Miconia calvescens Management Plan For the Big Island

27 November 2000

Introduction Miconia calvescens is Hawaii’s most threatening weed. Introduced as an ornamental from Central America in 1959 because of its large attractive maroon and green leaves, this invasive tree has started to spread aggressively in the Hawaiian Islands, including the Big Island. Declared a noxious weed in 1992, its broad ecological amplitude and ability to form dense, single-species stands indicate that it will invade and dominate a variety of forests, impoverish forest biodiversity, threaten habitat for threatened and endangered species, and lead to major changes in ecosystem processes. Left unchecked, it is expected that Miconia will invade and dominate the vegetation on areas with more than 65 inches of rainfall per year and up to 6000 feet in elevation on the Big Island. There is an estimated 450,000 acres of suitable habitat for Miconia on the Big Island. Large monotypic stands of Miconia have already developed in parts of Onomea and Puna. Satellite populations have been confirmed on the Kona side of the island near Honaunau and Honalo, and are scattered throughout the Puna District and along the Hamakua Coast as far north as Laupahoehoe. Our goal is to eradicate Miconia using mechanical and chemical means from as many sites on the Island of Hawaii as possible and to integrate these efforts with a biological control program. To achieve this goal, Operation Miconia intends to treat all satellite populations, establish Miconia-free buffers around all treated populations, survey all potentially infested lands, and monitor/retreat all previously treated areas bi-annually for up to 10 years. Our control strategy is analogous to controlling a wildfire by eliminating spot fires (Exterior), containing the spreading front (Perimeter) and mopping up the main body (Interior). Initial control efforts have been aimed at halting the expansion of Miconia around the Big Island. Mature seed producing trees in satellite populations were targeted to eliminate seed producing capability. With this effort well under way, we will continue to survey for previously unknown satellite populations and to eradicate them. Throughout the operations, care is taken to prevent unintentional spread of the seeds by implementing decontamination protocols for all workers. Given that most seeds live 2-4 years and a very few to 6 years, eliminating flowering plants and subsequently preventing any plants from producing seeds should remove the threat of Miconia in about 8 years. Monitoring should continue for several years to assure success. After the more intensive initial control period, much of the effort and expense should be for monitoring and mop-up. In time, biological agents may help by reducing population densities, reducing tree vigor and growth, reducing seed production, and reducing seedling establishment and survival.

2

This management plan provides an overview of Operation Miconia’s control strategy and methods. Annual work plans, containing the specific details and schedule of the work to be performed at each site, will supplement this plan. Control Strategy Operation Miconia is using the following approach for the management of Miconia on the Big Island. Different methods are being applied to sites that fall within three target areas based upon their proximity to the interior, or core, of the infestation. Control work will be prioritized as follows: Priority 1 – The Exterior: Preserve and protect non-infested lands beyond the perimeter of the existing miconia infestation by eradicating isolated spot infestations and using public awareness to help prevent new introductions. Of primary importance is the complete eradication of two distant isolated populations in Kona (Table 1, Figures 1a and 1b). Priority 2 – The Perimeter: Stop the advance of the infestation by containing it and confining it within a miconia-free buffer where an intensive, persistent effort is made to eradicate known miconia spot infestations and prevent their return (Table 2, Figure 1a). As work progresses and less and less Miconia is found in the Perimeter, it will eventually become the Exterior, while peripheral populations currently in the Interior will become the Perimeter, and so on. Priority 3 – The Interior: Reduce the impact of miconia within the Interior of the infestation by reducing its density. Focus removal efforts on the more mature plants which have or soon will have the capability to form seeds. Escape corridors within the interior such as roads and trails have the highest priority (Table 3, Figures 1a and 2). Methods and Activities 1. Aerial Surveys (Table 4, Figure 3) A. Exterior (High Priority) – Conduct aerial surveys up to 3 km beyond the known extent of Miconia populations in the Exterior to detect remote plants. In particular, fly over areas that are inaccessible to ground crews, and vice versa: send in ground crews where aerial surveys are unreliable or infeasible due to high tree canopy, housing developments, etc.

