Miconia calvescens Management Plan For the Big Island
27 November 2000
Introduction Miconia calvescens is Hawaii’s most threatening weed. Introduced as an ornamental from Central America in 1959 because of its large attractive maroon and green leaves, this invasive tree has started to spread aggressively in the Hawaiian Islands, including the Big Island. Declared a noxious weed in 1992, its broad ecological amplitude and ability to form dense, single-species stands indicate that it will invade and dominate a variety of forests, impoverish forest biodiversity, threaten habitat for threatened and endangered species, and lead to major changes in ecosystem processes. Left unchecked, it is expected that Miconia will invade and dominate the vegetation on areas with more than 65 inches of rainfall per year and up to 6000 feet in elevation on the Big Island. There is an estimated 450,000 acres of suitable habitat for Miconia on the Big Island. Large monotypic stands of Miconia have already developed in parts of Onomea and Puna. Satellite populations have been confirmed on the Kona side of the island near Honaunau and Honalo, and are scattered throughout the Puna District and along the Hamakua Coast as far north as Laupahoehoe. Our goal is to eradicate Miconia using mechanical and chemical means from as many sites on the Island of Hawaii as possible and to integrate these efforts with a biological control program. To achieve this goal, Operation Miconia intends to treat all satellite populations, establish Miconia-free buffers around all treated populations, survey all potentially infested lands, and monitor/retreat all previously treated areas bi-annually for up to 10 years. Our control strategy is analogous to controlling a wildfire by eliminating spot fires (Exterior), containing the spreading front (Perimeter) and mopping up the main body (Interior). Initial control efforts have been aimed at halting the expansion of Miconia around the Big Island. Mature seed producing trees in satellite populations were targeted to eliminate seed producing capability. With this effort well under way, we will continue to survey for previously unknown satellite populations and to eradicate them. Throughout the operations, care is taken to prevent unintentional spread of the seeds by implementing decontamination protocols for all workers. Given that most seeds live 2-4 years and a very few to 6 years, eliminating flowering plants and subsequently preventing any plants from producing seeds should remove the threat of Miconia in about 8 years. Monitoring should continue for several years to assure success. After the more intensive initial control period, much of the effort and expense should be for monitoring and mop-up. In time, biological agents may help by reducing population densities, reducing tree vigor and growth, reducing seed production, and reducing seedling establishment and survival.
2
This management plan provides an overview of Operation Miconia’s control strategy and methods. Annual work plans, containing the specific details and schedule of the work to be performed at each site, will supplement this plan. Control Strategy Operation Miconia is using the following approach for the management of Miconia on the Big Island. Different methods are being applied to sites that fall within three target areas based upon their proximity to the interior, or core, of the infestation. Control work will be prioritized as follows: Priority 1 – The Exterior: Preserve and protect non-infested lands beyond the perimeter of the existing miconia infestation by eradicating isolated spot infestations and using public awareness to help prevent new introductions. Of primary importance is the complete eradication of two distant isolated populations in Kona (Table 1, Figures 1a and 1b). Priority 2 – The Perimeter: Stop the advance of the infestation by containing it and confining it within a miconia-free buffer where an intensive, persistent effort is made to eradicate known miconia spot infestations and prevent their return (Table 2, Figure 1a). As work progresses and less and less Miconia is found in the Perimeter, it will eventually become the Exterior, while peripheral populations currently in the Interior will become the Perimeter, and so on. Priority 3 – The Interior: Reduce the impact of miconia within the Interior of the infestation by reducing its density. Focus removal efforts on the more mature plants which have or soon will have the capability to form seeds. Escape corridors within the interior such as roads and trails have the highest priority (Table 3, Figures 1a and 2). Methods and Activities 1. Aerial Surveys (Table 4, Figure 3) A. Exterior (High Priority) – Conduct aerial surveys up to 3 km beyond the known extent of Miconia populations in the Exterior to detect remote plants. In particular, fly over areas that are inaccessible to ground crews, and vice versa: send in ground crews where aerial surveys are unreliable or infeasible due to high tree canopy, housing developments, etc.
