Sistem Mikroprosesor
-
Upload
gary-norris -
Category
Documents
-
view
150 -
download
12
description
Transcript of Sistem Mikroprosesor
1. Blok Diagram Minimum System(CPU,ROM,RAM)2. Sistem Bus(Address Bus, Control Bus, Data Bus)3. Cara Kerja Minimum System
Sistem MikroprosesorSistem MikroprosesorSlide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Sistem MikroprosesorSistem Mikroprosesor
Definition: Definition: A complete electronic system built A complete electronic system built around the microprocessor to support the around the microprocessor to support the microprocessor operation.microprocessor operation.
Terdiri dari :Terdiri dari :•CPUCPU•MemoryMemory•I/O (disk drives, keyboard, mouse)I/O (disk drives, keyboard, mouse)•system bussystem bus•supporting circuitrysupporting circuitry
CPU as the “brain” – controls actions of all components.CPU as the “brain” – controls actions of all components.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Microprocessor System - PCMicroprocessor System - PC
ROM
Keyboard Mouse HDD
Floppy RAM
CD-ROMSupporting
CircuitryCPU
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Microprocessor System - CalculatorMicroprocessor System - Calculator
Keypad
Memory
Power Supply LCD DisplayCPU
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
System BusSystem Bus
A A µµP-based system consists of many P-based system consists of many components:components: CPU.CPU. Memory.Memory. I/O: disk drives, keyboard, mouse.I/O: disk drives, keyboard, mouse. System Bus.System Bus. Supporting circuitry.Supporting circuitry.
All components communicate using All components communicate using System System BusBus..
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
System BusSystem Bus
Communication “highway” for all Communication “highway” for all components.components.
Contains:Contains: Data lines.Data lines. Address lines.Address lines. Control lines: regulate information transfer, Control lines: regulate information transfer,
interrupts, error signals. interrupts, error signals.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Block DiagramBlock Diagram
Parallel I/O Serial I/OInterrupt
Circuit
Timing CPU Memory
System Bus
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Minimum System/Mikrokomputer
1. CPU 2. Memory Unit 3. I/O Unit
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Address Bus The size of the address bus determines the total number of memory addresses available in which programs can be executed by the microprocessor
For example, a microprocessor with 32 address pins can generate 2^32 = 4,294,964,296 bytes [4 gigabytes(GB)] of different possible addresses (combinations of 1 ’ s and 0’s) on the address bus. The microprocessor includes addresses from 0 to 4,294,964,295 (00000000HEX through FFFFFFFFHEX).
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
The CPUThe CPU
““Master” of all components.Master” of all components. Job:Job:
Get instructions from memory.Get instructions from memory. Execute instructions.Execute instructions. Perform calculations (may use math co-Perform calculations (may use math co-
processor). processor). Control bus operations. Control bus operations.
CPU
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
The CPUThe CPU CPU consists of:CPU consists of:
ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit)ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) Performs arithmetic/ logic computations.Performs arithmetic/ logic computations.
CU (Control Unit)CU (Control Unit) Responsible to retrieve instructions, analyze, then execute.Responsible to retrieve instructions, analyze, then execute.
RegistersRegisters Fast internal storage.Fast internal storage. Used to temporarily store addresses, data, processor Used to temporarily store addresses, data, processor
status.status.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
MemoryMemory
Stores instructions and dataStores instructions and data for CPU. for CPU. Each memory location given unique Each memory location given unique
address.address. CPU refers to address to access.CPU refers to address to access.
Types: Types: Read-Only Memory (ROM).Read-Only Memory (ROM). Random-Access Memory (RAM).Random-Access Memory (RAM). Non-Volatile Memory (NVM). Non-Volatile Memory (NVM).
Memory
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
RAM, ROM and NVMRAM, ROM and NVM
Memory NVM
RAM
ROM
Stores start-up instructions and critical system data and variables.