B. Perimeter (Medium Priority) – Conduct aerial surveys over the Perimeter to collect data that will help define the extent of peripheral infestations, to ensure the protection of the Exterior.

C. Interior (Low Priority) – Conduct aerial surveys over the extent of all higher elevation river drainages and low elevation populations in the Interior that need to be defined.

3

2. Ground Surveys and Control Work A. Exterior (High Priority) – Eradicate isolated spot infestations in the Exterior (Table 1, Figures 1a and 1b). Use fulltime crews to chemically and mechanically treat all plants detected during ground surveys (sweeps) around outlying mature trees and isolated spot infestations using a stratified approach:

• From 0m to at least 200m from flowering trees, sweep intensively enough to detect all plants down to 1 ft in height.

• Beyond 200m from flowering trees, sweep less intensively, to detect all plants down to 4

ft in height. B. Perimeter (Medium Priority) – Eradicate known Miconia spot infestations in the Perimeter, starting with those sites that are farthest from the core, highest in elevation and/or are most threatening to natural areas (Table 2, Figure 1a). Use fulltime crews and volunteers to chemically and mechanically treat all plants detected during ground surveys (sweeps) around outlying mature trees and isolated spot infestations using the stratified approach outlined above. C. Interior (Low Priority) – Reduce the density of Miconia in the Interior so that the impacts to the environment and economy are reduced to tolerable levels (Table 3, Figure 1a). Direct control work towards removing reproductive plants, especially along high traffic areas such as roads and trails, to reduce dispersal from vehicles and pedestrians (Figure 2). Target removal efforts on the larger plants that have or soon will have the capability to form seeds. In the core of the main infestation, introduce the leaf-spot fungus (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. Miconiae) and other approved biocontrol agents as they become available. 3. Monitoring

The cornerstone of Operation Miconia is support for a field team that controls Miconia infestations using a combination of mechanical, chemical and biological treatments. Subsequently, the Project Leader monitors treated sites for the effectiveness of control. A. Thoroughness of Ground Surveys - Conduct follow-up surveys in areas where the ground crew has worked (within 1 month) to ascertain their thoroughness. Sweep at right angles to the direction of the crew’s sweeps. Survey 5% of total areas treated, selected at random. B. Effectiveness of Chemical Treatment - Inspect chemically treated areas after 6 months to observe rates of mortality. Survey 5% of total areas treated, selected at random. C. Timing of Maintenance - Conduct annual surveys (casual walk-throughs) in areas where work has been completed to check the maturity of missed and/or new plants so that the timing of maintenance can be ascertained. D. Effectiveness of Biological Control – Monitor the progress and impact of the leaf spot fungus on Miconia.

4

4. Maintenance All areas where control work has been performed will be placed into a regular maintenance schedule to prevent Miconia from re-infesting them. A detailed site history will be obtained for each site using reports generated from the database (see below). The timing of maintenance at any given site (or block within a site) will be determined by periodic monitoring (see above) coupled with information from the site history. Maintenance will take place approximately every 2 years and will continue until 100% of the area previously worked is found to be Miconia-free for two cycles (estimated to be 6-10 years from the first pass). Fulltime crews will be scheduled to perform maintenance in a logical sequence based upon the priority lists. Due to limited staffing, sites located in the lower priority areas (at which work has been performed) may have to wait longer for maintenance to occur, unless volunteer help is obtained. This situation unfortunately increases the likelihood that missed and/or new plants will reach maturity. The development of community based stewardship projects and agreements for long-term (5-10 year) commitments for the control of Miconia, particularly in the Interior/core area, will enable those populations to be addressed while the fulltime crews focus on higher priority sites. Training workshops will be held on-site for new stewardship groups; especially those groups that are physically qualified to manage remote or special access work areas. 5. Data Management Reliable knowledge of the distribution of Miconia is the basis for effective control and monitoring. A computerized GIS database is being assembled using ground/helicopter survey, GPS, and public reports to the Miconia Hotline. This establishes the patterns and scale of invasion and provides accurate maps used to set priorities for rapid response by field control teams and follow-up monitoring. Most populations have been mapped into a GIS linked database using GPS. All surveillance and control efforts are recorded and mapped. Records are organized for future mop-up and monitoring work. Precise mapping facilitates rapid prioritization and response to those locations presenting the greatest likelihood of further rapid spread. We will continue to survey for new populations. New information obtained through public outreach and ground/aerial survey will be used to update maps and records. Population demographic information is recorded for all infested areas and treatment history is tracked. GIS distribution maps are overlaid with the County Real Property Tax Office records to obtain mailing addresses of owners for directed mailings of educational information and to request access for surveys and control.