B. Perimeter (Medium Priority) – Conduct aerial surveys over the Perimeter to collect data that will help define the extent of peripheral infestations, to ensure the protection of the Exterior.
C. Interior (Low Priority) – Conduct aerial surveys over the extent of all higher elevation river drainages and low elevation populations in the Interior that need to be defined.
3
2. Ground Surveys and Control Work A. Exterior (High Priority) – Eradicate isolated spot infestations in the Exterior (Table 1, Figures 1a and 1b). Use fulltime crews to chemically and mechanically treat all plants detected during ground surveys (sweeps) around outlying mature trees and isolated spot infestations using a stratified approach:
• From 0m to at least 200m from flowering trees, sweep intensively enough to detect all plants down to 1 ft in height.
• Beyond 200m from flowering trees, sweep less intensively, to detect all plants down to 4
ft in height. B. Perimeter (Medium Priority) – Eradicate known Miconia spot infestations in the Perimeter, starting with those sites that are farthest from the core, highest in elevation and/or are most threatening to natural areas (Table 2, Figure 1a). Use fulltime crews and volunteers to chemically and mechanically treat all plants detected during ground surveys (sweeps) around outlying mature trees and isolated spot infestations using the stratified approach outlined above. C. Interior (Low Priority) – Reduce the density of Miconia in the Interior so that the impacts to the environment and economy are reduced to tolerable levels (Table 3, Figure 1a). Direct control work towards removing reproductive plants, especially along high traffic areas such as roads and trails, to reduce dispersal from vehicles and pedestrians (Figure 2). Target removal efforts on the larger plants that have or soon will have the capability to form seeds. In the core of the main infestation, introduce the leaf-spot fungus (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. Miconiae) and other approved biocontrol agents as they become available. 3. Monitoring
The cornerstone of Operation Miconia is support for a field team that controls Miconia infestations using a combination of mechanical, chemical and biological treatments. Subsequently, the Project Leader monitors treated sites for the effectiveness of control. A. Thoroughness of Ground Surveys - Conduct follow-up surveys in areas where the ground crew has worked (within 1 month) to ascertain their thoroughness. Sweep at right angles to the direction of the crew’s sweeps. Survey 5% of total areas treated, selected at random. B. Effectiveness of Chemical Treatment - Inspect chemically treated areas after 6 months to observe rates of mortality. Survey 5% of total areas treated, selected at random. C. Timing of Maintenance - Conduct annual surveys (casual walk-throughs) in areas where work has been completed to check the maturity of missed and/or new plants so that the timing of maintenance can be ascertained. D. Effectiveness of Biological Control – Monitor the progress and impact of the leaf spot fungus on Miconia.
4
4. Maintenance All areas where control work has been performed will be placed into a regular maintenance schedule to prevent Miconia from re-infesting them. A detailed site history will be obtained for each site using reports generated from the database (see below). The timing of maintenance at any given site (or block within a site) will be determined by periodic monitoring (see above) coupled with information from the site history. Maintenance will take place approximately every 2 years and will continue until 100% of the area previously worked is found to be Miconia-free for two cycles (estimated to be 6-10 years from the first pass). Fulltime crews will be scheduled to perform maintenance in a logical sequence based upon the priority lists. Due to limited staffing, sites located in the lower priority areas (at which work has been performed) may have to wait longer for maintenance to occur, unless volunteer help is obtained. This situation unfortunately increases the likelihood that missed and/or new plants will reach maturity. The development of community based stewardship projects and agreements for long-term (5-10 year) commitments for the control of Miconia, particularly in the Interior/core area, will enable those populations to be addressed while the fulltime crews focus on higher priority sites. Training workshops will be held on-site for new stewardship groups; especially those groups that are physically qualified to manage remote or special access work areas. 5. Data Management Reliable knowledge of the distribution of Miconia is the basis for effective control and monitoring. A computerized GIS database is being assembled using ground/helicopter survey, GPS, and public reports to the Miconia Hotline. This establishes the patterns and scale of invasion and provides accurate maps used to set priorities for rapid response by field control teams and follow-up monitoring. Most populations have been mapped into a GIS linked database using GPS. All surveillance and control efforts are recorded and mapped. Records are organized for future mop-up and monitoring work. Precise mapping facilitates rapid prioritization and response to those locations presenting the greatest likelihood of further rapid spread. We will continue to survey for new populations. New information obtained through public outreach and ground/aerial survey will be used to update maps and records. Population demographic information is recorded for all infested areas and treatment history is tracked. GIS distribution maps are overlaid with the County Real Property Tax Office records to obtain mailing addresses of owners for directed mailings of educational information and to request access for surveys and control.
