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Lecture #9

Industrial Development And TheChallenge Of Environmental Sustainability

Environmental Management

Environmental Management

the management of the environment

An EMS is : A continual cycle of planning,

implementing, reviewing and improving theprocesses and actions that an organizationundertakes to meet its environmental obligations.

Human ActivitiesEnvironmental

Impacts

Human Goals: Posperity Security Safety Happiness Etc.

Acceptable impacts? Level Frequency Fatality Quantity etc.

Siklus Material Biota dan Bumi

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Sustainable system:

Siklus tertutup sehingga jumlah total material/conserved

Semua proses hanya mengubah senyawa satu menjadisenyawa yang lain tidak mengurangi atau menambahjumlah total material dalam sistem

Karena semua proses cenderung menaikkan entropiagar sistem tetap stabil harus ada sumber energy dariluar (external energy) yang bisa mempertahankanentropy seluruh system pada suatu kondisi

kesetimbangan tertentu.

Fikirkan dari mana external energy yang berperanmempertahankan kesetimbangan siklus biota bumi ini?

Perubahan Komposisi Kimia Bumi dan

Atmosfer

Sistem bumi tidak sepenuhnya stabil

Indikasinya: perubahan komposisi kimia bumi danatmosfer dari waktu ke waktu

Namun skala waktunya sangat panjang (milyaran tahun)

Sehingga sistem biota bumi mempunyai waktu untukmenyesuaikan diri

Contoh kasus: proses terbentuknya endapan kapur, besi,minyak dll.

Siklus Material IndustryProses Industri memperpendek skala waktuperubahan komposisi atmosfer & Bumi

Skala waktu perubahan mungkin hanya beberapa harihingga beberapa ratus tahun saja

Sistem biota bumi yang lain tidak punya waktu cukupuntuk adaptasi

Contoh kasus: perubahan komposisi danau, sungai,tanah, atmosfer akibat buangan industri.

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Types of Material Uses: Recyclability

1. Penggunaan yang kompatibel dengan recyclingdengan standard teknologi dan ekonomi saat ini.Contoh: structural metal, packaging material

2. Penggunaan yang secara ekonomi tidak recyclabletetapi secara teknologi feasible. Contoh:refrigerantbekas, oli bekas, solvent dll.

3. Penggunaan yang secara inherent tidak recyclable.

Contoh: coating, cat, pigment, pestisida, pengawetdll.

Induatrial Sulfur Cycle

Contoh lain dissipative uses: Contoh: recycled metal (US case)

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Waste as Raw Material

Potensi penggunaan limbah untuk bahan bakutergantung dari:

Volume bahan dalam limbah

Konsentrasi bahan dalam limbah

Material Price VS Dillution Industrial Hazardous Waste: US Case

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Recycling Metal from Industrial Wastein US

Cadmium

Total Recycled:

1300 tones out of16,000 tones/year

Cromium

Only a smallfraction isrecycled

Lead (timbal)

Total Recycled:

106,000 tones out of189,000 tones/year

Almost 75 %recycle !!!

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Perbedaan tingkat recycle ???

Sistem pengumpulan barang bekas atau limbah

Sistem processing

Pasar

Dalam hal timbal karena dukungan industri danservice kendaraan

Ekologi Industri Timbal Theoretical Percent Recyclable based on SherwoodPlot

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Sherwood Plot for Waste Stream

Waste is richer thanvirgin material

Waste must berigorously recycled

MarketPrice

Di suatu gunung di salah satu propinsi di Indonesiadiduga mengandung deposit uranium dalam jumlah yangcukup banyak. Dengan rencana pemerintah akanmengembangkan PLTN ada ide untuk mengolah batuanyang mengandung uranium tersebut sehingga bisadigunakan untuk bahan bakar PLTN. Dengan hargauranium (dalam bentuk uranium oksida) sekitar US $55/lb di pasar, ada saran untuk membeli saja daripada

mengolah sendiri sehingga resiko kerusakan lingkunganlebih rendah. Dengan grafik Sherwood, perkirakanlahkonsentrasi minimum uranium dalam batuan tersebutagar ekonomis untuk diolah.

