Meteorological measurements for solar energy
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Meteorological Measurements for Solar Energy
Energy Meteorology Symposium, Wageningen, 11.5.2017
Stefan Wilbert, Fabian Wolfertstetter, Natalie Hanrieder, Bijan Nouri, Pascal Kuhn,
Florian Sutter, Florian Wiesinger
DLR – German Aerospace Center
Institute of Solar Research
Qualification
Solar Energy Meteorology
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• Introduction: • Solar energy options• Solar energy meteorology and its relevance for solar
power plants
• Presentation of meteorological parameters that help solar power and their measurement
Overview
Meteorological measurements for solar energy
DLR.de • Chart 2
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DLR.de • Chart 3
Photovoltaic (PV) power plant options
• Different cell types• Fixed tilt, 1 or 2 axes tracker• Concentrating PV (CPV)
CPV images: Hirsch, T., N. Martin, L. Gonzalez, M. Biencinto, S. Wilbert, M. Schroedter-Homscheidt,
F Chenlo, and J.F. Feldhoff. 2014. Technical report on the functional requirements for the nowcasting
method. Report D2.1, FP7 project DNICast, Grant Agreement No. 608623.: DLR, CIEMAT.
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DLR.de • Chart 4
Power Tower
Central Receiver
Dish Stirling
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technology options
Parabolic Trough
& Linear Fresnel
• Electricity and/or heat
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DLR.de • Chart 5
Other solar energy technologies
• Flat plate collectors for heating and cooling• Collectors for solar water treatment• …
Images: CIEMAT, psa.es
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Solar energy meteorology
Ground
measurements
Prediction of plant yield
Satellite
dataModelled data
Application:
• Site selection
• Site specific plant layout
• Optimal decisions during
plant operation
- long term yield
of future plant
- behavior & yield
of existing plant
DLR.de • Chart 6
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Meteorological parameters relevant for solar plants
Parameters
- GTI (Global Tilted Irradiance)
and/or DNI (Direct normal irradiance)
- Circumsolar radiation
- Spectrally resolved
- Wind speed, direction and gust
- Temperature, humidity, pressure
- Soiling rate, dew, snow, rain
- Extinction between heliostats and receiver
- UV, salt concentration, abrasion
Historical and live meteo data & forecasting required for bigger plants
Meteo data collection not a burden, but a chance for energy cost reduction
- Low data uncertainties reduce financial risk and financing costs!
- Cost reductions due to smart site specific design
- Cost reductions due to optimized operation (live data, forecasting yield ↑)
DLR.de • Chart 7
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DLR.de • Chart 8
Solar radiation measurements
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Operational since 2010 -2013 Planned
Solar radiation measurements
Satellite derived data and ground measurements are required for MW+ plant projects
- to reach the required accuracy for historic long term data
- & for the plant operation.
DLR.de • Chart 9
x
Direct normal irradiation per year
[kWh/m²]
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• Robust instrument used for solar resource assessment at remote sites
• Characterization, further improvements & calibration
Global horizontal
irradiance (GHI)
Diffuse horizontal
Irradiance
(DHI)
DNI
(Direct Normal Irradiance)
Principle of operation
1. Pyranometer measures global irradiance
2. Shadowband rotates once per minute
3. During rotation:
measure the
diffuse irradiance
→ DNI is calculated
→ GTI calculated
Solar radiation measurements Rotating Shadowband Irradiometers
DLR.de • Chart 10
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DLR.de • Chart 11
Instrument calibration and characterization
-Calibration is the greatest uncertainty source of common
radiometers
-Enhancement of calibration techniques
-Evaluation of systematic errors and accuracy
-Correction functions for systematic errors
-Calibration of Si-sensors & RSI
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Solar spectra
-Measurements with spectroradiometers
-Simulations with radiative transfer
codes based on measurements (aerosol
properties, broadband DNI & GHI, temp.,
rel. hum., press., …)
DLR.de • Chart 12
Relevant for:-efficiency-selection of PV type
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Spectral effects on solar technologies and radiometers
-spectral effects on PV
and Si pyranometers must
be considered for yield
analysis
DLR.de • Chart 13
DNI GHI
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- Measurement of aerosol
properties
- e.g. NASA’s AERONET
- reference for satellite
based aerosol
measurements
Sun photometers
DLR.de • Chart 14
PSA
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a
• Circumsolar radiation is forward scattered solar radiation
• Concentrating collectors use:nearly the complete disk radiation
+a smaller fraction of the circumsolar
radiation
disk radiation
Circumsolar radiation
Relevant for:-operation and plant output-design of plants (field size)-selection of solar technology
DLR.de • Chart 15
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- SAM (Sun & Aureole Measurement), software (+ optional sun photometer)- camera based system @ 670nm- broadband radiation needed for CSP, spectral radiation for CPV
- master-system running at PSA- 2 replicas: CNRS/Odeillo (France), Masdar Institute (United Arab Emirates)
SAM sun photometer
Measurement of circumsolar radiation – SFERA system
DLR.de • Chart 16
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Circumsolar Radiation Sensor using pyrheliometers
1
2
DLR.de • Chart 17
Black Photon Instruments
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Circumsolar radiation measurement with RSIs
DLR.de • Chart 18
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Circumsolar radiation measurement with RSIs