5
The following actions are necessary to ensure that a comprehensive, accurate and retrievable database is maintained:
1. Record all survey and control work on field data sheets daily, as soon as the work is completed. 2. Use a GPS unit with an antenna to record locations of plants and tracks of survey and control workers. 3. Record all hotline calls on data sheets.
4. Incorporate all data recorded on datasheets into the database, utilizing the existing Haleakala APCHUL (Alien Plant Control & Herbicide Use Log) database platform and structure in a slightly modified form. 5. Use it to create maps with the GIS and to document work in written reports. 6. Use this information to help schedule annual work.
6. Public Awareness We will continue to expand upon existing awareness programs with public and school presentations (with emphasis on the Kona side of the island) and information packets for teachers, community associations, hunters’ and agricultural groups. We plan to host field trips and provide expert information for government and community leaders. Press releases will be promulgated for any significant events or findings (such as landmark control efforts, volunteer projects, etc,). A Miconia Hotline is being maintained to receive information from the public on Miconia sightings throughout Hawaii County and to provide information on volunteer projects. Particular effort will be made to educate the public, utility workers, organizations, and government agencies in Hawaii County that employ outdoor personnel, and those that have audiences of their own. Live specimens and fresh cut samples will be used to aid in proper identification. Presentations will describe gear contamination and human dispersal methods, i.e. shoes, hand tools, vehicles and heavy equipment, and will stress the dangers of transporting miconia plant materials around and inadvertent transportation of seeds to remote areas on footwear and gear. The need to treat all plants before they produce flowers or fruit will be emphasized. Meetings will be held at a Miconia site nearest the group in order to demonstrate what to do when Miconia plants are found, i.e. treatment methods, data recording, calling in to the Hotline. In those areas where the presence of Miconia has been reported but the exact location hasn’t been confirmed, we rely upon the public for further information. These neighborhoods are therefore targeted for intensive outreach efforts such as door-to-door contact, posting color flyers and plant samples, etc. (Figures 1a and 1b).