Contoh Aplikasi:

Contoh Kasus Industri Kimia: ChlorineIntegration

Chlorine banyak digunakan dalam industri kimiayang memungkinkan recycle, reuse atau mass

integration

Banyak proses yang menggunakan chlorine tetapimenghasilkan product yang tidak mengandungchlorine.

Pembuatan Vinyl Chloride Monomer

Integrasi proses direct chlorination dan oxychlorinationbisa meningkatkan effisiensi chlorine mendekati 100 %

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Industrial Park

Connecticut Eco-Industrial Park:

Re-Organizing Existing Complex

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Water System

Residue Flows

Residue Flows I

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Contoh Kasus: Product Design forSustainability

The Recycle 40 washingmachine

This new washing machinefrom Electrolux is not only

energy efficient, but has aspecial tank for waterrecovery. Rinse water from1st cycle is used as washwater for the next.- 50% water reduction- less detergent

Sales of Electrolux products withenvironmental benefits are growingsteadily

Margins for products

with environmentalbenefits are 3.5 % above

average

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Eco-Efficiency Guidelines

Reduce material intensity of goods and services

Reduce energy intensity of goods and services

Reduce dispersion of toxic materials

Enhance Recyclability of materials

Maximize sustainable use of renewable resources

Extend durability of products

Increase service intensity of goods and services

Source: World Business Council on Sustainable Development

Chemical Industry ExamplesDuPont

carpet recycling into Antron nylon

Turnkey powder-paint systems ($ per vehicle)

Monsanto NewLeaf insect-protected potatoes

Roundup Ready soybeans with no-till system

Rohm & Haas Sea-Nine 211 eco-friendly marine antifoulant

CONFIRM selective caterpillar control agent

Dow Chemical 100% CO2 blowing agent for polystyrene foam

Examples from Other Industries

Packaging - 3M

Electronics - Nortel

Steel - Chaparral

Automotive - Ford/Volvo

Office Equipment - XeroxPetrochemicals - BP/Amoco

Home Products - SC Johnson

Health Care - Bristol Myers Squibb, Baxter

Floorcoverings - Interface, Collins & Aikman

Success

Stories

Sustainable Electronics

Honeywell cut energy use by 12% ($4.6 m/yr)in its growing sensor/control business

AT&T is using telework (or telecommuting) to reduce costs -- $500,000 annually at one location

sell more communications services as its business customers

turn to telework.

Xerox saves up to $400 m/yr. by recovering andremanufacturing parts from photocopiers

Nokia increased market share for TVs in Holland by57% based in part on environmental preferability

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Sustainable Steel Manufacturing

Chapparal Steel (Midlothian, TX) mill based on industrial ecology

concepts

Formed new company to recycle waste slag into cement production,reducing both energy use and CO2 emissions

Constructed world-class shredding & recycling facility adjacent to plant

Acquired exclusive separation technology for non-chlorinated plastics

Participating in by-product synergy exploration

Source: Inter Agency Working Group on Industrial Ecology,Materials, and Energy Flows, 1996

Discussion Case # 1

Idea for IE implementation: Pulp Industry

Materials flow analysis:

Pulp Plant

Wood

Chemicals

Water

Fuel

Flue gasOtherEmmision

Pulp (mostly cellulose)

Black Liquor (mostlymodified lignin)

Other waste water

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Lignin

Lignin Conversion:

Burned as fuel R-SO3H (lignosulfonate) Fuel additives >>> need further conversion Vaniline >>> need conversion

Wood substitutes

Biomass waste: agriculture, plantation waste (palm oil industry) Others?

Energy Integration ?

Case 2:

Power Plant Do material flow anaylsis Energy analysis Explore potential intergration with other industry: technology,

economy, environmental etc.