Stores general data and applications
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
ROMROM
Read-Only Memory:Read-Only Memory: Data Data can be readcan be read, but , but cannot be written (read-only)cannot be written (read-only).. Contents stayContents stay without power (non-volatile). without power (non-volatile). Usually contains basic start-up instructions, data.Usually contains basic start-up instructions, data. Contents Contents hard-wiredhard-wired during manufacturing. during manufacturing. Newer versions can be reprogrammed:Newer versions can be reprogrammed:
PROM: Fuse & anti-fuse.PROM: Fuse & anti-fuse. EPROM: UV light.EPROM: UV light. EEPROM: Electrical current.EEPROM: Electrical current.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
ROM ExamplesROM Examples
Quartz Window
EEPROM Programmer
EPROM
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
NVMNVM
Non-Volatile MemoryNon-Volatile Memory Contents can be Contents can be readread and and writtenwritten.. Contents stayContents stay without power without power (non-volatile).(non-volatile). Advantages:Advantages:
Keeps memory even with no power.Keeps memory even with no power. Data is protected against blackouts.Data is protected against blackouts. Rewriteable.Rewriteable.
Disadvantages:Disadvantages: Slower than RAM.Slower than RAM.
RAMRAM
Random Access Memory.Random Access Memory. Contents can be Contents can be readread and and writtenwritten.. Loses dataLoses data without electrical power ( without electrical power (volatilevolatile).). Advantages:Advantages:
Programs can be loaded and reloaded.Programs can be loaded and reloaded. Larger capacity.Larger capacity.
Disadvantages:Disadvantages: Requires power, refresh cycles.Requires power, refresh cycles.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
RAM vs. ROMRAM vs. ROM
Computer is turned on
CPU looks for instructions from memory
RAM is still empty because the computer has just been started.
CPU loads instructions from ROM.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
RAM vs. ROMRAM vs. ROM
ROM only has basic functions to start the computer.
RAM loads more advanced functions, suchas the OS.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Timing CircuitTiming Circuit Timing
Synchronizes all componentsSynchronizes all components in the system. in the system. All components refer to the clock timing for All components refer to the clock timing for
operations. operations.
Generates Generates square wavessquare waves at constant intervals. at constant intervals. Crystal oscillatorCrystal oscillator + timing circuitry. + timing circuitry. Higher clock speedHigher clock speed allow computers to function allow computers to function
fasterfaster..
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Crystal OscillatorCrystal Oscillator
Symbol
Equivalent Circuit
Sample
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Clock SignalClock Signal
T T T
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
I/OI/O
Input/Output.Input/Output. Connects Connects µPµP with with external devices:external devices:
Add functionality to µP.Add functionality to µP.
Interfaces with µP using Interfaces with µP using portsports.. Examples:Examples:
Keyboard.Keyboard. Mouse.Mouse. Display monitor.Display monitor.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
How do ports connect to system How do ports connect to system bus?bus?
Built into board
Using card slots.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Serial I/OSerial I/O
Sends/receives data Sends/receives data sequentiallysequentially across 2 channels. across 2 channels. One for One for receivereceive, one for , one for transmittransmit..
Connects using Connects using serial portsserial ports.. Advantages:Advantages:
Less crosstalk.Less crosstalk. Disadvantages:Disadvantages:
Slow.Slow. Needs special circuit to convert back to parallel (Needs special circuit to convert back to parallel (UARTUART – –
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter).Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter).
Serial I/O
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Serial PortSerial Port
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Parallel I/OParallel I/O
Sends/receives data across Sends/receives data across multiple linesmultiple lines at at one time.one time.
Connects using Connects using parallel portsparallel ports.. Advantages:Advantages:
Faster than serial.Faster than serial. Simpler circuits – doesn’t need UART.Simpler circuits – doesn’t need UART.
Disadvantages:Disadvantages: Crosstalk.Crosstalk.
Parallel I/O
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Parallel PortParallel Port
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Parallel vs. Serial I/OParallel vs. Serial I/O
1011011010101010011010101010100011101100101
1011011010101010011010101010100011101100101
1011011010101010011010101010100011101100101
1011011010101010011010101010100011101100101
Serial Port
Parallel Port
1011011010101010011010101010100011101100101 Receive
Transmit
.
.
Receive/Transmit
Receive/Transmit
Receive/Transmit
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
UARTUART
UART
1
0
0
1
1001
UART
1
0
0
1
1001
To System BusFrom Device
From System BusTo Device
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Interrupt CircuitInterrupt Circuit
Allows other components to “interrupt” normal Allows other components to “interrupt” normal CPU operation:CPU operation: PrioritizePrioritize CPU tasks. CPU tasks. Error detectionError detection mechanism. mechanism. Accept inputsAccept inputs from devices – keystroke, mouse from devices – keystroke, mouse
press.press. Depends on task importance:Depends on task importance:
Important tasksImportant tasks given given higher interruptshigher interrupts.. Less important tasks queued.Less important tasks queued. CPU keeps trackCPU keeps track of current interrupt level. of current interrupt level.