6
Summary
Proximity to the Core Priority Level Control Level Strategy Methods
Exterior: Non-infested Land 1 Highly
Intensive Prevent, detect
new infestations Public awareness
Exterior: Spot Infestation 1 Highly
Intensive Eradicate spots Aerial Surveys, Ground crews
Perimeter 2 Intensive, Persistent
Create buffer, eradicate spots
Aerial Surveys, Ground crews,
Volunteers
Corridors 2 Intensive, Persistent
Prevent escape along corridors
Public awareness, Volunteers
Interior 3 Low/Moderate Reduce density Biological control, Volunteers, Crews
Final Draft N
ovember 27, 2000
Table 1: Isolated Spot Infestations in the E
xterior (Priority 1) – Ground Surveys
PRIO
RITY
ID
SITE D
ISTRIC
T ELEVATIO
NAC
RES (H
A)
IMM
ATUR
E PLAN
TS K
NO
WN
MATU
RE
PLANTS
KN
OW
N
% O
F 1ST
PASS C
OM
PLETE
CO
MPLETE
1ST PASS
(TARG
ET)
BEG
IN
REVISIT
SCH
EDU
LE
3 PERSON
C
REW
D
AYS
1 1
Honalo
N. Kona
2400 850 (344)
104 23
100 Jun 2000
2002 0
2 2
Honaunau
S. Kona 3100
2850 (1153) 172
29 100
Jul 2000 2002
14
3 3
Laupahoehoe N
. Hilo
300 244 (99)
9 0
5 (D
ec 2000) 2002
9
4 4
Ninole
N. H
ilo 600
196 (79) 214
5 5
(Jan 2001) 2002
10
5 5
Hakalau
N. H
ilo 200
152 (61) 120
7 10
(Jan 2001) 2002
12
6 20
Ihope Puna
2000 152 (61)
258 6
19 (Feb 2001)
2002 24
Table 1 Total:4,444 (1,798)
877 70
69
8
Table 2: Spot Infestations in the Perim
eter that are being Eradicated (Priority 2) – G
round Surveys PR
IOR
ITY ID
SITE
DISTR
ICT
ELEVATION
ACR
ES (HA)
IMM
ATUR
E PLAN
TS K
NO
WN
MATU
RE
PLANTS
KN
OW
N
% O
F 1ST
PASS C
OM
PLETE
CO
MPLETE
1ST PASS
(TARG
ET)
BEG
IN
REVISIT
SCH
EDU
LE
3 PERSON
C
REW
D
AYS
1st Tier
1 6
Akaka S. H
ilo 1200
312 (127) 62
4 2
(Mar 2001)
2002 14
2 7
Kawainui
S. Hilo
1660 292 (118)
718 39
7 (M
ar 2001) 2002
14
3 12
Puueo S. H
ilo 1600
755 (307) 259
75 7
(Apr 2001) 2002
14
4 10
Kapue S. H
ilo 1100
918 (372) 745
107 47
(Apr 2001) 2002
14
5 13
Waiau
S. Hilo
1000 653 (264)
190 65
28 (M
ay 2001) 2002
14
2nd Tier
6 25
Jungle King Puna
2040 882 (356)
98 5
17 (M
ay 2001) 2002
8
7 22
Glenw
ood Puna
2140 132 (54)
2 0
0 (M
ay 2001) 2002
1
8 9
Hanaw
i S. H
ilo 1200
567 (230) 1,379
59 35
(May 2001)
2002 14
9 14
Akolea S. H
ilo 920
360 (145) 7
3 5
(Jun 2001) 2002
7
10 15
Hoaka
S. Hilo
1040 34 (14)
1 0
0 (Jun 2001)
2002 2
11 42
Kauaea Puna
480 126 (51)
1,784 37
0 (Jun 2001)
2002 7
12 29
Keahialaka Puna
980 205 (83)
8,308 288
39 (Jun 2001)
2002 7
13 93
Hale Puaa
Puna 240
160 (65) 4,738
15 21
(Jun 2001) 2002
7
14 21
Oshiro
Puna 1860
103 (42) 21
2 0
(Jun 2001) 2002
2
15 45
Puu Honuaula
Puna 620
40 (16) 3
3 0
(Jun 2001) 2002
2
3rd Tier
16 27
Anthurium
Puna 1560
298 (121) 122
17 3
(Jul 2001) 2002
9
17 28
Makuu
Puna 780
556 (225) 3,456
236 8
(Jul 2001) 2002
9
18 16
Waikahe
S. Hilo
860 184 (74)
2,045 75
0 (Jul 2001)
2002 9
19 19
Enos Lane Puna
1280 199 (81)
2,927 39
50 (Aug 2001)
2002 8
20 18
Kukui Cam
p Puna
1140 549 (222)
890 20
6 (Aug 2001)
2002 8
Table 2 Total: 7325 (2,964)
27,755 1,089
170
