of 'eing harveste#

20. '"t at least ro!e is ine!ensive an# easy to !"rchase in town.

a. To get'. in#

c. 7r#er#. :"y

=aBe t/o sentences /it% t%ese &ollo/in" /ors

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Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences ;B



2012-2013

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Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences =



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

&. %)AMMA) U$D")S*A$D&$%

T%e use o& nouns a?ectives an avers

A wor# may have vario"s forms an# constr"cts new meanings an# are "se# in

#ierent ways. The wor# has #ierent formations 'y changing it in a new form.

0. SU!!&E"S

$(U$ H FG T ADJ"C*&" +meaningB full of# ha&ing$(U$ H G<SS T ADJ"C*&" +meaningB without

$oun H ful Ad<ective H less Ad<ectiveArt Artf"l Artlessear earf"l earlessUse Usef"l Useless:ea"ty :ea"tif"l -

4(ill 4(illf"l -Chil# Chil#lessCo"nt - Co"ntlessefense - efenseless

C(U$* $(U$ 'HH T $($C(U$* A5S*)AC* $(U$Count $oun H %oo Abstract nounA#"lt A#"lthoo#Chil# Chil#hoo#6arent 6arenthoo#4ister 4isterhoo#:rother :rotherhoo#

%i#ow %i#owhoo#

C(U$* $(U$ S'#P T $($C(U$* A5S*)AC* $(U$Count $oun H s%ip Abstract nounrien# rien#shi!8ea#er 8ea#ershi!,em'er ,em'ershi!4cholar 4cholarshi!@elation @elationshi!

ADJ"C*&" !<SS T $($C(U$* A5S*)AC* $(U$Ad<ective H ness Abstract noun

A!!ro!riate A!!ro!riateness

Aware Awareness

Clever Cleverness

Conscio"s Conscio"sness

ar( ar(ness

ADJ"C*&" #t* T A5S*)AC* $(U$Ad<ective H it* Abstract noun

A'le A'ility



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

Accessi'le Accessi'ility

6ro'a'le 6ro'a'ility

6ro#"ctive 6ro#"ctivity

@es!onsi'le @es!onsi'ility

")5 Tion (sion) T $(U$erb H tionsion noun

A'ort A'ortion

Accelerate Acceleration

Accommo#ate Accommo#ation

orm ormation

Imitate Imitation

")5 <r T $(U$erb H <r noun

Analye Analyser

Anno"nce Anno"ncer

@o' @o''er

@"le @"ler

Train Trainer

")5 Hr T $(U$erb H Hr noun

6rosec"te 6rosec"tor

/enerate /enerator

,otivate ,otivator

Contract Contractor

Contri'"te Contri'"tor

")5 =ent T $(U$erb H =ent nounAnno"nce Anno"ncementevelo! evelo!ment,anage ,anagementEcite EcitementAttach Attachement")5 Ale (Iile) T ADJ"C*&"erb H tionsion noun

Acce!t Acce!ta'le

Collect Collecti'le

Comm"nicate Comm"nica'le



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

@ely @elia'le

Qal"e Qal"a'le

%asher %asha'le

")5 #ve (active) T ADJ"C*&"erb H #veactive ad<ective

Act Active

A#ministrate A#ministrative

E!lo#e E!losive

6rovo(e 6rovocative

Alternate Alternative

Tal( Tal(ative

")5 G* T AD")5Ad<ective H G* adverb

A'r"!t A'r"!tly

)o!ef"l )o!ef"lly

Im!ortant Im!ortantly

Interesting Interestingly

6ro"# 6ro"#ly

"EC")C&S"S

a Complete t%is c%art (a?ectives-avers)

A?ective

Aver

A?ective

Aver

/ngrily

8ra&e

desperately

9run'en

..

ecitedly

:oud

. Ner&ously

uic' .

uietly

,omantic

slowly

Soft



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

Complete t%is c%art (ver-A?ective)

Jer

A?ective

Jer

A?ective

dream

-onser&e

rainy

harm

..

ecitedly

frighten

. 3n(ured

9i&ide .

eplicable

hate

slowly

6nderstand

c Complete t%is c%art (ver-noun)

Jer !oun Jer !oun

;rint

-onser&e

;romotion

,ecess ..

schedule

fail

. :eader

9i&ide .

