Mikroprosesor & Interface - Pengenalan Sistem Mikroprosesor.pptx

8/12/2019 Mikroprosesor & Interface - Pengenalan Sistem Mikroprosesor.pptx

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Pengenalan Mikroprosesor

Firdaus, ST., MT.

[email protected] Negeri Padang 092012
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Decimal, Hexadecimal & Binary

Number SystemBinary Hexadecimal Decimal

1 bit 0 - 1 0 - 1 01

2 bit 00 - 11 0 - 3 03

4 bit 0000 - 1111 0F 015

8 bit 00000000 - 11111111 0FF 0255

9 bit 000000000 - 111111111 01FF 0511

10 bit 0000000000 - 1111111111 03FF 01023 (1K)

11 bit 00000000000 - 11111111111 07FF 02047 (2K)

12 bit 000000000000111111111111 0FFF 04095 (4K)


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Processor, Computer, Controller?

Mikroprosesor : Central Processing Unit (CPU)

yang dikemas dalam satu chip. Ex. Intel 8088

Mikrokomputer : penggabungan mikroprosesor

dengan peripheral seperti chip I/O, memori,

Programmable Interrupt Timer, Programmable

Interval Counter dan chip pendukung lainnya.

Mikrokontroler (Single Chip Microcomputer):mikrokomputer yang dikemas dalam satu chip.

Ex. Intel 8051


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History MikroprosesorIntel 4004

Microprocessor

The world first

microprocessor

Introduced in 1970

Number of transistor :2,250

12 mm2

Clock: 108 kHz

4-bit register and 4-bit

data bus


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Introduced in 1972

Clock speed : 800 KHz

Number of transistor :

3500

8-bit register and 8-bit

data bus


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Introduced in 1974

Clock speed : 2 MHz


4500

8-bit register and data

bus


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Introduced in 1974

8-bit architecture

Still used in some

microcontrollerapplications


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Introduced in 1979


29,000

33 mm2

Clock: 5 MHz

16 bit architecture


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Introduced in 1981

Clock speed : 4,47 MHz

Number of transistors :

29000


bus

The worlds first PC ranon an Intel 8088


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Introduced in 1982

Clock speed: 12 MHz


134000


bus


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Introduced in 1985

Clock speed : 16 MHz

Number of transistors :

275000


bus


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Introduced in 1989



1,200,000


bus

1

st

pipelinedimplementation of IA32


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History MikroprosesorIntel

Pentium

Introduced in 1993



3,300,000


bus

1st

superscalarimplementation of IA32


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History MikroprosesorIntel

Pentium pro

Introduced in 1995

Clock speed: 200 MHz


5,500,000


bus


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History MikroprosesorIntel Pentium

II

Introduced in 1997



7,500,000


bus


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III

Introduced in 1999



9,500,000


bus
http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/Pentium-III/L_Intel-600EB-256-133-1.65V%20(FC-PGA).jpg


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IV

Introduced in 2000

Clock speed: 1 GHz


15,500,000


bus


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D

Introduced in 2005

Clock speed : 3.6 GHz


47,500,000


bus


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History MikroprosesorIntel Core 2 /

Quad

Introduced in

2006/2007

Clock speed: 3.6 GHz

Number of transistor :214,500,000


bus


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Microprocessor Logic

A microprocessor executes a collection of machine instructions that

tell the processor what to do. Based on the instructions, a

microprocessor does three basic things:

Using its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor can perform

mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication

and division. Modern microprocessors contain complete floating

point processors that can perform extremely sophisticated

operations on large floating point numbers.

A microprocessor can move data from one memorylocation toanother.

A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of

instructions based on those decisions.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/computer-memory.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/computer-memory.htm


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This microprocessor has

An address bus(that may be 8,16 or 32 bits wide) that sendsan address to memory

A data bus (that may be 8, 16or 32 bits wide) that can senddata to memory or receive datafrom memory

An RD (read) and WR (write)line to tell the memorywhether it wants to set or getthe addressed location


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A clock line that letsa clock pulsesequence theprocessor

A reset line thatresets the program

counter to zero (orwhatever) andrestarts execution


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Registers A, B and C aresimply latches made out offlip-flops.