5

The following actions are necessary to ensure that a comprehensive, accurate and retrievable database is maintained:

1. Record all survey and control work on field data sheets daily, as soon as the work is completed. 2. Use a GPS unit with an antenna to record locations of plants and tracks of survey and control workers. 3. Record all hotline calls on data sheets.

4. Incorporate all data recorded on datasheets into the database, utilizing the existing Haleakala APCHUL (Alien Plant Control & Herbicide Use Log) database platform and structure in a slightly modified form. 5. Use it to create maps with the GIS and to document work in written reports. 6. Use this information to help schedule annual work.

6. Public Awareness We will continue to expand upon existing awareness programs with public and school presentations (with emphasis on the Kona side of the island) and information packets for teachers, community associations, hunters’ and agricultural groups. We plan to host field trips and provide expert information for government and community leaders. Press releases will be promulgated for any significant events or findings (such as landmark control efforts, volunteer projects, etc,). A Miconia Hotline is being maintained to receive information from the public on Miconia sightings throughout Hawaii County and to provide information on volunteer projects. Particular effort will be made to educate the public, utility workers, organizations, and government agencies in Hawaii County that employ outdoor personnel, and those that have audiences of their own. Live specimens and fresh cut samples will be used to aid in proper identification. Presentations will describe gear contamination and human dispersal methods, i.e. shoes, hand tools, vehicles and heavy equipment, and will stress the dangers of transporting miconia plant materials around and inadvertent transportation of seeds to remote areas on footwear and gear. The need to treat all plants before they produce flowers or fruit will be emphasized. Meetings will be held at a Miconia site nearest the group in order to demonstrate what to do when Miconia plants are found, i.e. treatment methods, data recording, calling in to the Hotline. In those areas where the presence of Miconia has been reported but the exact location hasn’t been confirmed, we rely upon the public for further information. These neighborhoods are therefore targeted for intensive outreach efforts such as door-to-door contact, posting color flyers and plant samples, etc. (Figures 1a and 1b).

6

Summary

Proximity to the Core Priority Level Control Level Strategy Methods

Exterior: Non-infested Land 1 Highly

Intensive Prevent, detect

new infestations Public awareness

Exterior: Spot Infestation 1 Highly

Intensive Eradicate spots Aerial Surveys, Ground crews

Perimeter 2 Intensive, Persistent

Create buffer, eradicate spots

Aerial Surveys, Ground crews,

Volunteers

Corridors 2 Intensive, Persistent

Prevent escape along corridors

Public awareness, Volunteers

Interior 3 Low/Moderate Reduce density Biological control, Volunteers, Crews

Final Draft N

ovember 27, 2000

Table 1: Isolated Spot Infestations in the E

xterior (Priority 1) – Ground Surveys

PRIO

RITY

ID

SITE D

ISTRIC

T ELEVATIO

NAC

RES (H

A)

IMM

ATUR

E PLAN

TS K

NO

WN

MATU

RE

PLANTS

KN

OW

N

% O

F 1ST

PASS C

OM

PLETE

CO

MPLETE

1ST PASS

(TARG

ET)