:ecturer

Succeed

;arliament

6nderstand

=aBe some sentences /it% t%ese &ollo/in" /ors

1. ear;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;2.earless;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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.Use +ver'



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

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;;;;;;;;;;;;K.Usef"l;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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D.Useless;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;G.Usef"lly;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;F.Usef"lness;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;L.Chil#;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;10.Chil#hoo#;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;..10.A#"lt;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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;;;;;;;;;;;;12.rien#

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;;;;;;;;;;;;13.rien#shi!;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;..1.Clever;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;..1K.Cleverness;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;1D.Analyse;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;1G.Analier;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;1F.Analisis;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;..1L.Comm"nicate;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;..20.Comm"nication



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

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22.Interest +ver';;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;23.Interest +no"n;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

2.Interesting;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;2K.Interestingly;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

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". 7ritin

"-plain what do you thin: about ariculture in &ndonesia4 advantaes andwea:nesses Minimum 0 sentences

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2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

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2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

UNIT <*e-t =4 %rowin *echnoloy

%rammar point4 *he derees of comparison

7ritin?discussion4 %ive your opinion about

the introduction of technoloy in ariculture

/

Rowing Technology



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

Two innovations in !artic"lar have allowe# farmers an# agric"lt"ral engineers to

manage &el#s more !reciselyB 1 the availa'ility of /lo'al 6ositioning 4ystems

+/64 to the general !"'lic$ an# 2 the intro#"ction of instantaneo"s yiel#

monitors.

/64 "ses a system of satellites to !rovi#e "sers with acc"rate information a'o"t

their !osition an# velocity anywhere in the worl#. evelo!e# 'y the U.4. military

#"ring the 1LG0s an# 1LF0s$ /64 was not availa'le to the general agric"lt"ral

comm"nity "ntil 1LL2$ '"t it ha# an imme#iate im!act on !recision farming.

/64 allowe# "s to acc"rately recor# an# ma! the location of soil an# cro!

variances in a given &el#$J says @"ssell )ahn$ the former #irector of stan#ar#s

an# technical activities with the American 4ociety of Agric"lt"ral Engineers.

%itho"t it$ !recision farming as we (now it wo"l# not have 'een !ossi'le.J

Aro"n# the same time that /64 was a!!lie# to !recision farming$ agric"lt"rale="i!ment com!anies s"ch as ohn eere? New )ollan#$ N.Q.? an# Case Cor!.

came o"t with yiel# monitors$ which allow farmers to recor# variances in &el#

yiel# as they harvest their cro!s. These monitors gave farmers a new way to

meas"re an# a#a!t for variances within a given &el#. %e have always ha# soil

ma!s$J says 6arsons. :"t the #evelo!ment of yiel# monitors co"!le# with the

availa'ility of /64 allowe# "s to start to loo( at varia'ility within &el#s 'ase# on

yiel# levels$ an# to a#5"st the a!!lication of agric"lt"ral in!"t accor#ingly.J

Agric"lt"ral engineers an# com!"ter scientists are ma(ing a#vances with many

other systems that will allow for more acc"rate a!!lications of !recision farming.)ere are a few of the most signi&cantB

• Electrical con#"ctivity. 4everal metho#s "sing electrical con#"ctivity are 'eing

em!loye# to estimate to!soil #e!th$ organic matter variations an# other

!arameters. 4ome of the more !o!"lar systems c"rrently in "se incl"#e the E,-

3F$ 'eing teste# 'y the University of ,isso"ri$ an# the Qeris system. This

technology !rovi#es farmers an# engineers with more #etaile# soil ty!e ma!!ing.

• @emote sensing refers to a !rocess of o'taining information a'o"t lan# or water

witho"t any !hysical contact 'etween the sensor an# the s"'5ect of analysis. It

involves meas"ring s!ectral varia'ility in light reHectance from satellite-$ air!lane-or gro"n#-'ase# s!ectral scanners. Using this techni="e$ scientists can analye

large an# small segments of soil$ an# meas"re changes in s"ch varia'les as soil

ty!e$ soil moist"re an# organic matter content over a given !erio# of time.

• 4ensor #evelo!ment. 4cientists are #evelo!ing an array of sensing e="i!ment

that can 'e "se# to meas"re a variety of &el# factors. or eam!le$ the 46A

meter estimates cro! chloro!hyll content an# #etects areas of a &el# lac(ing in

nitrogen in time to re#"ce &el# loss. Another ty!e of sensor is the car#y meter$

which is a han#-hel# electronic tool that estimates n"trient stat"s is a &el#. 7ther

sensors estimate varia'ility in organic matter an# a#5"st her'ici#e a!!lication

rates accor#ingly.