Interrupt Circuit
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
How Interrupts WorkHow Interrupts WorkCPU Device
1. CPU is performing tasks normally.
2. Device has more important task that requiresimmediate attention.
3. Device requests interrupt fromCPU.
4. CPU saves its current task so that it can return to it when the interrupt completes.
5. CPU services the interrupt.
6. CPU reloads saved task, and resumes normally.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Watchdog MonitorWatchdog Monitor
Watchdog monitor:Watchdog monitor: Special circuit - Special circuit - monitors the system for errorsmonitors the system for errors.. Informs the CPU.Informs the CPU. CPU takes appropriate actions – re-execute instruction, reset CPU takes appropriate actions – re-execute instruction, reset
system, halt processor.system, halt processor. May work in two ways:May work in two ways:
Constantly monitor the system, and sends signal if error Constantly monitor the system, and sends signal if error detected.detected.
Continuously sending signal to CPU after certain interval:Continuously sending signal to CPU after certain interval: If CPU receives signal, continues processing. If CPU receives signal, continues processing. If CPU doesn’t receive signal, something’s wrong. If CPU doesn’t receive signal, something’s wrong.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
How Watchdogs WorkHow Watchdogs WorkCPU Watchdog
1. CPU is performing tasks normally.
1. Watchdog monitors bus for errors.
2. If error detected, inform CPU.3. CPU saves its current task so that it can return to it when error is resolved.
4. CPU fixes the error.
5. CPU reloads saved task, and resumes normally.
5. If error is too serious, CPU may reset/halt system.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Source Chapter 7
The 68000 is provided with two Vcc (+5 V) and two ground pins
Do-D15 are the 16 data bus pins.
A1-A23 are the 23 address lines.
A0 is obtained by encoding the …UDS (upper data strobe) LDS (lower data strobe)
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Arsitektur MikrokomputerArsitektur Mikrokomputer
A129
A230
A331
A432
A533
A634
A735
A836
A937
A1038
A1139
A1240
A1341
A1442
A1543
A1644
A1745
A1846
A1947
A2048
A2150
A2251
A2352
D05
D14
D23
D32
D41
D564
D663
D762
D861
D960
D1059
D1158
D1257
D1356
D1455
D1554
AS6
UDS7
LDS8
R/W9
BG11
BR13
BGACK12
DTACK10
E20
CLK15
FC028
FC127
FC226
IPL025
IPL124
IPL223
VMA19
VPA21
HALT17
RESET18
BERR22
U2
68000
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
CPU Execution CPU Execution CycleCycle
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
CPU Execution CycleCPU Execution Cycle
CPU executes instructions in CPU executes instructions in endless fetch, decode, endless fetch, decode, execute cyclesexecute cycles..
It only knows how to do three things:It only knows how to do three things: Fetch instructions from somewhere.Fetch instructions from somewhere. Analyze instruction, get more data if necessary.Analyze instruction, get more data if necessary. Execute instruction.Execute instruction.
Keeps track of instruction using Keeps track of instruction using Program Counter Program Counter (PC):(PC): Tells CPU location of next instruction.Tells CPU location of next instruction.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Fetch, Decode, ExecuteFetch, Decode, Execute
Reset
Fetch
Decode
Execute
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Fetch – Step 1Fetch – Step 1
Program Counter
Instruction #1
$1001
$1009$1008$1007$1006$1005$1004$1003$1002
$1000Instruction #1
Instruction #2
Instruction #2
Empty
Empty
Empty
Data #1
Data #2
Data #3
$1000
Control
CPU Memory
Instruction Register
Data Registers
CPU gets instruction address from PC
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Fetch – Step 2Fetch – Step 2
Program Counter
Instruction #1
$1001
$1009$1008$1007$1006$1005$1004$1003$1002
$1000Instruction #1
Instruction #2
Instruction #2
Empty
Empty
Empty
Data #1
Data #2
Data #3
$1000
Control
CPU Memory
Instruction Register
Data Registers
CPU outputs instruction address through Address Bus
$1000
Address Bus
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Fetch – Step 3Fetch – Step 3
Program Counter
Instruction #1
$1001
$1009
$1008
$1007
$1006
$1005
$1004
$1003
$1002
$1000
Instruction #1
Instruction #2
Instruction #2
Empty
Empty
Empty
Data #1
Data #2
Data #3
$1000
Control
CPU Memory
Instruction Register
Data Registers
Memory gets the instruction and sends in to CPU using Data Bus.