9
Table 3: Infestations in the Interior that are being reduced (Priority 3) – G
round Surveys PR
IOR
ITY ID
SITE
DISTR
ICT
ELEVATION
AC
RES (H
A)
IMM
ATUR
E PLAN
TS K
NO
WN
MATU
RE
PLANTS
KN
OW
N
% O
F 1ST
PASS C
OM
PLETE
CO
MPLETE
1ST PASS
(TARG
ET)
BEG
IN
REVISIT
SCH
EDU
LE
3 PERSON
C
REW
D
AYS
1st Tier
1 26
Malieka
Puna 1820
195 (78) 37
3 10
(Aug 2001) 2003
NPS
HAVO
2 68
Palainui Puna
1780 195 (78)
7 0
10 (Aug 2001)
2003 N
PS H
AVO
3 41
Lehua Puna
1500 422 (171)
1,321 128
17 (Aug 2001)
2003 8
4 56
Kopua Puna
1600 564 (228)
1,200 30
10 (Aug 2001)
2003 N
PS H
AVO
2nd Tier
5 8
Waiaam
a S. H
ilo 860
223 (76) 866
37 16
(Sep 2001) 2003
12
6 11
Honolii
S. Hilo
740 479 (193)
7,534 1,285
5 (Sep 2001)
2003 12
7 60
Pahoa Puna
740 505 (204)
10,361 182
0 (Sep 2001)
2003 8
8 43
Flower
Puna 480
369 (149) 1,139
77 50
(Oct 2001)
2003 8
3rd Tier
9 17
Kurtistown
Puna 840
872 (353) 21,192
453 11
(Oct 2001)
2003 9
10 73
BM605
Puna 550
368 (149) 35
1 0
(Oct 2001)
2003 8
11 39
Panaewa FR
Puna
400 641 (260)
1,519 614
28 (N
ov 2001) 2003
8
12 38
Zoo Puna
500 463 (188)
2,555 151
5 (N
ov 2001) 2003
8
13 35
Komohana
S. Hilo
420 537 (217)
154 10
5 (N
ov 2001) 2003
8
14 64
Kupono Puna
720 569 (230)
36,991 1,902
5 (D
ec 2001) 2003
12
15 46
Haena
Puna 40
341 (138) 9,049
772 0
(Dec 2001)
2003 8
Core
16 47
Aweow
eo Puna
320 316 (128)
2,660 352
100 (D
ec 2001) 2003
1
17 55
Laamia
Puna 140
195 (78) 298
78 100
(Dec 2001)
2003 1
18 44
Albizia Puna
600 341 (138)
1,994 1,021
100 (D
ec 2001) 2003
1
19 40
Panaewa H
HL
S. Hilo
120 495 (200)
17,589 1,291
100 (D
ec 2001) 2003
1 C
ontinued…
10
T
able 3 continued: Infestations in the Interior that are being reduced (Priority 3) – Ground Surveys
PRIO
RITY
ID
SITE D
ISTRIC
T ELEVATIO
NAC
RES (H
A)
IMM
ATUR
E PLAN
TS K
NO
WN
MATU
RE
PLANTS
KN
OW
N
% O
F 1ST
PASS C
OM
PLETE
CO
MPLETE
1ST PASS
(TARG
ET)
BEG
IN
REVISIT
SCH
EDU
LE
3 PERSON
C
REW
D
AYS
20 51
Shower
Puna 260
284 (115) 56
10 100
(Dec 2001)
2003 1
21 50
Pohaku Puna
370 635 (257)
98 10
100 (D
ec 2001) 2003
1
22 36
Kawili
S. Hilo
40 385 (156)
182 16
100 (D
ec 2001) 2003
1
23 59
Hilo Landfill
S. Hilo
100 385 (156)
456 47
10 (D
ec 2001) 2003
1
24 37
Kahaopea S. H
ilo 100
195 (78) 1,778
377 90
(Dec 2001)
2003 1
25 33
Reeds Island
S. Hilo
100 195 (78)
90 8
100 (D
ec 2001) 2003
1
26 31
Papaikou S. H
ilo 260
494 (200) 5,375
699 20
(Dec 2001)
2003 1
27 30
Onom
ea S. H
ilo 40
494 (200) 35,880
5,199 20
(Dec 2001)
2003 5
Table 3 Total: 10,772 (4,359)
160,416 14,753
125
Table 1-3 Total: 22,541 (9,122)
189,048 15,912
364
Table 1-3&7 Total:
25,592 (10,356)
194,663 16,518
364
Final Draft November 27, 2000
Table 4: Aerial Surveys
PRIORITY ID SITE DISTRICT ACRES HECTARES HRS COST COMMENTS TARGET
DATE
1 2 Honaunau S. Kona 2224 900 10 $6,300.00 Kamehameha Schools forest & Kealia Ranch Dec-00
2 3 Laupahoehoe N. Hilo 1650 665 1 $630.00 Cliff face, gulches, fallow cane lands (to3 km) Jan-01