5

10

15

20

25

%5

%0



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

The 'ene&ts of !recision farming are threefol#. It hel!s farmers re#"ce costs 'y

allowing them to a!!ly fertiliers$ !estici#es an# other agric"lt"ral in!"ts only

where they are nee#e#. It hel!s farmers increase yiel# 'y ins"ring that each area

of a &el# receives the in!"t elements that will create the greatest yiel#. inally$ it

'ene&ts the environment 'y lowering the total amo"nt of !estici#es an# fertiliersa!!lie# to a &el#.

6recision farming maimies !ro#"ction in a way that minimies the cost of

in!"ts as well as any #etrimental eects on the environment$J says 6arsons. I

thin( it oers tremen#o"s o!!ort"nities for engineers.J

/len @ains$ an assistant !rofessor with the University of /eorgia :iological an#

Agric"lt"ral Engineering e!artment$ also 'elieves that !recision farming oers

goo# o!!ort"nities for engineers$ '"t he #oesn*t thin( the 5o' mar(et is as strong

as it might 'e. This area isn*t growing as fast as it co"l# 'e 'eca"se of the

c"rrent farm economy$J @ains says. ^6recision farming_ involves a tremen#o"s

amo"nt of #ata collection to hel! yo" manage yo"r farm. :"t it ta(es may'e

three$ fo"r or &ve years of #ata to really see the 'ene&t. An# when yo" are in the

cr"nch to ma(e money so that yo" can farm 5"st the net year$ it*s to"gh to invest

in !recision farming$ 'eca"se it is an investment in time an# in money to get

involve#.J

:eca"se of the #ownt"rn in the farm economy$ @ains 'elieves that the growth of

!recision farming #ivisions for most of the larger agric"lt"ral e="i!ment

com!anies has slowe#. )owever$ he notes that am!le o!!ort"nities still eist with

some of the smaller com!anies. :eca"se agric"lt"re is having s"ch a to"gh time

of it now$ fewer reso"rces are 'eing investe# in !recision farming 'y some of the

larger com!anies$J he says. :"t there are some smaller com!anies that are

growing 'y #evelo!ing mar(ets for yiel# monitors$ varia'le rate a!!licators an#

other ty!es of technology. @ight now$ the 'est o!!ort"nities may 'e with these

ty!es of com!anies.J

Engineering an# com!"ter science st"#ents intereste# in careers in !recision

agric"lt"re sho"l# (ee! their eye on the mar(et. The farm economy can im!rove

ra!i#ly an# career o!!ort"nities along with it.

&. C(MP)"'"$S&($ C'"C

Answer the following ="estions 'ase# on the tet1. %hat is the tet a'o"t

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..

2. Accor#ing to the tet$ what has consi#era'ly 'ooste# agric"lt"re nowa#ays

50

55

+0

+5

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2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

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2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

A. (CA5U#A)+ &$ C($*"E*

1. %hat #oes the wor# allowedJ in line 1 meana. )el! c. eny

'. 8et #. Contri'"te

2. %hat #oes the wor# accurateJ in line meana. Qag"e c. etaile#'. /lo'al #. aithf"l

3. %hat #oes the a#ver' har&est J on line 1 meana. /ather c. 4ow'. 4ee# #. 6ro#"ce

. %hat #oes the ver' coupledJ on line 1D meana. 4e!arate# c. istinct

'. :ro"ght #. Com'ine#

K. %hat #oes the wor# reectance= on line 2L meana. @ay '. Intensity'. Eect #. bone

5. "$)&C'&$% (CA5U#A)+

I#entify the meaning of the "n#erline# wor#s 'elowB

1 the availa'ility of /lo'al 6ositioning 4ystems +/64 to the general !"'lic$a. A'ility to 'e o'taine# c. Una'ility to 'e

"se#'. A'ility to 'e "n#erstoo# #. A'ility to 'e

learnt2 the intro#"ction of instantaneo"s yiel# monitors

a. elaye# c. 4!ontaneo"s'. Event"al #. irectly

3 /64 "ses a system of satellites to !rovi#e "sers with acc"rate informationa'o"t their !osition an# velocity anywhere in the worl#a. 4!ee# c. Characteristic'. @ealisation #. "nctions

which allow farmers to recor# variances in &el# yiel# as they harvest theircro!sa. 4imilit"#es c. ,"tations'. 4e!arations #. ivergences