BEG

IN

REVISIT

SCH

EDU

LE

3 PERSON

C

REW

D

AYS

1 1

Honalo

N. Kona

2400 850 (344)

104 23

100 Jun 2000

2002 0

2 2

Honaunau

S. Kona 3100

2850 (1153) 172

29 100

Jul 2000 2002

14

3 3

Laupahoehoe N

. Hilo

300 244 (99)

9 0

5 (D

ec 2000) 2002

9

4 4

Ninole

N. H

ilo 600

196 (79) 214

5 5

(Jan 2001) 2002

10

5 5

Hakalau

N. H

ilo 200

152 (61) 120

7 10

(Jan 2001) 2002

12

6 20

Ihope Puna

2000 152 (61)

258 6

19 (Feb 2001)

2002 24

Table 1 Total:4,444 (1,798)

877 70

69

8

Table 2: Spot Infestations in the Perim

eter that are being Eradicated (Priority 2) – G

round Surveys PR

IOR

ITY ID

SITE

DISTR

ICT

ELEVATION

ACR

ES (HA)

IMM

ATUR

E PLAN

TS K

NO

WN

MATU

RE

PLANTS

KN

OW

N

% O

F 1ST

PASS C

OM

PLETE

CO

MPLETE

1ST PASS

(TARG

ET)

BEG

IN

REVISIT

SCH

EDU

LE

3 PERSON

C

REW

D

AYS

1st Tier

1 6

Akaka S. H

ilo 1200

312 (127) 62

4 2

(Mar 2001)

2002 14

2 7

Kawainui

S. Hilo

1660 292 (118)

718 39

7 (M

ar 2001) 2002

14

3 12

Puueo S. H

ilo 1600

755 (307) 259

75 7

(Apr 2001) 2002

14

4 10

Kapue S. H

ilo 1100

918 (372) 745

107 47

(Apr 2001) 2002

14

5 13

Waiau

S. Hilo

1000 653 (264)

190 65

28 (M

ay 2001) 2002

14

2nd Tier

6 25

Jungle King Puna

2040 882 (356)

98 5

17 (M

ay 2001) 2002

8

7 22

Glenw

ood Puna

2140 132 (54)

2 0

0 (M

ay 2001) 2002

1

8 9

Hanaw

i S. H

ilo 1200

567 (230) 1,379

59 35

(May 2001)

2002 14

9 14

Akolea S. H

ilo 920

360 (145) 7

3 5

(Jun 2001) 2002

7

10 15

Hoaka

S. Hilo

1040 34 (14)

1 0

0 (Jun 2001)

2002 2

11 42

Kauaea Puna

480 126 (51)

1,784 37

0 (Jun 2001)

2002 7

12 29

Keahialaka Puna

980 205 (83)

8,308 288

39 (Jun 2001)

2002 7

13 93

Hale Puaa

Puna 240

160 (65) 4,738

15 21

(Jun 2001) 2002

7

14 21

Oshiro

Puna 1860

103 (42) 21

2 0

(Jun 2001) 2002

2

15 45

Puu Honuaula

Puna 620

40 (16) 3

3 0

(Jun 2001) 2002

2

3rd Tier

16 27

Anthurium

Puna 1560

298 (121) 122

17 3

(Jul 2001) 2002

9

17 28

Makuu

Puna 780

556 (225) 3,456

236 8

(Jul 2001) 2002

9

18 16

Waikahe

S. Hilo

860 184 (74)

2,045 75

0 (Jul 2001)

2002 9

19 19

Enos Lane Puna

1280 199 (81)

2,927 39

50 (Aug 2001)

2002 8

20 18

Kukui Cam

p Puna

1140 549 (222)

890 20

6 (Aug 2001)

2002 8

Table 2 Total: 7325 (2,964)

27,755 1,089

170

9

Table 3: Infestations in the Interior that are being reduced (Priority 3) – G

round Surveys PR

IOR

ITY ID

SITE

DISTR

ICT

ELEVATION

AC

RES (H

A)