3 4 Ninole N. Hilo 1443 584 1 $630.00 Cliff face, gulches, fallow cane lands (to 3 km) Jan-01
4 5 Hakalau N. Hilo 1608 650 1 $630.00 Cliff face, gulches, fallow cane lands (to 3 km) Jan-01
5 92 Kamuela S. Kohala 133 54 0.5 $315.00 Survey around new finding, protect Waipio Jan-01
6 20 Ihope Puna 2695 1090 2 $1,260.00 State forest & tree plantings (past 2 km) Feb-01
7 21 Oshiro Puna 929 376 1 $630.00 Forest and fallow cane (past 2 km) Feb-01
8 22 Glenwood Puna 770 312 1 $630.00 Seasonal drainages, marsh, forest, pasture Feb-01
9 14 Akolea S. Hilo 1820 736 2 $1,260.00 Kaumana N. blocks, forest and drainages Feb-01
10 15 Hoaka S. Hilo 1640 665 1 $630.00 Kaumana S., forest, drainages and pasture Feb-01
11 25 Jungle King Puna 1433 580 2 $1,260.00 Puna forest beyond RM work (past 2 km) Mar-01
12 27 Anthurium Puna 956 387 2 $1,260.00 Puna forest (past 2 km) Mar-01
13 28 Makuu Puna 3075 1245 2 $1,260.00 Forest - undeveloped Hawaiian Home Lands Mar-01
14 6 Akaka S. Hilo 1960 795 2 $1,260.00 Gulches, fallow cane lands, forest (to 3 km) Mar-01
15 7 Kawainui S. Hilo 1800 730 2 $1,260.00 Gulches, fallow cane lands, forest Mar-01
16 13 Waiau S. Hilo 1707 691 2 $1,260.00 Wailuku river & fallow cane & forest Apr-01
17
12
Puueo
S. Hilo
1853
750
2
$1,260.00
Kaiwiki & Kapehu Stream S. to Wailuku R., forest and gulches between prior flights
Apr-01
18 1 Honalo N. Kona 1615 653 5 $3,150.00 Kamehameha Schools forest Apr-01
19 16 Waikahe S. Hilo 1763 713 1 $630.00 Waiakea Forest blocks, forest and pasture Apr-01
20 42 Kauaea Puna 1600 650 2 $1,260.00 Malama Ki state forest reserve Apr-01
21 29 Keahialaka Puna 1500 610 1 $630.00 Forest & fallow cane mauka of Leilani Apr-01
22 60 Pahoa Puna 900 365 1 $630.00 Fallow cane some forest mauka of town Apr-01
23 9 Hanawi S. Hilo 193 78 2 $1,260.00 Gap in surveys at forest-ranch edge Apr-01
Total: 35267 14279 46.5 $29,295.00
12
Table 5: Monitoring
Objective Methods Timing Random Sample Acreage (ha) Thoroughness of Ground Surveys
Sweep at right angles to crew lines
Within 1 month of survey
5% of area surveyed 1,127 (456)
Effectiveness of Chemical Treatment
Observe rate of kill Within 6 months of treatment
5% of area treated 0.031 ac (1,234 sq.ft.) 0.013 ha (125 sq.m.) assuming 0.003% of area surveyed is treated
Timing of Maintenance
Casual walk-through
At least 1 year after survey/treatment
5% of area surveyed/treated
1,127 (456)
13
Table 6. Database Management
Task Who Timing
Record field work on datasheets Fulltime crew, volunteers Daily
Record survey tracks and locations of plants with GPS Fulltime crew, volunteers Daily
Download GPS info into computer
Fulltime crew, Information Coordinator Daily
Answer & Record Hotline calls Public Information Specialist Daily Enter datasheet info into database Information Coordinator Bi-monthly or more
Enter GPS info into database Information Coordinator Bi-monthly or more