The address latch is just like

registers A, B and C. The program counter is a

latch with the extra abilityto increment by 1, and alsoreset to zero.

The ALU could be as simpleas an 8-bit adder, or it mightbe able to add, subtract,multiply and divide 8-bitvalues.


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The test register is a speciallatch that can hold values fromcomparisons performed in theALU.

An ALU can normally comparetwo numbers and determine if

they are equal, if one isgreater than the other, etc.

The test register can alsonormally hold a carry bit fromthe last stage of the adder.

It stores these values in flip-

flops and then the instructiondecoder can use the values tomake decisions.


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There are six boxes marked "3-State" in the diagram. Theseare tri-state buffers.

A tri-state buffer can pass a 1,a 0 or it can essentially

disconnect its output. A tri-state buffer allows

multiple outputs to connect toa wire, but only one of themto actually drive a 1 or a 0onto the line.

The instruction register andinstruction decoder areresponsible for controlling allof the other components.


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Control lines from the instruction

decoder Tell the A register to latch the value currently on the data bus

Tell the B register to latch the value currently on the data bus

Tell the C register to latch the value currently output by the ALU

Tell the program counter register to latch the value currently on the databus

Tell the address register to latch the value currently on the data bus

Tell the instruction register to latch the value currently on the data bus

Tell the program counter to increment


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Control lines from the instruction

decoder Tell the program counter to reset to zero

Activate any of the six tri-state buffers (six separate lines)

Tell the ALU what operation to perform

Tell the test register to latch the ALU's test bits

Activate the RD line

Activate the WR line

Coming into the instruction decoder are the bits from the test register andthe clock line, as well as the bits from the instruction register.


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MICROCOMPUTER BASIC

ARCHITECTURE

Microprocessor Memory Input/Output

ADDRESS BUS

DATA BUS

CONTROL BUS


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VON NEUMANN MICROCOMPUTER

ARCHITECTURE

Microprocessor Input/Output

ADDRESS BUS

DATA BUS

CONTROL BUS

Instruction/Pr

ogram

Memory

(ROM)

Data Memory

(RAM)


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HARVARD MICROCOMPUTER

ARCHITECTURE

Microprocessor Input/Output

ADDRESS BUS

DATA BUS

CONTROL BUS

Instruction/Pr

ogram

Memory

(ROM)

Data Memory

(RAM)

CTRLBUS

ADDRESSBUS

DATA

BUS


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Microcomputer Unit Explanation

Microprocessor/MPU/CPU : commonly controls theoperation of all the microcomputers units such memoryand I/O through the wire bus.

Memory : (1)ROM/Read Only Memory/non-volatilememory stores the binary data of instructions/programssuch BIOS/OS. (2)RAM/Random Access Memory/volatilememory stores temporary data such books database.

I/O : allows the computer to take in data from the outsideworld or send data to the outside world. Peripherals suchas keyboards, video display terminals, printers, andmodems are connected to the I/O section.


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BUS EXPLANATION

BUS : a set of wires, that interconnects all the

components (subsystems) of a computer. A

wire accommodates one bit.

Address Bus : CPU reads/writes data from/to

the memory by addressing a specific location;

outputs the location of the data on the

address bus; memory uses the address toaccess the proper data.


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BUS EXPLANATION

Data Bus : When the CPU reads data from memory, itfirst outputs the address on the address bus, then thememory outputs the data onto the data bus; the CPUreads the data from data bus. When writing data ontothe memory, the CPU outputs first the address on theaddress bus, then outputs the data onto the outputbus; memory then reads and stores the data at theproper location.

Control Bus : The CPU sends out signals on the control

bus to enable the outputs of addressed memorydevices or port devices. Typical control bus signals areMemory Read, Memory Write, I/O Read, and l/O Write.


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Kapasitas Memori

Address Data

11 1010

10 0001

01 0100

00 0001

Address Data

11 10101010

10 11110000

01 00010010

00 10100011

Lebar Bus Address = 2 bit

Lebar Bus Data = 4 bit

maka,

Kapasitas memori = 4 Nibble

Lebar Bus Address = 2 bit

Lebar Bus Data = 8 bit

maka,

Kapasitas memori = 4 Byte

Note:

4 bit = nibble

8 bit = byte

16 bit = word


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Example of Microprocessor Chip

Address bus : 16 bit wide,A0A15.