IMM

ATUR

E PLAN

TS K

NO

WN

MATU

RE

PLANTS

KN

OW

N

% O

F 1ST

PASS C

OM

PLETE

CO

MPLETE

1ST PASS

(TARG

ET)

BEG

IN

REVISIT

SCH

EDU

LE

3 PERSON

C

REW

D

AYS

1st Tier

1 26

Malieka

Puna 1820

195 (78) 37

3 10

(Aug 2001) 2003

NPS

HAVO

2 68

Palainui Puna

1780 195 (78)

7 0

10 (Aug 2001)

2003 N

PS H

AVO

3 41

Lehua Puna

1500 422 (171)

1,321 128

17 (Aug 2001)

2003 8

4 56

Kopua Puna

1600 564 (228)

1,200 30

10 (Aug 2001)

2003 N

PS H

AVO

2nd Tier

5 8

Waiaam

a S. H

ilo 860

223 (76) 866

37 16

(Sep 2001) 2003

12

6 11

Honolii

S. Hilo

740 479 (193)

7,534 1,285

5 (Sep 2001)

2003 12

7 60

Pahoa Puna

740 505 (204)

10,361 182

0 (Sep 2001)

2003 8

8 43

Flower

Puna 480

369 (149) 1,139

77 50

(Oct 2001)

2003 8

3rd Tier

9 17

Kurtistown

Puna 840

872 (353) 21,192

453 11

(Oct 2001)

2003 9

10 73

BM605

Puna 550

368 (149) 35

1 0

(Oct 2001)

2003 8

11 39

Panaewa FR

Puna

400 641 (260)

1,519 614

28 (N

ov 2001) 2003

8

12 38

Zoo Puna

500 463 (188)

2,555 151

5 (N

ov 2001) 2003

8

13 35

Komohana

S. Hilo

420 537 (217)

154 10

5 (N

ov 2001) 2003

8

14 64

Kupono Puna

720 569 (230)

36,991 1,902

5 (D

ec 2001) 2003

12

15 46

Haena

Puna 40

341 (138) 9,049

772 0

(Dec 2001)

2003 8

Core

16 47

Aweow

eo Puna

320 316 (128)

2,660 352

100 (D

ec 2001) 2003

1

17 55

Laamia

Puna 140

195 (78) 298

78 100

(Dec 2001)

2003 1

18 44

Albizia Puna

600 341 (138)

1,994 1,021

100 (D

ec 2001) 2003

1

19 40

Panaewa H

HL

S. Hilo

120 495 (200)

17,589 1,291

100 (D

ec 2001) 2003

1 C

ontinued…

10

T

able 3 continued: Infestations in the Interior that are being reduced (Priority 3) – Ground Surveys

PRIO

RITY

ID

SITE D

ISTRIC

T ELEVATIO

NAC

RES (H

A)

IMM

ATUR

E PLAN

TS K

NO

WN

MATU

RE

PLANTS

KN

OW

N

% O

F 1ST

PASS C

OM

PLETE

CO

MPLETE

1ST PASS

(TARG

ET)

BEG

IN

REVISIT

SCH

EDU

LE

3 PERSON

C

REW

D

AYS

20 51

Shower

Puna 260

284 (115) 56

10 100

(Dec 2001)

2003 1

21 50

Pohaku Puna

370 635 (257)

98 10

100 (D

ec 2001) 2003

1

22 36

Kawili

S. Hilo

40 385 (156)

182 16

100 (D

ec 2001) 2003

1

23 59

Hilo Landfill

S. Hilo

100 385 (156)

456 47

10 (D

ec 2001) 2003

1

24 37

Kahaopea S. H

ilo 100

195 (78) 1,778

377 90

(Dec 2001)

2003 1

25 33

Reeds Island

S. Hilo

100 195 (78)

