GEOGRAPHY MESOPOTAMIA MAP Mediterranean Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea Tigris River Euphrates River Sumer Fertile Crescent

ACHIEVEMENT INTELLECT

RELIGION POLITICS

SOCIETY ECONOMY

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia Mesopotamia

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Fertile Crescent - lots of silt "land between the rivers" Tigris & Euphrates Rivers -

unpredictable floods few natural barriers few natural resources Sumer How did geography influence religion,

economy, architecture?

FIRST writing system - cuneiform number system (based on 60) Epic of Gilgamesh

FIRST civilization Hammurabi - FIRST code of law inventions, etc. - irrigation, wheel, sail,

plow, FIRST to use bronze

city-states ruled by priests, then by

dynasties Sargon - created FIRST

empire

polytheism ziggurats angry gods & gloomy afterlife priests appealed to gods on farmers'

behalf

bartering traded grain,

cloth, tools to get stone, metal, wood

specialization of labor

Women - jobs & property, but NO schooling

Class-based

kings & priests

merchants

ordinary people

slaves

GEOGRAPHY EGYPT MAP Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Nile River Lower Egypt (Nile delta) Upper Egypt Eastern Desert Western Desert Memphis

ACHIEVEMENT INTELLECT

RELIGION POLITICS

SOCIETY ECONOMY

Egypt

Egypt Egypt

Egypt Egypt

Egypt Egypt

Nile River – predictable floods river flows north, winds blow south cataract Nile delta – fertile black soil natural barriers - desert How did geography influence religion,

economy, architecture?

writing system – hieroglyphics number system, geometry 365-day calendar

papyrus FIRST to use stone columns in building medical

knowledge Engineering

pharaohs theocracy Menes (united Egypt) dynasties

polytheism pyramids nice gods, pleasant afterlife mummification

bartering traded to get gold, ivory, cattle, granite

Class-based Social

movement possible

Women – own property, divorce

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pharaoh & family

priests, gov’t & military leaders

merchants, artisans

peasants & laborers

slaves

GEOGRAPHY INDUS VALLEY MAP Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bay of Bengal Indus River Ganges River Hindu Kush Mountains Himalaya Mountains Karakorum Mountains Thar Desert

ACHIEVEMENT INTELLECT

RELIGION POLITICS

SOCIETY ECONOMY

Indus Valley

Indus Valley Indus Valley

Indus Valley Indus Valley

Indus Valley Indus Valley

subcontinent Indus River – unpredictable floods seasonal monsoons natural barriers – mountains, desert cities – Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro How did geography influence this

civilization?

plumbing and sewage systems

writing system – not deciphered

planned cities using grid system public baths

strong central government evidenced by uniform city planning & construction

walled cities invaded by

Aryans

polytheism links to modern Hindu religion – images of

Shiva and other gods believed in afterlife

traded long distance with Sumer marked goods with stamps and seals

social equality –similar housing prosperous – time to make toys stable and peaceful – few weapons

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GEOGRAPHY ANCIENT CHINA MAP Bay of Bengal Pacific Ocean Yellow Sea East China Sea Huang He (Yellow) River Yangtze River Gobi Desert Himalaya Mountains Taklimakan Desert

ACHIEVEMENT INTELLECT

RELIGION POLITICS

SOCIETY ECONOMY

Ancient China

Ancient China Ancient China

Ancient China Ancient China

Ancient China Ancient China

Huang He River - loess unpredictable floods natural barriers – mountains, deserts,

ocean cities – Anyang How did geography influence this

civilization?

writing system (Shang dynasty) not linked to spoken language

oracle bones

blast furnace – cast iron chariot gunpowder porcelain silk paper compass

Dynastic Cycle & Mandate of Heaven feudalism Shang and Zhou Dynasties

family linked to religion--ancestor spirits brought good or bad fortune

consulted gods using oracle bones

natural barriers limited trade settlers provided most of their own goods

group more important than individual 2 classes – nobles and peasants family important arranged marriages, women inferior

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Powerful leader assumes rule

Period of Prosperity

Period of Decline

New Dynasty claims Mandate of Heaven

WHO WERE THEY?

