Mini Research about Biomass by using Tapioca peels
Transcript of Mini Research about Biomass by using Tapioca peels
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Cassava or known as Manihot Esculenta is the prospective cheap biosorbent for
metal ion isolation. Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater is of primary
importance. This is because contamination of wastewater by heavy metals is a very
serious environmental problem. Disposal of agricultural byproducts such as cassava
wastes from processing activities is becoming a concern in world due to its foul dour.Contamination of water by heavy metals is another serious ongoing problem because of
indiscriminate discharges of wastewater containing heavy metals by small and medium-
scale industries.
Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental
problems today. The treatment of heavy metals is of special concern due to their
recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. The purpose of this project is to study
on functional properties to state the ability of cassava waste biomass biomass to remove
heavy metal Cu(II) from single-ion solution and wastewater. Cassava waste biomass
saturated with metal ions shows remarkable ability for metal recovery by dilute acid
treatment, and can be used repeatedly for removal of heavy metals in single-ion solution
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and in wastewater effluents. The unique ability of these plants to bind metals has been
attributed to the presence of various functional groups, which can attract and sequester
metal ions.
Cellulosic non-reducing carbohydrate polysaccharides found in plant fibre such as
cassava have also been used as cheap materials capable of removing metals from heavy
metal solutions More recently, low-value cassava waste biomass has been used
effectively for removal Cu(II) ions from single-metal ion aqueous solutions. Conversion
of these low-value cassava wastes into biosorbent that can remove toxic and valuable
metals from industrial wastewater. Cassava peeling wastes were selected for this study.
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1.2 Objective of Study
Objective of the study is to study the effect of initial concentration on heavy metal
removal and also to study effect of cassava dosage on heavy metal removal.
1.3 Scope of Study
By using the cassava peel to remove the heavy metal for the aqueous solution of
Cu(II). To determine the effect of different concentration on heavy metal
concentration.Study of the effect peel dosage on heavy metal removal of Cu(II) ions
1.4 Overview of Content
This thesis are divided into five chapter which is for the first chapter will cover
about the background of study, objective, scope of study and justification of research.
Then, chapter two will cover the literature review of this research while chapter three will
be explain about the methodology that including the material and apparatus, cassava
peels, equipment and lastly is desorption study procedure. Lastly, in the chapter four will
contain result and discussion of this research. Lastly, chapter five will explain conclusion
and recommendation from the research.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Cassava
Cassava is grown for its enlarged starch-filled roots, which contains nearly the
maximum theoretical concentration of starch on a dry weight basis among food crops.
Fresh roots contain about 30% starch and very little protein. Roots are prepared much
like potato. They can be peeled and boiled, baked, or fried. It is not recommended to eat
cassava uncooked, because of potentially toxic concentrations of cyanogenic glucosides
that are reduced to innocuous levels through cooking. [14]
The industrial utilization of cassava roots is expanding every year. Cassava is
grown for its enlarged starch-filled roots, which contains nearly the maximum theoretical
concentration of starch on a dry weight basis among food crops. Fresh roots contain
about 30% starch and very little protein. Roots are prepared much like potato. The food
industries constitute one of the largest consumers of starch and starch products. In
addition, large quantities of starch are sold in the form of products sold in small packages
for household use. Cassava, sago, and other tropical starches were extensively used for
food before the Second World War but use declined owing to the disruption of world
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trade. Attempts were made to develop waxy maize as a replacement for normal non
cereal starches; the production of cassava starch has increased considerably in recent
years. [6]
Figure 2.1: Cassava (Manihot Esculenta)
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2.1. Composition of Cassava
The tubers of cassava contain 149.0 % calories and 68.0mg. calcium while the
leaves has 303.0 mg. calcium and 311.0 mg. Vitamin C. Cassava peel contains
cyanogenic glucosides, mainly linamarin; which released hydrogen cyanide after
hydrolysis by an endogenous linamarase; however it is considered safe to use this