90 8

100 (D

ec 2001) 2003

1

26 31

Papaikou S. H

ilo 260

494 (200) 5,375

699 20

(Dec 2001)

2003 1

27 30

Onom

ea S. H

ilo 40

494 (200) 35,880

5,199 20

(Dec 2001)

2003 5

Table 3 Total: 10,772 (4,359)

160,416 14,753

125

Table 1-3 Total: 22,541 (9,122)

189,048 15,912

364

Table 1-3&7 Total:

25,592 (10,356)

194,663 16,518

364

Final Draft November 27, 2000

Table 4: Aerial Surveys

PRIORITY ID SITE DISTRICT ACRES HECTARES HRS COST COMMENTS TARGET

DATE

1 2 Honaunau S. Kona 2224 900 10 $6,300.00 Kamehameha Schools forest & Kealia Ranch Dec-00

2 3 Laupahoehoe N. Hilo 1650 665 1 $630.00 Cliff face, gulches, fallow cane lands (to3 km) Jan-01

3 4 Ninole N. Hilo 1443 584 1 $630.00 Cliff face, gulches, fallow cane lands (to 3 km) Jan-01

4 5 Hakalau N. Hilo 1608 650 1 $630.00 Cliff face, gulches, fallow cane lands (to 3 km) Jan-01

5 92 Kamuela S. Kohala 133 54 0.5 $315.00 Survey around new finding, protect Waipio Jan-01

6 20 Ihope Puna 2695 1090 2 $1,260.00 State forest & tree plantings (past 2 km) Feb-01

7 21 Oshiro Puna 929 376 1 $630.00 Forest and fallow cane (past 2 km) Feb-01

8 22 Glenwood Puna 770 312 1 $630.00 Seasonal drainages, marsh, forest, pasture Feb-01

9 14 Akolea S. Hilo 1820 736 2 $1,260.00 Kaumana N. blocks, forest and drainages Feb-01

10 15 Hoaka S. Hilo 1640 665 1 $630.00 Kaumana S., forest, drainages and pasture Feb-01

11 25 Jungle King Puna 1433 580 2 $1,260.00 Puna forest beyond RM work (past 2 km) Mar-01

12 27 Anthurium Puna 956 387 2 $1,260.00 Puna forest (past 2 km) Mar-01

13 28 Makuu Puna 3075 1245 2 $1,260.00 Forest - undeveloped Hawaiian Home Lands Mar-01

14 6 Akaka S. Hilo 1960 795 2 $1,260.00 Gulches, fallow cane lands, forest (to 3 km) Mar-01

15 7 Kawainui S. Hilo 1800 730 2 $1,260.00 Gulches, fallow cane lands, forest Mar-01

16 13 Waiau S. Hilo 1707 691 2 $1,260.00 Wailuku river & fallow cane & forest Apr-01

17

12

Puueo

S. Hilo

1853

750

2

$1,260.00

Kaiwiki & Kapehu Stream S. to Wailuku R., forest and gulches between prior flights

Apr-01

18 1 Honalo N. Kona 1615 653 5 $3,150.00 Kamehameha Schools forest Apr-01

19 16 Waikahe S. Hilo 1763 713 1 $630.00 Waiakea Forest blocks, forest and pasture Apr-01

20 42 Kauaea Puna 1600 650 2 $1,260.00 Malama Ki state forest reserve Apr-01

21 29 Keahialaka Puna 1500 610 1 $630.00 Forest & fallow cane mauka of Leilani Apr-01

22 60 Pahoa Puna 900 365 1 $630.00 Fallow cane some forest mauka of town Apr-01

23 9 Hanawi S. Hilo 193 78 2 $1,260.00 Gap in surveys at forest-ranch edge Apr-01

Total: 35267 14279 46.5 $29,295.00

12

Table 5: Monitoring

Objective Methods Timing Random Sample Acreage (ha) Thoroughness of Ground Surveys

Sweep at right angles to crew lines

Within 1 month of survey

5% of area surveyed 1,127 (456)