WHERE WERE THEY?

PHOENICIA MAP Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Italy Spain Greece Crete Sicily Sardinia

LAW SYSTEM

WAR TECHNOLOGY

ACHIEVEMENT

HOW DID THEY CAPTURE TERRITORY?

HOW DID THEY TREAT CAPTIVES?

POLITICS

HOW DID THEY CONTROL EMPIRE?

HOW DID THEY FALL?

ECONOMY

Hittites

Assyrians Phoenicia

PhoeniciaHittites

PhoeniciaAssyrians

occupied Anatolia (modern day Turkey) in 2000 B.C.E.

city-states controlled most of Mesopotamia for 450

years signed peace treaty with Egypt to control

Syria

ALPHABET – symbols represent sounds – simplified writing

shipbuilding and sailing

borrowed ideas from Mesopotamians law code similar to Hammurabi’s, but less

harsh

superior war technology light chariots first to use iron weapons

city-states – never united

colonies around Mediterranean

captured by Assyrians in 842 B.C.E.

controlled northern Mesopotamia armies with horses, chariots, iron weapons used ladders, tunnels, battering rams to get

past city walls

cruel to enemies captured enemy leaders were killed; people

sent into exile or slavery people who surrendered allowed to choose

a new leader

wealthy – traded their own goods and goods from other lands

purple dye (Sidon & Tyre) crafts made from wood, glass, ivory, metal papyrus (Byblos)

to control a large empire, you need:o highly organized governmento strong military

created libraries

made many enemies put down several revolts eventually defeated when enemies burned

capital city of Ninevah

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WHO WAS ABRAHAM? MAP OF THE EXODUS Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Dead Sea Nile River Jordan River Sinai Peninsula

WHO WAS MOSES? WHAT MADE THEM UNIQUE?

WHO WERE SAUL & DAVID? WHO WAS SOLOMON?

HOW DID HEBREWS GOVERN THEMSELVES?

IMPORTANT EVENTS IN EARLY HEBREW HISTORY

Hebrews

Hebrews Hebrews

Hebrews Hebrews

Hebrews Hebrews

“Father of the Hebrews”, founder of Judaism

Believed in one God Made covenant with God – God would

bless Abraham’s descendants if they devoted themselves to God

Led his people to Canaan “the Promised Land”

Proved devotion to God by his willingness to sacrifice his son

FIRST monotheistic religion Torah – 5 holy books containing laws,

beliefs, and history of Hebrews Ten Commandments – basis of Western

moral traditions

Leader and prophet of the Hebrews

Led Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt back to Canaan (the Exodus)

Received the Ten Commandments from God on Mt. Sinai

David’s son & 3rd king of Hebrews

Most powerful of the 3 kings

expanded Jerusalem established trade with

Phoenicians built temple to house

Ark of the Covenant

Saul – 1st king of Israel drove Philistines out of

Palestine

David – 2nd king of Israel

United tribes, founded a dynasty

established capital of Israel in Jerusalem

~ 2000 B.C.E. Abraham travels from Ur to Canaan ~ 1500 B.C.E. Famine forces Hebrews to move to

Egypt where they are enslaved ~ 1300 B.C.E. Moses leads Exodus 1020 – 922 B.C.E. Rule of 3 Kings 922 B.C.E. Jews divide into Israel and Judah 722 B.C.E. Assyrians capture Israel 586 B.C.E. Nebuchadnezzar (Babylonian king)

captures Judah & destroys Solomon’s Temple; Hebrews are sent into exile

539 B.C.E. Persia conquers Babylon; Hebrews return from exile and rebuild temple

Ten Commandments – 1st four govern people’s relationship to God; the rest govern people’s relationships with each other

Additional laws defined proper social and religious behavior

In Canaan, people were led and governed by male and female judges

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