K the availa'ility of /64 allowe# "s to start to loo( at varia'ility within &el#s'ase# on yiel# levels$ an# to a#5"st the a!!lication of agric"lt"ral in!"taccor#inglya. ,ani!"late c. Create'. A#a!t #. @ealise

D 4cientists are #evelo!ing an array of sensing e="i!ment that can 'e "se# tomeas"re a variety of &el# factors.a. An area c. Arrangement



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

'. A formation #. ,anagement



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

G It hel!s farmers re#"ce costs 'y allowing them to a!!ly fertiliers$a. A chemical to increase soil fertility c. A s"'stance to (ill the cro!s*s

'acteria'. A s"'stance to !"rify the soil #. A chemical to !ro#"ce /,

cro!s

F )owever$ he notes that am!le o!!ort"nities still eist with some of the smallercom!aniesa. ,eager c. 6lentif"l'. /oo# #.

Enco"raging

L :eca"se of the #ownt"rn in the farm economy$ @ains 'elieves that the growthof !recision farming #ivisions for most of the larger agric"lt"ral e="i!mentcom!anies has slowe#a. evelo!ment c. :ene&t'. @ecession #. 7rganiation

10it*s to"gh to invest in !recision farming$ 'eca"se it is an investment in timean# in money to get involve#a. )ar# c. 4mart'. 8"c(y #. Costly

C Fill in t%e lanBs /it% suitale /ors in t%e o elo/

If there has 'een one constant in agric"lt"re over the years$ it has 'een the nee# tomaimie yiel# for a given s!ace of lan#. armers have long (nown that #"e to varying#rainage an# soil ;;;;;;;;;;;$ #ierent !arts of an in#ivi#"al &el# re="ire

#ierent levels of in!"t. Enter the won#ers of technology to 'ring a'o"t !recisionfarming$J also calle# site-s!eci&c farming$ to a#a!t elements s"ch as see#$ fertilier an#!estici#e to the ;;;;;;;;;;; nee#s of an in#ivi#"al &el#.

armers have ;;;;;;;;;;;varia'ility in their &el#s for years$J says 4am6arsons$ an associate !rofessor in the e!artment of Agric"lt"ral an# :iologicalEngineering at 6"r#"e University. An# many of them$ ;;;;;;;;;;; when thefarms were smaller in sie$ !ractice# a ty!e of !recision farming. :"t they ha# to #o it ona man"al 'asis. It is only within the last few years that technology has ca"ght "! with theconce!t. armers are now a'le to manage in#ivi#"al areas of their &el#s more;;;;;;;;;;;acc"rately.J

a. accurately b. specially c. varyin d. reconiLede. !roperties



2012-2013

"$%#&S' !() A%)&CU#*U)A# "$%&$"")&$%

&. %)AMMA) U$D")S*A$D&$%

&.0 T%e e"rees o& comparison

In English$ we have 3 #egrees of com!arisonB The !ositive #egree$ the Com!arative an#the 4"!erlative #egree

1 !or ad<ectives with 0 or / syllables, we add 1)2 or 1")2 for thecomparative and 1"S*2 for the superlativeEam!le B @ich HI @icher HI @ichest ? Thic( HI Thic(er HI Thic(est ? etc.

2 !or an ad<ective with 0 or / syllables endin by a consonant preceded bya vowel, we double the consonant and we add 1")2 for the comparativeand 1"S*2 for the superlativeEam!le B :i" HI :i""er HI :i""est ? %et HI %etter HI %ettest ? etc.

3 !or an ad<ective endin by 1"2, we only add 1)2 for the comparativeand 1S*2 for the superlative

Eam!le B Nice HI Nicer HI Nicest ? ine HI iner HI inest ? etc.

!or an ad<ective endin by 1+2 preceded by a consonant, 1+2 will bereplaced by 1&2, then we add 1")2 for the comparative and 1"S*2 forthe superlativeEam!le B r* HI rier HI riest ? )a!!* HI )a!!ier HI )a!!iest ? etc.

4 !or an ad<ective endin by 1+2 preceded by a vowel, we :eep the nalvowel 1+2 and we add 1")2 for the comparative and 1"S*2 for thesuperlativeEam!le B /re* HI /re*er HI /re*est ? Co* HI Coyer HI Coyest ? etc.