Effectiveness of Chemical Treatment

Observe rate of kill Within 6 months of treatment

5% of area treated 0.031 ac (1,234 sq.ft.) 0.013 ha (125 sq.m.) assuming 0.003% of area surveyed is treated

Timing of Maintenance

Casual walk-through

At least 1 year after survey/treatment

5% of area surveyed/treated

1,127 (456)

13

Table 6. Database Management

Task Who Timing

Record field work on datasheets Fulltime crew, volunteers Daily

Record survey tracks and locations of plants with GPS Fulltime crew, volunteers Daily

Download GPS info into computer

Fulltime crew, Information Coordinator Daily

Answer & Record Hotline calls Public Information Specialist Daily Enter datasheet info into database Information Coordinator Bi-monthly or more

Enter GPS info into database Information Coordinator Bi-monthly or more

Use database info for GIS maps Information Coordinator Bi-monthly or more

Update site histories Information Coordinator Annually or more

Report to PI Project Coordinator Quarterly, when asked

Report to grantors Project Coordinator Annually, when asked Create annual work plan/schedule Project Coordinator Annually, prior to Jan 1st

14

Table 7. Sites needing annual public awareness efforts.

PRIORITY ID SITE DISTRICT ELEVATION ACRES (HA)

IMMATURE PLANTS KNOWN

MATURE PLANTS KNOWN

% OF 1ST PASS

COMPLETE

OUTREACH DONE

(TARGET)

1 49 Kaloko N. Kona 3000 24 (10) 0 1 100 ?

2 92 Kamuela S. Kohala 3000 5 (2) 0 1 Collect soil

sample (Pending grow

test)

3 66 Mokuna Puna 3000 1 (0.4) 1 0 100 ?

4 23 Kaleponi Puna 2450 10 (4) 1 2 100 ?

5 24 Kokokahi Puna 2220 5 (2) 3 1 100 (Apr 01)

6 65 HA1DE Puna 1320 195 (78) 5 2 100 (Sep 01)

7 63 HA5DE Puna 1100 195 (78) 158 2 100 (Sep 01)

8 62 Kahukai Puna 780 195 (78) 15 0 100 (Oct 01)

9 71 HA1CD Puna 1270 195 (78) 1 3 100 (Oct 01)

10 72 Puanani Puna 580 203 (82) 3 12 10 (Oct 01)

11 61 HA9DE Puna 860 195 (78) 234 10 100 (Nov 01)

12 57 Orchidland Puna 600 195 (78) 27 2 100 ?

13 54 Puhala Puna 540 195 (78) 189 22 100 (Dec 01)

14 69 HA10BC Puna 750 195 (78) 115 0 100 (Dec 01)

15 88 HA11D Puna 740 195 (78) 1 1 100 (Dec 01)

16 75 Aulii Puna 460 195 (78) 5 1 100 (Dec 01)

17 52 Naupaka Puna 260 195 (78) 2 1 100 (Dec 01)

18 32 Makai Kawainui S. Hilo 340 50 (20) 4,815 532 10 (Dec 01)

19 53 Awapuhi Puna 50 195 (78) 14 6 100 (Dec 01)

20 70 Palani Puna 60 143 (58) 26 7 100 (Dec 01)