agricultural waste as an alternative adsorbent since cassava peel also contains a cyanide
detoxification enzyme (-cyanoalanine synthase) which sufficiently fast to maintain
cyanide at safe concentration. Cassava is famous for the presence of free and bound
cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin and lotaustralin. All plant parts contain cyanogenic
glucosides with the leaves having the highest concentrations. In the roots, the peel has a
higher concentration than the interior. [9]
Tubers Leaves Nutrients
62 71 Water (ml)
149 91 Calories
1.2 70 Protein (g)
0.2 1 Fat (g)
35 180 Carbohydrates (g)
1.1 4 Fiber (g)
30 11.775 Vit. A (mg)
31 311 Vit. C (mg)
1.9 7.6 Iron (mg)
68 303 Calcium (mg)
Composition of Roots. Typical Composition of Mature Cassava tuber
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Table 2.1.1: Nutritional content per100 g of edible portion
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Constituent %
Moisture 69.8
Starch 22.0
Sugars 5.1
Protein 1.1
Fats 0.4
Fibre 1.1
Ash 0.5
2.3 Biosorbent
Biosorbent is a property of certain types of inactive, dead, microbial biomass to
bind and concentrate heavy metals from even very dilute aqueous solutions. Biomass
exhibits this property, acting just as a chemical substance, as an ion exchanger of
biological origin. It is particularly the cell wall structure of certain algae, fungi and
bacteria which was found responsible for this phenomenon. Opposite to biosorption is
metabolically driven active bioaccumulation by living cells. That is an altogether
different phenomenon requiring a different approach for its exploration. Pioneering
research on biosorption of heavy metals has led to identification of a number of
microbial biomass types which are extremely effective in concentrating metals. These
biomass, serving as a basis for metal biosorption processes, can accumulate in excess of
25% of their dry weight in deposited heavy metals: Pb, Cd, U, Cu, Zn, even Cr and
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Table 2.1.1: Cassava Composition
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others. Research on biosorption is revealing that it is sometimes a complex phenomenon
where the metallic species could be deposited in the solid biosorbent through different
sorption processes of ion exchange, complexation, chelation, microprecipitation, etc. [11]
2.3.1 Types of Biosorbent
Bacteria are the microscopic microorganisms. Their single cell does not contain
a proper cell membrane and cell organelles. There are no mitochondria in it. They divide
by binary fission, no mitosis or meiosis take place in them Bacteria are of so much
importance in the biotechnology industry. Before the progress of biotechnology, it had
been used in many domestic applications for example in the process of making yogurt.
Bacteria are also of importance because they produce secondary metabolites. E.coli has
special impotence because it is used in the cloning of many genes. Bacteria can also be
used in agriculture. Bacteria are very much of importance for the environment as they
make the environment free from the pollutants. The pollutants which emerge from the
industrial wastes, bacteria have the ability to digest them so that they can be recycled in
the form of energy and nutrients and do not harm the environment. Bacteria also convert
the trees into coal which are buried under the earth for millions and billions of years. This
coal can be used for fuel, for producing electricity and various other useful purposes. [12]
Biomass energy is gaining popularity as a valuable energy supplement and is
being acknowledged for its capability to help counteract many environmental problems.
Amidst the controversy surrounding global warming, utilization of biomass energy has
been noticed for its ability to inhibit increases in carbon dioxide and decreases in toxic
pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere. Its high potential to alleviate stresses on the
environment due to unnecessary waste of biomass residues, of usable croplands, of jobs
that could be created, of total energy overall has been identified and should be recognized
for its value to socioeconomic trends as well as environmental ones. [12]
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2.3.2 Ligands
In biochemistry a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule
to serve a biological purpose. In a narrower sense, it is a signal triggering molecule,
binding to a site on a target protein. The binding occurs by intermolecular forces, such as
ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The docking (association) is
usually reversible (dissociation). Actual irreversible covalent binding between a ligand
and its target molecule is rare in biological systems. In contrast to the meaning in
metalorganic and inorganic chemistry, it is irrelevant whether the ligand actually binds at
a metal site, as is the case in hemoglobin. Ligand binding to a receptor alters the chemical
conformation, which is the three dimensional shape of the receptor protein.The
conformational state of a receptor protein determines the functional state of a receptor.