5 !or an ad<ective with 0 or / syllables endin by 1S(M"2, 1(72, 1#"2,

1")2, we add 1)2 for the comparative and 1S*2 for the superlativeEam!le B %holesome HI %holesomer HI %holesomest ? Narro/ HI

Narrower HI Narrowest ? No'le HI No'ler HI No'lest ? etc.

6 !or an ad<ective with 0 or / syllables with a hih pronunciation for therst syllable, we add 1M()"2 for the comparative and 1M(S*2 forthe superlative

Eam!le B amo"s HI =ore amo"s HI =ost amo"s? Usef"l HI =ore

Usef"l HI =ost Usef"l? etc.

7 Some ad<ectives have irreular comparative and superlative formsEam!le B amo"s HI =ore amo"s HI =ost amo"s? Usef"l HI =ore

Usef"l HI =ost Usef"l? etc.

&rreular ad<ectives Comparative forms Superlative forms



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:a#

/oo#

,"ch

8ittle

Near

7l#

8ate

%orst

:etter

,ore

8ess

Nearer--------7l#erEl#er--------8ater8atter

%orst

:est

,ost

8east

Nearest--------7l#estEl#est--------8atest8ast

)emar:04 <ler an# <lest are "se# for !eo!le an# mostly for

!eo!le in a same family$ while Hler an# Hlest are more common$ general$ an# are

"se# to e!ress age etc.

Eam!le B ,ary is my elest> )e is my eler 'rother? ohn is oler than me?

That is the ol#est hotel in this city etc.

)emar:/4

-Gater means the last +a'o"t time

Eam!le B 4he came to school later than I? I will ta(e the later !lan?

-Gatter e!resses the secon# +last thing that we alrea#y mentionne#

Eam!le B Alean#ria an# Cairo are large cities$ the latter has a !o!"lation of

over a million?

- The o!!osite of Gatter is Former

Eam!le B Alean#ria an# Cairo are large cities$ the &ormer is a sea!ort in north

Egy!t?

-Gatest means the last "ntil now while Gast means the last one +en#

Eam!le B i# yo" rea# ,r. /reen*s latest 'oo( i# yo" rea# ,r. /reen*s last

'oo(

8 Cases of several adverbs

Adverbs Comparative forms Superlative forms

ore

ar

In

7"t

U!

"rther +EB f"rtherinformation

arther +EB :ang(o( isfarther than ,anile

Inner +E? Inner 'ea"ty

7"tter<Utter +E? 7"tters!ace

U!!er +E? the "!!erHoor

"rthest

arthest

Innermost<Inmost

Uttermost<Utmost

U!!ermost



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10 *hese followin ad<ectives have no comparative or superlative forms4Perfect, Supreme, )iht, 7ron, UniRue, $atural HEam!le B ,y wor( is more !erfect than his HI False

&./ 'ow to ma:e comparative and superlative forms

1 Positive deree

As Positive As I K This girl is as cle&er as that$o less positive than I K This girl is no less cle&er t%an that$ot more positive than I K This girl is not morecle&er t%an that



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2 Comparative deree

Comparative *han I K This 'oy is more clever t%an that I K8isa is taller t%an her sister

3 Superlative deree

*he Superlative (f I K4he is t%e tallest o& all thegirls*he Superlative $oun in I K a(arta is t%e largest city in In#onesia

&.3 #atin comparatives

Those a#5ectives are coming from 8atin lang"ageB superior to +greater<'etter than$

inferior to +less<lower than$ anterior to +earlier than$ prior to +earlier than$

posterior to +later than$ senior to older than, <unior to +yo"nger than etc.

*o form the #atin comparative, 1than2 will be replaced by 1to2

Eam!le B ,y strength is superior to his?

Eam!le B )is strength is in&erior to mine

Eam!le B This event is anterior to that?

Eam!le B This event is prior to that?

Eam!le B This event is posterior to that?

Eam!le B This woman is senior to that one?

Eam!le B This 'oy is ?unior to that one?

4ome other a#5ectives from 8atin lang"age can 'e "se# in a positive

deree witho"t "sing toJB interior$ eterior$ "lterior$ ma5or$ minor etc.

Eam!le B )e is an interior #ecorator? )e ha# an ulterior !"r!ose in #oing this?

there are a lot of ma?or in#"stries in In#onesia? That fact has a minor im!ortance?