Total: 5,615

15

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Laupahoehoe

Ninole

Hakalau

Akaka

Kawainui

Waiaama

Hanawi

Kapue

HonoliiPuueo

Waiau

Akolea

Hoaka

Waikahe

Kurtistown

Kukui Camp

Enos LaneIhope

OshiroGlenwood

Kaleponi KokokahiJungle King

Malieka

Anthurium

Makuu

Keahialaka

Onomea

Papaikou

Makai Kawainui

Reeds IslandKeaukaha

Komohana

Kawili

Kahaopea

Zoo

Panaewa FR

Panaewa HHL

Lehua

Kauaea

FlowerAlbiziaPuu Honuaula

Haena

Aweoweo

Pohaku

ShowerNaupaka

Awapuhi

Puhala

Laamia

Kopua

Orchidland

Hilo Landfill

Pahoa

HA9DE

Kahukai

HA5DE

Kupono

HA1DE

Mokuna

Palainui

HA10BC Palani

HA1CD

PuananiBM605

Kehena

Aulii

Ua Nahele

HA11D

Papaaloa

Hale Puaa

4 0 4 Kilometers

N

EW

S

RoadsRivers

# Exterior# Perimeter# Interior# Core# Unconfirmed

Site Proximity

Figure 1a. East Hawaii Miconia Sites

16

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

Honalo

Honaunau

Kaloko

Holualoa

Capt. Cook

Waikoloa

Kohala

Waimea

KamuelaN

EW

S

3 0 3 Kilometers

RoadsRivers

Site Proximity# Exterior# Unconfirmed

Figure 1b:West and North

Hawaii Miconia Sites

17

Figure 2. Potential Escape Corridors in the Interior

Onomea Scenic Drive

Donkey Trail

0 500 Meters

N

EW

S

18

Laupahoehoe

NinoleHakalau

Akaka

Hanawi

Waiau

AkoleaH

oaka

Waikahe

Ihope

Oshiro

Makuu

PahoaKauaea

Glenw

oodH

ale Puaa

KurtistownEnos Lane Haena

Hilo Landfill

Panaewa H

HL

KapueH

onoliiPuueo

Jungle King

PalainuiM

alieka KopuaAnthurium

Kawainui

Keahialaka

Honalo

Honaunau

Kamuela

Roads

Rivers

Survey Priority

High

Medium

Low

Figure 3. Helicopter Survey Areas

200

2040

Kilometers

20

24

Kilometers

40

48

Kilometers

N

EW

S

19

Appendix 1 Definitions Ground Surveys - Sweeps Purpose is to detect, map and destroy Miconia plants before maturity along the periphery and inwards towards the core. Reports will reflect the entire piece of land specified. It will be assumed that the entire piece has been surveyed completely with 100% confidence and zero plants 4 ft or taller remain. Areas that could not be seen from the ground will be clearly defined in a separate report, with complete descriptions of the difficulty or problems encountered. Crewmembers work side by side within site of each other, following parallel courses defined by a compass bearing. Crews will move through the forest at an even pace, always having the persons on either side in site. They will move through the parcel with minimal impact. * Ground Surveys - Scout Lines Outside of the blocks that need 100% coverage, there will be the need from time to time for scout surveys. Purpose is to detect, map and destroy Miconia plants before maturity in remote areas of the exterior by installing strategically placed survey grids outside of the concentrated core at specific sites. Crews will work in groups of two in single file along a specified course defined by a given compass bearing. A trail will be cut through small brushy vegetation and dense forest. * * Crews must prevent damage or loss to private property and natural areas by their movements. Unless otherwise specified, no trees over 4 inches in diameter should be cut in order to make way for a trail. Exceptions are invasive non-natives such as strawberry guava, Melastoma candidum, Rubus ellipticus, Secropia, Trema, Melochia, grasses, and more. Crews will be expected to be able to identify, or possess the ability and interest to learn about, native species.

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Appendix 2

Needed Research The Miconia Working Group will facilitate research in Miconia invasion, establishment, detection, and control that can be incorporated into strategic planning. Research needs that have been identified include:

1. Seed shadow studies, in cooperation with USFS-IPIF, to show dispersal patterns and seed bank decay.

2. Better methods and tools to detect pre-flowering Miconia from the air. 3. Biological control testing, releases and impacts. 4. Rates of miconia establishment and spread in different plant communities. 5. Methods of disinfecting and killing seeds on equipment. 6. Natural seedling mortality in different vegetation types. 7. Seed suppression ability of kukui trees, or others.

The Working Group will also identify gaps in information essential for the control, containment and eradication of Miconia, and work with cooperators to complete needed research.