Use database info for GIS maps Information Coordinator Bi-monthly or more
Update site histories Information Coordinator Annually or more
Report to PI Project Coordinator Quarterly, when asked
Report to grantors Project Coordinator Annually, when asked Create annual work plan/schedule Project Coordinator Annually, prior to Jan 1st
14
Table 7. Sites needing annual public awareness efforts.
PRIORITY ID SITE DISTRICT ELEVATION ACRES (HA)
IMMATURE PLANTS KNOWN
MATURE PLANTS KNOWN
% OF 1ST PASS
COMPLETE
OUTREACH DONE
(TARGET)
1 49 Kaloko N. Kona 3000 24 (10) 0 1 100 ?
2 92 Kamuela S. Kohala 3000 5 (2) 0 1 Collect soil
sample (Pending grow
test)
3 66 Mokuna Puna 3000 1 (0.4) 1 0 100 ?
4 23 Kaleponi Puna 2450 10 (4) 1 2 100 ?
5 24 Kokokahi Puna 2220 5 (2) 3 1 100 (Apr 01)
6 65 HA1DE Puna 1320 195 (78) 5 2 100 (Sep 01)
7 63 HA5DE Puna 1100 195 (78) 158 2 100 (Sep 01)
8 62 Kahukai Puna 780 195 (78) 15 0 100 (Oct 01)
9 71 HA1CD Puna 1270 195 (78) 1 3 100 (Oct 01)
10 72 Puanani Puna 580 203 (82) 3 12 10 (Oct 01)
11 61 HA9DE Puna 860 195 (78) 234 10 100 (Nov 01)
12 57 Orchidland Puna 600 195 (78) 27 2 100 ?
13 54 Puhala Puna 540 195 (78) 189 22 100 (Dec 01)
14 69 HA10BC Puna 750 195 (78) 115 0 100 (Dec 01)
15 88 HA11D Puna 740 195 (78) 1 1 100 (Dec 01)
16 75 Aulii Puna 460 195 (78) 5 1 100 (Dec 01)
17 52 Naupaka Puna 260 195 (78) 2 1 100 (Dec 01)
18 32 Makai Kawainui S. Hilo 340 50 (20) 4,815 532 10 (Dec 01)
19 53 Awapuhi Puna 50 195 (78) 14 6 100 (Dec 01)
20 70 Palani Puna 60 143 (58) 26 7 100 (Dec 01)
Total: 5,615
15
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Laupahoehoe
Ninole
Hakalau
Akaka
Kawainui
Waiaama
Hanawi
Kapue
HonoliiPuueo
Waiau
Akolea
Hoaka
Waikahe
Kurtistown
Kukui Camp
Enos LaneIhope
OshiroGlenwood
Kaleponi KokokahiJungle King
Malieka
Anthurium
Makuu
Keahialaka
Onomea
Papaikou
Makai Kawainui
Reeds IslandKeaukaha
Komohana
Kawili
Kahaopea
Zoo
Panaewa FR
Panaewa HHL
Lehua
Kauaea
FlowerAlbiziaPuu Honuaula
Haena
Aweoweo
Pohaku
ShowerNaupaka
Awapuhi
Puhala
Laamia
Kopua
Orchidland
Hilo Landfill
Pahoa
HA9DE
Kahukai
HA5DE
Kupono
HA1DE
Mokuna
Palainui
HA10BC Palani
HA1CD
PuananiBM605
Kehena
Aulii
Ua Nahele
HA11D
Papaaloa
Hale Puaa
4 0 4 Kilometers
N
EW
S
RoadsRivers
# Exterior# Perimeter# Interior# Core# Unconfirmed
Site Proximity
Figure 1a. East Hawaii Miconia Sites
16
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
Honalo
Honaunau
Kaloko
Holualoa
Capt. Cook
Waikoloa
Kohala
Waimea
KamuelaN
EW
S
3 0 3 Kilometers
RoadsRivers
Site Proximity# Exterior# Unconfirmed
Figure 1b:West and North
Hawaii Miconia Sites
17
Figure 2. Potential Escape Corridors in the Interior
Onomea Scenic Drive
Donkey Trail
0 500 Meters
N
EW
S
18
Laupahoehoe
NinoleHakalau
Akaka
Hanawi
Waiau
AkoleaH
oaka
Waikahe
Ihope
Oshiro
Makuu
PahoaKauaea
Glenw
oodH
ale Puaa
KurtistownEnos Lane Haena
Hilo Landfill
Panaewa H
HL
KapueH
onoliiPuueo
Jungle King
PalainuiM
alieka KopuaAnthurium
Kawainui
Keahialaka