Ligands include substrates, inhibitors, activators, and neurotransmitters. The tendency or
strength of binding is called affinity. [10]
2.3.3 Advantage of commercial method
Although virtually all biological material has some biosorptive properties, most
research has been carried out with microbial biomass, chiefly bacteria, algae and fungi,
with the main aim being to develop a cheap, reliable and more effective alternative to
traditional treatment methods for metal-containing effluents. As such, biosorption
continues to be a popular field not least because basic experimentation is easy and
encompasses chemistry, microbiology and engineering considerations. Besides that, this
advantage of commercial method is proper treatment to environment. Recovery of the
deposited metals from saturated biosorbent can be accomplished because they can often
be easily released from the biosorbent in a concentrated wash solution which also
regenerates the biosorbent for subsequent multiple reuse. This and extremely low cost of
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biosorbents makes the process highly economical and competitive particularly for
environmental applications in detoxifying. [7]
2.4 Heavy Metal
A heavy metal is a member of a loosely-defined subset of elements that exhibit
metallic properties. Heavy metals occur naturally in the ecosystem with large variations
in concentration. In modern times, anthropogenic sources of heavy metals, i.e. pollution,
have been introduced to the ecosystem. Waste-derived fuels are especially prone to
contain heavy metals, so heavy metals are a concern in consideration of waste as fuel. It
mainly includes the transition metals, some metalloids, lanthanides, and actinides. Many
different definitions have been proposed some based on density, some on atomic number
or atomic weight, and some on chemical properties or toxicity. Heavy metal can include
elements lighter than carbon and can exclude some of the heaviest metals. Heavy metal
pollution can arise from many sources but most commonly arises from the purification of
metals e.g., the smelting of copper. Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals do not decay
and thus pose a different kind of challenge for remediation. Currently, plants or
microrganisms are tentatively used to remove some heavy metals. Plants which exhibit
hyper accumulation can be used to remove heavy metals from soils by concentrating
them in their bio matter. Some treatment of mining tailings has occurred where the
vegetation is then incinerated to recover the heavy metals. [11]
The removal of heavy metals from industrial waste streams has become one of
the most important applications in wastewater treatment. Ongoing legislation has created
stricter discharge limits, which has compelled plants to add or upgrade metal removal
processes. Metals in waste streams do not naturally degrade and are toxic to aquatic life
at low concentrations. Metals that can be removed from wastewater include soluble
and/or particulate heavy metals, such as lead, copper, chromium, nickel, iron and
manganese. [7]
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2.4.1 Hazards of Cu(II) ions
Copper sulfate is a fungicide used to control bacterial and fungal diseases of
fruit, vegetable, nut and field crops. Copper is one of 26 essential trace elements
occurring naturally in plant and animal tissue. The usual routes by which humans receive
toxic exposure to copper sulfate are through skin or eye contact, as well as by inhalation
of powders and dusts. Copper sulfate is a strong irritant. [4]
Figure 2.4.1 : CuSO4 solid form.
Ingestion of copper sulfate is often not toxic because vomiting is automatically
triggered by its irritating effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms are severe,
however, if copper sulfate is retained in the stomach, as in the unconscious victim. Some
of the signs of poisoning which occurred after 1-12 grams of copper sulfate was
swallowed include a metallic taste in the mouth, burning pain in the chest and abdomen,
intense nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, sweating, shock, discontinued urination
leading to yellowing of the skin. Injury to the brain, liver, kidneys and stomach and
intestinal linings may also occur in copper sulfate poisoning. Copper sulfate can be
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corrosive to the skin and eyes. It is readily absorbed through the skin and can produce a
burning pain, along with the same severe symptoms of poisoning from ingestion. [8]
2.4.2 Ecological effect.
Copper sulfate is very toxic to fish. . Its toxicity to fish varies with the species
and the physical and chemical characteristics of the water . Even at recommended rates of
application, this material may be poisonous to trout and other fish, especially in soft or
acid waters. Its toxicity to fish generally decreases as water hardness increases. Fish eggs
are more resistant than young fish fry to the toxic effects of copper sulfate. Very small
amounts of this material can have damaging effects on fish. Direct application of copper
sulfate to water may cause a significant decrease in populations of aquatic invertebrates,
plants and fish. . It is a federal violation to use any pesticide in a manner that results in
the death of an endangered species or adverse changes to their natural habitat. [16]
Copper sulfate and similar fungicides have been poisonous to sheep and
chickens on farms at normal application rates. Most animal life in soil, including large
earthworms, have been eliminated by the extensive use of copper-containing fungicides
in orchards. [16]
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CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Material and Apparatus
Material that been used is, cassava peels, distilled water, 0.1 M nitric acid
(HNO3), aqueous copper sulphate, and 0.01 hydrochloric acid HCl.
