Mesopotamia
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Transcript of Mesopotamia
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MesopotamiaUnit III, Section 1
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Section OverviewThis section will allow students to develop a
basic understanding of one of the World’s earliest civilization, Mesopotamia.
We will look at physical features, historical events, and artistic attributes. Through this foundation we will develop further into the
region as we look at the Middle East & North Africa as a whole in Unit III, Section 2.
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Section ObjectivesDefine the geographic make up of the Fertile
Crescent region.
Analyze the cultural significance of the peoples of the region.
Understand how the region is a cradle of agriculture, learning, and civilization.
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Geographic FeaturesKnown as the Fertile CrescentBetween Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
Arable lands on flood plainsDangerous & unpredictable floods
Southern BorderPersian Gulf
Northern BorderZagros Mountains
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Urban CentersBabylonUrukUr
Excavated by Sir C. Leonard Woolley
Discovered over 1800 graves and 16 royal tombs Vast wealth Gold, silver, electrum, lapis
lazuli, & carnelian Animal and human sacrifice
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ArtRoyal tombs gave insight into Mesopotamian
artistic featuresHighlights
Bearded BullsBig eyesCurly hair Clasped handsFringed garmentsVotive figures
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“Ram Caught in a Thicket”
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Women’s Headdresses
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Jewelry of Queen Puabi
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Bull-headedHarp
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Silver Lions Head
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Gold Vessels
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The Standard of Ur
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Ceremonial Dagger
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Sumerians3000 B.C.E.1st CivilizationCity-States
Central administrative citySmaller surrounding villagesFarm/pasture lands
Developed arch & architectureZiggurats
City Center Tombs, temples, & storehouses
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Development of Writing Pictograms- PicturesIdeograms- IdeasPhonogram- Sound
CuneiformWedge shapedStylus used to make markings
Pressed into wet clay Baked to become permanent Library of Nineveh
Cylinder SealsForm of formal signature
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…ContinuedUsed practically
and decoratively Scribes
Highly trainedRead and write for
a feeHenry C.
RawlinsonTranslated
cuneiform in 1835Rock of Behistun
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EdubbasSchool for boys ages 5-15 Memorized law, poetry, & history
Other Classes: Divination, medicine, mathematics, & astronomy Math based on 60, used decimals, spheres/cubes
used
Year round schooling25 days a monthExtremely strict
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ReligionPolytheistic
Pantheon of gods, demons, and monsters
Patron gods/goddesses of cities, trades, and natural aspects
Major deitiesEnlil- god of wind, ruler of heaven and
Earth’s peopleIshtar- goddess of fertility, love, and
warNabu- god of wisdom and learningEreshkigal- goddess of the underworld
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Daily LifeMale dominated society
Women’s place was in the home Own property and obtain a divorce
Farming vital part of lifeOnions, barley, turnips, grapesBeer and wine widely available
Highly trained class of artisans, priests, and craftsmen
Caste of slavesHomes built of sun-dried mud brickSystem of credit and loans (banking)
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Intermittent Periods2500 B.C.E. Sumer falls
to Akkad’s King Sargon2050 B.C.E. Immigration
Indo-Europeans (Southern Russia)
Amorites & Semites (Arabia)
Hittites (Turkey) Introduced horse drawn
two-wheel chariots Replaced donkey/oxen
driven four-wheeled wagons
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HammurabiBabylonian kingRuled from 1792-1750 B.C.E.Code of Hammurabi
Written on a stele282 laws“Eye for an Eye” policy
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AssyriaFounded around 2000 B.C.E.City-states under multiple imperial
rulers through early historyBegins expanding outward in 1392
B.C.E.Grew into great military power
throughout known worldRuthless warriors and leadersUnmerciful and severe rulersDeport/importation of people
groups throughout expansion periods
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Post-Assyrian WorldDestroy in 612 B.C.E.Nebuchadnezzar of the
ChaldeansRe-established Babylon
(Neo-Babylonian Empire)Ishtar Gate/Hanging
GardensKing of the Book of Daniel
Neo-Babylonians fall under Belshazzar’s controlPersia takes power
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Ishtar Gate
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Hanging Gardens of
Babylon
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PersiaRose in 539 B.C.E.Cyrus the Great
Expanded empireLargest world empire to date
Bureaucratic systemFour capitals
Ecbatana Susa Babylon Persepolis