)e "n#erwent a minor s"rgery?



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"-ercises

a Complete t%eses sentences /it% t%e ri"%t comparativesuperlative &orm

1. 4an#ra is ;;;;;;;;;;;; 4o!hia +O!retty

2. This song is;;;;;;;;;;;; the !revio"s one +Ogoo#

3. ,y 'oat is ;;;;;;;;;;;; yo"rs +V e!ensive

. This 'oo( is ;;;;;;;;;;;; that one +V'a#

K. "rassic 6ar( is ;;;;;;;;;;;; than 4tar %ars +-frightening

D. The 8ost %orl# is ;;;;;;;;;;;; than "rassic 6ar( 1 +-goo#

G. 6eter is ;;;;;;;;;;;; st"#ent in the school +O intelligent

F. This m"se"m is ;;;;;;;;;;;; !lace in the town +- interesting

L. 6eter #rives ;;;;;;;;;;;; than Tony +O ="ic(ly

10. >o" have got ;;;;;;;;;;;; sweets than she has +Omany11. ,o"nt Everest is ;;;;;;;;;;;; than mo"nt 9iliman5aro +Ohigh

12. A h"rricane is ;;;;;;;;;;;; than a storm +Ofrightening

13. 8earning Chinese is ;;;;;;;;;;;; than learning a!anese +O'a#

1. A"g"st is ;;;;;;;;;;;; than ecem'er +Ohot

1K. @i#ing a horse is ;;;;;;;;;;;; than ri#ing a 'icycle +O#iPc"lt

1D. ohn is goo# at math '"t Eric is ;;;;;;;;;;;; +Ogoo#

1G. This &lm is ;;;;;;;;;;;; than the one we saw last wee( +Of"nny

1F. A tiger is ;;;;;;;;;;;; than a lyn +Ostrong

1L. Im "!set a'o"t re##y$ he is ;;;;;;;;;;;; than his sisters +Olay

20. The weather is ;;;;;;;;;;;; in Englan# than in /rodnlan# +O!leasant

Fin t%e comparative &orm o& t%ese &ollo/in" a%ectives (+)

1. /reat I

K;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..

2. E!ensive I

K;;;;;;;;;;;;

3. a'"lo"s I

K;;;;;;;;;;;;..

. 8arge I

K;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..

K. 4hort I

K;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..

D. ast I

K;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

G. angero"s I

K;;;;;;;;;;;;.

F. Tal(ative I

K;;;;;;;;;;;;;

L. 4t"!i# I

K;;;;;;;;;;;;;;..

10. Early I

K;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.

c Complete t%eses sentences /it% t%e ri"%t comparativesuperlative &orm

1. The car n1 is ;;;;;;;;;;;; than the car n2. +chea!



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2. The car n2 is ;;;;;;;;;;;; than the car n1. +e!ensive

3. The car 1 is not ;;;;;;;;;;;; as the car 2. +e!ensive

. The car 2 is ;;;;;;;;;;;; than the car 1. +wi#e

K. The car 1 is not as ;;;;;;;;;;;; as the car 2. +wi#e

D. The car 2 is the ;;;;;;;;;;;; car in the worl#. +'ea"tif"l

G. The car 1 is the ;;;;;;;;;;;; car in the worl# +chea!

Fin t%e comparative &orm o& t%ese &ollo/in" a%ectives (+)

1. )ealthy IK;;;;;;;;;;;;.

2. 4im!le IK;;;;;;;;;;;;..

3. Chilly IK;;;;;;;;;;;;;

. %ise IK;;;;;;;;;;;;;..

K. )eavy IK;;;;;;;;;;;;..

D. "nny I

K;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

G. ,o#ern IK;;;;;;;;;;;;;

F. :ore# I

K;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

L. ealo"s IK;;;;;;;;;;;;;.

10. "iet I

K;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.

e. =aBe some sentences /it% t%ese &ollo/in" /ors

1. 4"!erior to;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;2. Inferior to;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;3. ,inor;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;. ,a5or;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;K. "nior to;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;D. 4enior to;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;G. 8ater;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;F. 8atest;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;;;;;;;;;;;L. 8ast



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!. 7ritin

%ive your opinion about the introduction of technoloy in ariculture Minimum0 sentences

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Modul_English Class Chemistry-MIPA

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