The equipment that involve in the research, atomic absorption spectroscopy,
centrifuge, analytical balance, pH meter, incubator shaker, centrifuge tube, grind mill and
drying oven.
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3.4 Equipment
3.4.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
Atomic spectroscopy is the determination of elemental composition by its
electromagnetic or mass spectrum. The study of the electromagnetic spectrum of
elements is called Optical Atomic Spectroscopy. Electrons exist in energy levels within
an atom. These levels have well defined energies and electrons moving between them
must absorb or emit energy equal to the difference between them. In optical
spectroscopy, the energy absorbed to move an electron to a more energetic level and/or
the energy emitted as the electron moves to a less energetic energy level is in the form of
a photon.
The wavelength of the emitted radiant energy is directly related to the electronic
transition which has occurred. Since every element has a unique electronic structure, the
wavelength of light emitted is a unique property of each individual element. Atomic
absorption spectroscopy (AAS) determines the presence of metals in liquid samples.
Metals include Fe, Cu, Al, Pb, Ca, Zn, Cd and many more. It also measures the
concentrations of metals in the samples. Typical concentrations range in the low mg/L
range. In their elemental form, metals will absorb ultraviolet light when they are excited
by heat. Each metal has a characteristic wavelength that will be absorbed. The AAS
instrument looks for a particular metal by focusing a beam of uv light at a specific
wavelength through a flame and into a detector. The sample of interest is aspirated into
the flame. If that metal is present in the sample, it will absorb some of the light, thus
reducing its intensity. The instrument measures the change in intensity. A computer data
system converts the change in intensity into an absorbance. As concentration goes up,
absorbance goes up. The research can construct a calibration curve by running standards
of various concentrations on the AAS and observing the absorbances.
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Figure 3.4.1 : Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
3.4.2 Centrifuge
Micro centrifuge is a laboratory centrifuge which is a piece of laboratory
equipment, driven by a motor, which spins liquid samples at high speed. There are two
main sizes for laboratory centrifuges. The larger ones are known simply as centrifuges
which is the samples that contained in centrifuge tubes or centrifuge tips. The smaller
centrifuges are known as microcentrifuges or microfuges, and microcentrifuge tubes or
microfuge tubes are used with them.
Like all other centrifuges, laboratory centrifuges work by the sedimentation
principle, where the centripetal acceleration is used to separate substances of greater and
lesser density. The others type of centrifugation is Differential Centrifugation, often used
to separate certain organelles from whole cells for further analysis of specific parts of
cells.
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Figure 3.4.2 : Centrifuge Machine
3.4.3 Analytical balance
Analytical balances are accurate and precise instruments used to measure masses.
They require a draft-free location on a solid bench that is free of vibrations. Some modern
balances have built-in calibration masses to maintain accuracy. Older balances should be
calibrated periodically with a standard mass.
A part from that, analytical balance is the weighing scale which is the measuring
instrument for determining the weight or mass of an object. A spring scale measures
weight by the distance a spring deflects under its load. A balance compares the unknown
weight to a standard weight using a horizontal lever . Weighing scales are used in many
industrial and commercial applications, and products from feathers to loaded tractor-
trailers are sold by weight.
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Figure 3.4.3: Analytical Balance
3.4.4 pH Meter
In the laboratory, a pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the pH
or a device used for potentiometric pH measurements (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid
(though special probes are sometimes used to measure the pH of semi-solid substances).
A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to
an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading. A pH can be measured
using either pH indicators (like phenolphtaleine) - in form of solution or pH strips - or
using potentiometric method. Strips are very useful when all need is 0.2-0.5 pH unit
accuracy.
Figure3.4.4: pH Meter
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3.4.5 Incubator shaker
Incubator shaker is a peltier technology-based and microcomputer-controlled
cooling & heating unit with shaking function. It can be used for a variety of applications,
such as sample storage, storage and reaction of various kinds of enzymes, denaturation of
nucleic acids and protein, PCR amplification, sample denaturation, serum solidification,
and others.