Honalo
Honaunau
Kamuela
Roads
Rivers
Survey Priority
High
Medium
Low
Figure 3. Helicopter Survey Areas
200
2040
Kilometers
20
24
Kilometers
40
48
Kilometers
N
EW
S
19
Appendix 1 Definitions Ground Surveys - Sweeps Purpose is to detect, map and destroy Miconia plants before maturity along the periphery and inwards towards the core. Reports will reflect the entire piece of land specified. It will be assumed that the entire piece has been surveyed completely with 100% confidence and zero plants 4 ft or taller remain. Areas that could not be seen from the ground will be clearly defined in a separate report, with complete descriptions of the difficulty or problems encountered. Crewmembers work side by side within site of each other, following parallel courses defined by a compass bearing. Crews will move through the forest at an even pace, always having the persons on either side in site. They will move through the parcel with minimal impact. * Ground Surveys - Scout Lines Outside of the blocks that need 100% coverage, there will be the need from time to time for scout surveys. Purpose is to detect, map and destroy Miconia plants before maturity in remote areas of the exterior by installing strategically placed survey grids outside of the concentrated core at specific sites. Crews will work in groups of two in single file along a specified course defined by a given compass bearing. A trail will be cut through small brushy vegetation and dense forest. * * Crews must prevent damage or loss to private property and natural areas by their movements. Unless otherwise specified, no trees over 4 inches in diameter should be cut in order to make way for a trail. Exceptions are invasive non-natives such as strawberry guava, Melastoma candidum, Rubus ellipticus, Secropia, Trema, Melochia, grasses, and more. Crews will be expected to be able to identify, or possess the ability and interest to learn about, native species.
20
Appendix 2
Needed Research The Miconia Working Group will facilitate research in Miconia invasion, establishment, detection, and control that can be incorporated into strategic planning. Research needs that have been identified include:
1. Seed shadow studies, in cooperation with USFS-IPIF, to show dispersal patterns and seed bank decay.
2. Better methods and tools to detect pre-flowering Miconia from the air. 3. Biological control testing, releases and impacts. 4. Rates of miconia establishment and spread in different plant communities. 5. Methods of disinfecting and killing seeds on equipment. 6. Natural seedling mortality in different vegetation types. 7. Seed suppression ability of kukui trees, or others.
The Working Group will also identify gaps in information essential for the control, containment and eradication of Miconia, and work with cooperators to complete needed research.
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