Shadow on
pyranometer
DHI
partly
blocked
by band
Circumsolar contributionfrom 1° to 3.2°
measured with an RSI
disk radiation
DLR.de • Chart 19
- Algorithm analyses measurement during rotation
- No additional hardware required
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DLR.de • Chart 20
Variability of irradiance & forecasting
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Andasol parabolic trough plants
Variability of irradiance & forecasting
Forecasting and temporal and intra-plant-spatial variability are relevant for:-PV production ramp rate control-PV back up system control (diesel generator)-CSP&PV plant yield optimization (e.g. market participation)-CSP & PV plant design (storage size)-selection of solar technology depending -grid operation
DLR.de • Chart 21
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Point like
10 m
100 m
1 km
10 km
100 km
1 m
in
30
min
45
min
6 h
All sky imagers SatelliteGlobal NWP
Limited area NWP
Sp
ati
al re
so
luti
on
(l
og
-sc
ale
)
Forecast lead time (log-scale)6
0 m
in
0.1
min
5m
in
Ima
ge
: A
RM
INE
S,
SM
HI,
DL
RDLR.de • Chart 22
Irradiance nowcasting
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• Spatially resolved DNI, GTI, GHI maps with high temporal resolutions
• Combination with NWP (numerical weather prediction) and satellite nowcasts
All sky imager (ASI) based irradiance nowcasting
DLR.de • Chart 23
Example ASI image
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Working principle of ASI based nowcasting systems
ASI cameras film clouds
Clouds are segmented
Clouds are geolocated
Shadow map is estimated
Sensors provide irradiance data
Irradiance map is created
DLR.de • Chart 24
Track cloud
position and
extrapolate
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User interface of a nowcasting system (WOBAS)DLR.de • Chart 25
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Radiometer and ShadowCam-system
Ground-filming cameras provide irradiance maps
6x
sunny +
shaded
reference
image
6x
DLR.de • Chart 26
radiometers
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4 Q24 ASI (All Sky Imager)
6 M25 ShadowCams
20 Si-pyranometers
Pyrheliometers + pyranometers
Ceilometer
2.0km
Radiometer and ShadowCam-system
DLR.de • Chart 27
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DLR.de • Chart 28
Soiling
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Soiling
DLR.de • Chart 29
Soiling measurements for PV modules and reference cells
CSP-specific soiling measurements with TraCS or handheld reflectometers
Relevant for:-operation and plant output
-When do we have to clean?-plant design, site selection
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HVS Grimm
Optical systems, e.g.:
• Scatterometer type
Gravimetrical system
• Filter in air flow
Soiling modelling based on simple measurements
Dust sampling
Zagora meteo station
DLR.de • Chart 31
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DLR.de • Chart 32
Beam attenuation between heliostat and receiver
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Beam attenuation in tower plants
Relevant for:-design of tower plants (field size)-selection of solar technology-operation and plant output
DLR.de • Chart 33
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Vaisala FS11 scatterometer
Optec LPV-4 transmissometer
Beam attenuation in tower plants
Before ABC
ABC improves coincidence between both sensors!
Commercially available instruments applicable for
CSP if ABC correction is applied!
ABC - Absorption and Broadband Correction
After ABC
DLR.de • Chart 34
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Compare clear sky DNI
measurement with modelled
DNI for aerosol free
atmosphere
+
Assumption about aerosol
height profile
Calculate extinction
coefficient close to ground
1kmConstant aerosol extinction
coefficient
Extinction modelling based on DNI measurement
Validated
for PSA
DLR.de • Chart 35
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DLR.de • Chart 36
Parameters affecting durability
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Radiation
Temperature
Wind
Aerosols
SandstormsHumidity• Air humidity, dew, rain
•Chemical reactions
•Soiling
• Abrasion
• Salt, dust, industrial emissions
• Soiling
• Chemical reactions, especially on
hot surfaces
• Mechanical loads
• Soiling• especially UV-A, UV-B
•Chemical reactions
• Diurnal changes
• frost
• Mechanical stress
Relevant for:-cheaper components & longer lifetime
Parameters influencing durability
DLR.de • Chart 37
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• Durability tests of new products by outdoor exposure
take too long
• Accelerated aging tests in the laboratory are used
• Analysis of wind speed and flying sand concentration
analyses
• Operation parameters for laboratory tests
Sandstorm chamber
Abrasion due to sandstorms
Sandstorm chamber
DLR.de • Chart 38
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Meteorological Measurements for Solar Energy
Summary and conclusion
Solar irradiance is the most relevant parameter, but several other
parameters also have to be measured
Meteo data collection & application = chance for energy cost reduction
-Low data uncertainties reduce financial risk and hence financing costs
-Cost reductions due to smart site specific design
-Cost reductions due to optimized operation:
live meteo data, nowcasting, forecasting required
DLR.de • Chart 39
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Thank you for your attention and for the invitation!Questions?
Contact:
Dr. rer. nat. Stefan Wilbert
Team Leader ‘Solar Energy Meteorology’
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR)
German Aerospace Center Institute of Solar Research - Qualification
Plataforma Solar de Almería, Carretera de Senés s/n, km 5, 04200 Tabernas, Spain
Tel. 0034-950277619 | Fax 0034-950260315 | [email protected]
http://www.dlr.de/sf/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10224/17488_read-44933/