Figure 3.4.5: Incubator Shaker
3.4.6 Laboratory Electric Dry Oven
Oven double walled to suit various applications in growing field of medical,
agricultural, industrial research for day to day heating, drying, sterilizing, baking and in
laboratories fungus by application of dry heat. The lab oven is double walled construction
with complete inner chamber made of aluminium or stainless steel sheet. Outer body is
made of mild steel sheet finished with attractive stoving enamel. The 75 mm gap between
two walls is filled with pure glass wool to minimise loss of temperature. Inner chamber is
fabricated with various ribs to adjust shelves to any convenient height. Supplied with
removable shelves.
Door is fitted with heavy casted hinges with a good door closing device.
Adjustable air ventilators are placed near the top of the sides. Heating elements of lab
electric oven are made of high grade kanthal resistance wire, which are put inside the
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porcelain bead and placed at the bottom and both side ribs for uniform temperature all
over the working space.
For the heating element, the apparatus is provided with a panel which is just
below the door having a thermostat control knob, ON/OFF switch & two pilot lamps.
Temperature is controlled by fine quality capillary type thermostat. Temperature control
knob is calibrated in centigrade. Supplied with L shaped prismatic glass thermometer that
fitted on the top of the oven for reading the chambers temperature.
Figure 3.4.6: Laboratory Electric Oven
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3.5 Methodology
3.5.1 Biosorbent Preparation
Cassava was firstly washed thoroughly to remove any soil and debris. Then the
cassava were cut and carefully peeled and dry under the sun for a day. The peels were
oven dried at 90°C and leave for 24 hours. The samples were ground using grind mill and
sieve to obtain a particle size of 10 mm and stored in dessicator.
Figure 3.5.1 : Dried Cassava
3.5.2 Activation of the cassava waste biomass
Two hundred grams of cassava waste biomass was soaked in excess of 0.1 M
HNO3 for 24 hour. Then the paste was washed with distilled deionized water until
become neutral pH (7.1). The paste obtained was filtered and was dried in dry oven.
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Figure 3.5.2: Activation of Biomass
3.5.3 Preparation of Synthetic wastewater
The synthetic wastewater solution was prepared by taking 2.0 mg/l, 5.0 mg/l 10
mg/l of the copper sulphate and mixed in a 1 L volumetric flask and diluted to the mark.
During the process, the pH of the wastewater was adjusted to 5. This is because to take
the step to prevent hydrolysis. The final concentration of metal ion in the wastewater was
analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). For quality control purpose,
distilled deionized water used in preparing the solutions was analyzed and use as th blank
with every sample group to track any possible other contamination source.
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Figure 3.5.3 : Synthetic Wastewater
3.5.4 Study effect on metal ion in wastewater
3.5.4.1 Determination of effect on different concentration
In this study, 25 g of biomass was added to the synthetic wastewater at different
concentration (2 mg/l, 5 mg/l and 10 mg/l) .The suspension was mechanically shaken at
room temperature in an incubator shaker for 2 hours. For every 20 minutes time interval,
20 ml of sample was taken and proceed with further analysis.
3.5.4.2 Determination of effect on dosage cassava biomass
The biomass was added into shake flask containing synthetic wastewater (10mg/l). Different dosage of cassava peel (15 g, 30 g, and 50 g) was added. The
suspension was mechanically shaken at room temperature in an incubator shaker for 2
hours. For every 20 minutes time interval, 20 ml of sample was taken and proceed with
further analysis.
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3.5.5 Centrifugation Process
The sample then was centrifuged at 3000 rpm and the room temperature for 20
minutes. This procedure was repeated for all the samples. The supernatant collected that
were collected was analyzed by using AAS to determine the metal concentration.
3.5.6 Determination of Metal Concentration
Firstly, four flask 100ml was prepared and labeled as Blank, 1 ppm(1 mg/l), 2
ppm (2 mg/l) and 3 ppm (3mg/l). Then all the flask was added with of distilled water.
After that, 10 drops of nictric acid was added using dropper for each flask. Each flask
was added with respective Cu(II) ion solution (1 ppm, 2ppm and 3ppm).All the standard
were analyzed by using AAS. Finally dilute with deionized water until diluted mark.
The result for standard 1,2, and 3 are 0.031, 0.056, and 0.014 respectively with
correlation coefficient of 0.99099 and slope of 0.03050. Then, AAS was used to analyze
all the samples obtained through out this study. All the samples taken and arrange with
the data collected.