Instruction #1
Data Bus
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Fetch – Step 4Fetch – Step 4
Program Counter
Instruction #1
$1001
$1009
$1008
$1007
$1006
$1005
$1004
$1003
$1002
$1000
Instruction #1
Instruction #2
Instruction #2
Empty
Empty
Empty
Data #1
Data #2
Data #3
$1000
Control
CPU Memory
Instruction #1Instruction Register
Data Registers
CPU stores instruction in Instruction Register
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Fetch – Step 5Fetch – Step 5
Program Counter
Instruction #1
$1001
$1009$1008$1007$1006$1005$1004$1003$1002
$1000Instruction #1
Instruction #2
Instruction #2
Empty
Empty
Empty
Data #1
Data #2
Data #3
$1002
Control
CPU Memory
Instruction #1Instruction Register
Data Registers
After instruction has been loaded, CPU updates Program Counter.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Decode – Step 1Decode – Step 1
Program Counter
Instruction #1
$1001
$1009$1008$1007$1006$1005$1004$1003$1002
$1000Instruction #1
Instruction #2
Instruction #2
Empty
Empty
Empty
Data #1
Data #2
Data #3
$1002
Control
CPU Memory
Instruction #1Instruction Register
Data Registers
CPU analyzes instructions before executing it.
Type of instruction.Does the instruction require any data to perform calculations?Where are the data located?
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Execute – Step 1Execute – Step 1
Program Counter
Instruction #1
$1001
$1009$1008$1007$1006$1005$1004$1003$1002
$1000Instruction #1
Instruction #2
Instruction #2
Empty
Empty
Empty
Data #1
Data #2
Data #3
$1002
Control
CPU Memory
Instruction #1Instruction Register
Data Registers
If instruction requires data from memory, data address is placed on address bus.
$1007
Address Bus
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Execute – Step 2Execute – Step 2
Program Counter
Instruction #1
$1001
$1009$1008$1007$1006$1005$1004$1003$1002
$1000Instruction #1
Instruction #2
Instruction #2
Empty
Empty
Empty
Data #1
Data #2
Data #3
$1002
Control
CPU Memory
Instruction #1Instruction Register
Data Registers
Memory gets the instruction and sends in to CPU using Data Bus.
Data #1
Data Bus
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Execute – Step 3Execute – Step 3
Program Counter
Instruction #1
$1001
$1009$1008$1007$1006$1005$1004$1003$1002
$1000Instruction #1
Instruction #2
Instruction #2
Empty
Empty
Empty
Data #1
Data #2
Data #3
$1002
Control
CPU Memory
Instruction #1
Data #1
Instruction Register
Data Registers
CPU puts data inside internal data registers and execute instructions.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Execute – Step 4Execute – Step 4
Program Counter
Instruction #1
$1001
$1009$1008$1007$1006$1005$1004$1003$1002
$1000Instruction #1
Instruction #2
Instruction #2
Empty
Empty
Empty
Data #1
Data #2
Data #3
$1002
Control
CPU Memory
Instruction #1
Data #1Result #1
Instruction Register
Data Registers
If instruction wants to write data to memory, CPU puts its data and address on the bus.
$1005
Address Bus
Result #1
Data Bus
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]
Execute – Step 5Execute – Step 5
Program Counter
Instruction #1
$1001
$1009$1008$1007$1006$1005$1004$1003$1002
$1000Instruction #1
Instruction #2
Instruction #2
Empty
Result #1
Empty
Data #1
Data #2
Data #3
$1002
Control
CPU Memory
Instruction #1
Data #1Result #1
Instruction Register
Data Registers
Memory receives instructions and puts data in the location.
Slide 2 Mikroprosesor Sub. Sistem Mikroprosesor, Sistem Bus___ [email protected]