Data bus : 8 bit wide, D0D7.

Control bus : 2 bit, lowactive WR & RD signalswith dot sign.

Hence, P able to

accommodate 65535(64K) addresses and ableto send a byte data


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Example of RAM chips


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Example of ROM chips


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MEMORY MAPPING

Latar belakang : semua pin data chip RAM, ROM dan I/O terhubung paraleldalam satu bus data, begitu juga dengan pin address-nya yang terkoneksiparalel dalam satu bus address. Dalam kondisi seperti ini khusus lalu lintasdata akan terjadi saling bertabrakan jika data tersebut tidak diatur manayang terlebih dahulu berhak melewati bus.

Tujuan : menghindari collision data yang melalui bus agar mikroprosesor

mengetahui data tersebut berasal dari atau menuju ke chip RAM, ROMatau I/O

Setiap chip peripheral yang terhubung ke mikroprosesor memiliki pin CS(Chip Select) yang berfungsi mengaktifkan chip tersebut. Jika CS aktif lowmaka logika low pada pin tersebut akan mengaktifkan chip itu sehinggadapat diakses oleh mikroprosesor.

Address decoder adalah chip atau rangkaian yang akan menentukan CSchip mana yang akan aktif sesuai dengan memory map/address masing-masing.


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PROSEDUR MEMORY MAPPING

Lihat data berapa kapasitas maksimal address mikroprosesor,apakah 64 KB atau 1 MB dll.

Lihat data berapa kapasitas maksimal address chip peripheral (RAM,ROM, I/O) yang digunakan, apakah 16 KB atau 32 KB dll.

Bagilah kapasitas address mikroprosesor sebesar kapasitas

maksimal chip peripheral yang terkecil. Tentukan posisi chip peripheral sesuai urutan yang diinginkan.

Buatlah truth table untuk address (input) dan chip select (output).

Tentukan kelompok bit address yang membedakan lokasi chipperipheral.

Buatlah address decoder-nya


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1stCase

64 KB addresses Microprocessor uses a 32 KB

ROM and a 32 KB RAM. Map the location of

those chips with ROM in the first place.


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1stCase Solutions


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Case Example with these chips


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1stCase

Urutan pemetaan memori : (1)ROM (2)RAM

Desain rangkaian address decoder -nya(???)


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Solutions

Bus Address mikroprosesor : 4 bit = 16 address. Bus data mikroprosesor : 8 bit.

Jadi kemampuan mikroprosesor mengakomodasi data adalah 16byte.

Bus address RAM : 2 bit = 4 address

Bus data RAM : 8 bit. Jadi RAM dapat menyimpan data sebanyak 4 byte.

Bus address ROM : 3 bit = 8 address

Bus data ROM : 8 bit.

Jadi ROM dapat menyimpan data sebanyak 8 byte.

Jumlah total chip penyimpan maksimum ROM dan RAM adalah 8+4= 12 byte dan masih berada di bawah kemampuan mikroprosesorsebanyak 16 byte.

Terdapat 4 byte kosong.

Input output


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noInput output

lokasiA3 A2 A1 A0 CS ROM CS RAM

0 0 0 0 0 0 1

ROM

1 0 0 0 1 0 1

2 0 0 1 0 0 1

3 0 0 1 1 0 1

4 0 1 0 0 0 1

5 0 1 0 1 0 1

6 0 1 1 0 0 17 0 1 1 1 0 1

8 1 0 0 0 1 0RAM

9 1 0 0 1 1 0

10 1 0 1 0 1 0

11 1 0 1 1 1 0

12 1 1 0 0 1 1

13 1 1 0 1 1 1

14 1 1 1 0 1 1

15 1 1 1 1 1 1


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References (files)

CT213_ComputerOrganization Programming and Customizing The AVR Microcontroller

Intel Microprocessor History

Microprocessor

Microprocessor Systems Atmel AVR Microcontroller Primer-Programming and

Interfacing

Pemrograman Mikrokontroler AVR

Microcontroller

330_01

Lecture_1_2

Mikroprosesor & Interface - Pengenalan Sistem Mikroprosesor.pptx

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