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3.6 Flow Chart
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(1) Biosorbent preparation(1) Biosorbent preparation
-- Cassava was peeledCassava was peeled
-- The grinded cassava peels was soaked with 0.1 M Nitric Acid. and leave for a dayThe grinded cassava peels was soaked with 0.1 M Nitric Acid. and leave for a day
(2) Preparation of Waste Water.(2) Preparation of Waste Water.
--The synthetic wastewater solution was then prepared by taking 2.0mg, 5.0mg, andThe synthetic wastewater solution was then prepared by taking 2.0mg, 5.0mg, and
10.0 mg of CuSO4.10.0 mg of CuSO4.
(3) Metal Ion Uptake in Waste Water.(3) Metal Ion Uptake in Waste Water.
Part 1Part 1:: Based on different concentration of metal ion solution and fix biomass weight.Based on different concentration of metal ion solution and fix biomass weight.
-(2mg/L, 5mg/L, and 10mg/L), with volume 300ml the synthetic wastewater pour into flask -(2mg/L, 5mg/L, and 10mg/L), with volume 300ml the synthetic wastewater pour into flask
containing 25 g of cassava biomass.containing 25 g of cassava biomass.
Part 2Part 2:: Based on different mass of cassava biomass and fix concentration.Based on different mass of cassava biomass and fix concentration.
-300ml of 10mg/L synthetic wastewater pour into each flask containing (15g, 30g and 50g).-300ml of 10mg/L synthetic wastewater pour into each flask containing (15g, 30g and 50g).
-Part 1-Part 1 andand Part 2Part 2 process flow simultaneously process flow simultaneously
(4) Centrifugation Process.
- Centrifuge was set up with speed 3000 rpm and room temperature for 20 minutes.
- Then collect all the wastewater and remove all the suspended solid and observe into
AAS.
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(5) Determination Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS)
Preparation of Standard solution.
(6) Analysis
Analyzing all the sample with AAS and all the sample taken
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CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Effect on initial concentration
On this study to determine effect on intial concentration on fix cassava peel
dosage.
Table 4.1: Effect on different concentration
Metal Concentration
Time(min) 2 mg/L 5 mg/L 10 mg/L
0 2.041 5.343 10.46
20 0.835 4.056 9.03
40 0.749 3.921 8.62
60 0.617 3.722 8.23
80 0.508 3.536 7.96
100 0.477 3.147 7.55
120 0.396 2.988 7.32
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Figure 4.1: Time profile of Cu(II) ions removal at different initial concentration
The graph above shows the result of determination the effect of different
concentration of wastewater with fix cassava dosage. The cassava biomass as removal
heavy metal ions to reduce the concentration of the synthetic wastewater. As shown
on the graph, the initial concentration of 2mg/L is 0.396 mg/L at 120 min. The other
concentration 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L from initial is 5.343 mg/L and 10.46 mg/L is
decreasing until 2.988 mg/L and 7.32 mg/L in minutes 120. The lowest concentration
of 2 mg/L reduce almost all the Cu(II) ion in the wastewater.
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4.2. Percentage of Cu(II) ions removal at different initial metal concentration
Table 4.1.2: Percentage of metal ion uptake
Percentage of adsorption(%)
Time (min) 2 mg/L 5 mg/L 10 mg/L
0 0 0 0
20 59.00 24.09 13.67
40 63.74 26.61 18.00
60 69.77 30.34 21.31
80 75.11 33.82 23.90
100 76.63 41.10 27.82
120 80.60 44.08 30.88
Figure 4.2: Percentage of Cu(II) ions removal
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The figure 4.2 shows that the percentage of metal ion removal for study on
effect on different initial metal concentration. Highest value of initial heavy metal
concentration result in the lowest removal of Cu(II) ions, owned 31% at the end of
biosorption study. The initial concentration of 2 mg/L result in the highest removal of
Cu(II) ions up to 80%.
4.3. Metal ion uptake.
Table 4.3: Metal ion uptake on the concentration
Metal ion uptake (mg/g biomass)
Time (min) 2mg/L 5mg/L 10mg/L
120 19.74 28.26 37.68
Figure 4.3: Metal ion uptake
The figure 4.3 above has shown the determination on metal ion uptake from
the synthetic waste water. The metal ion uptake values are 19.74, 28.26, and 36.68
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(mg/g biomass) for initial concentration of 2, 5, and 10 mg/L respectively. The
highest initial concentration shows the highest uptake value.
4.4 Effect of cassava peel dosage on heavy metal removal
On this study to determine effect of cassava peel dosage on heavy metal
removal.
Table 4.4: Effect on concentration with different dosage of cassava peel
Cassava Biomass
Time (m) 15g 30g 50g
0 10.57 10.66 10.53
20 9.93 9.66 8.79
40 9.58 8.69 6.66
60 9.33 7.52 5.11
80 9.17 6.10 2.77
100 8.93 5.43 1.31
120 8.86 5.24 0.897
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Figure 4.4: Time profile of Cu(II) ions removal at different cassava dosage
Figure 4.4 shows the result of determination the effect of different dosage of
cassava biomass under constant of Cu(II) ions (10 mg/L). 15 g of biomass cassava
showed the lowest concentration reduction with final concentration of 8.86 mg/L.
This is because lowest dosage of cassava cannot uptake higher capacity of metal ion
uptake concentration. The larger amount of cassava peel used (50 g) displayed the
significant removal of 10 mg/L Cu(II) ions where the initial concentration was
reduced until 0.897 mg/L.
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4.5 The percentage of Cu(II) ions removal by using different weight of cassava.
Table 4.5: Percentage of Cu(II) ions removal at different cassava dosage
Percentage of adsorption(%)
Time 15 g 30 g 50 g
0 0 0 0
20 6.00 9.38 16.52
40 9.37 18.48 37.00
60 11.73 29.46 51.47
80 13.25 42.78 73.69
100 15.56 49.06 87.56
120 16.18 50.84 91.48
Figure 4.5: Percentage of Cu(II) ions removal
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The figure shows the result of percentage metal ion uptake for each dosage
of cassava biomass. The lowest percentage of metal ion uptake is 15 g cassava
biomass. This dosage only uptake until 120 minutes 16.18 %. Not even half percent
metal ion uptake reduces by this amount of dosage. Besides that, 30 g of cassava
biomass achieve half percent at 120 minutes, 50.84 %. At this standard is average on
metal ion uptake percentage and need use more cassava biomass to achieve high
metal ion uptake capacity. The highest percentage of metal ion uptake is used 50 g
cassava biomass. It is 91.48 % at 120 minutes. At this level of dosage cassava
biomass perform good performance as removal heavy metal ion concentration and
achieve high metal ion uptake capacity.
4.6 Metal ion uptake.
Table 4.6: Metal ion uptake on different dosage of cassava biomass
Metal ion Uptake (mg/g biomass)
Time (m) 15g 30g 50g
120 34.2 54.2 57.80
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Figure 4.6: Metal ion uptake
The figure 4.6 above has shown the determination of metal ion uptake from
each dosage of cassava biomass. The metal ion uptake values are 34.2, 54.2, and
57.80 (mg/g biomass) for cassava peel dosage of 15, 30, and 50 g respectively. The
highest cassava dosage shows the highest uptake value.
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
As the conclusion, from the experiment lowest concentration of the synthetic
wastewater can support by certain dosage of cassava biomass. The lowest of the
concentration the easier to metal ion adsorption uptake to remedy the wastewater.
The lowest concentration has lowest metal ion value, the highest the concentration
has highest capacity of metal ion adsorption. At the certain concentration can bypass
the certain amount of dosage biomass. Higher dosage of cassava biomass used, the
higher of metal uptake ion capacity reduce from its concentration. The comparison
between two parameters has been made. Higher percentage of wastewater
concentration reduce from the lowest concentration, but not achieve high capacity of
metal removal. The smaller ionic size, the greater its affinity to reactive site of the
hydroxyl and sulfhydryl ligands bind by treated biomass. The more time given, more
ion uptake capacity. Removal heavy metal ions from wastewater by cassava waste
biomass experiment succeed and shows good potential effects on metal ion
concentration.
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5.2 Recommendation
This study shows the potential for future research. Therefore, as suggestion this
study can proceed with higher dosage of cassava peel and lengthen the incubation period.
For better comparison of heavy metal adsorption can until use other type of heavy metal
such as zinc, lead and types of metals. This research also can undergoes in larger scale of
experiment.
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