meh and meh

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Codename:AndurilNiteesh KuchakullaHarveer Singh7thperiod ForensicsMr.RegierNovember 22,2014

Magneto Hydrodynamic ave !nergy Conversion "#C

#ll throughout the ages$ %rom the ancient &a'ylonians to modern times$ the

ocean has 'een harnessed$ directed$ and tied to the very e(istence o% li%e.

)n%ortunately$ humans are also the main cause o% the loss o% 'iodiversity in the

ocean$ and the )nited States needs ne* sources o% energy that can replace the

%ossil %uels that *e mainly use$ so my partner and + have decided that a plan o%

magneto hydrodynamic electric generators are 'est suited to solve these pro'lems.

,here%ore my partner and + are in a-rmation o% the resolution: the )nited States

%ederal government should su'stantially increase its nonmilitary development o%

the !arth/s oceans.


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Contention I, Signifcance, the harms in the status 0uo

A. Wave energy conversion currently implemented in the status quo is

harming biodiversity

1!nvironmental +mpacts o% Hydrokinetic !nergy$2 http:33***.ucsusa.org3$ )nion o%

Concerned Scientists 4 Science %or a Healthy 5lanet and Sa%er orld. #ccessedNovem'er "6$ 8"9$ http:33***.ucsusa.org3clean;energy3ourenergychoices3rene*a'leenergy3environmentalimpactshydrokineticenergy.htmlk(9vnF;u*?

ave energy installations re0uire large e(panses o% ocean space$ *hich

competes *ith other uses@such as Ashing and shipping@and causes damage to

marine li%e and ha'itats. Some tidal energy technologies are located at the mouths

o% ecologicallysensitive estuary systems$ *hich could cause changes in hydrology

and salinity that negatively impact animal and plant li%e.

So the current technology for wave energy is actually harming our environment.

B. Wave Energy Conversion WEC! technology ta"es up large e#panses

o$ ocean space and contributes to pollution in the ocean %hen

bro"en or %hen its usability is over.

Br. &eyene$ #s%et 1CH#!N>!S #NB +SS)!S DF #=! !N!R>E CDN=!RS+DN$2

http:33***.oceanenergycouncil.com3.5u'lished March $ 8"9. #ccessed Dcto'er

"6$ 8"9. http:33***.oceanenergycouncil.com3challengesissues*aveenergy

conversion3?

Dne o% the maGor o'stacles *ith the *ave energy converter is the area o% the

ocean this technology must 'e spread to generate a considera'le amount o% energy.

+t is recommended that this technology 'e placed in a large num'er %or that part

also. Ho*ever the dra*'acks o% these types o% installments are numerous. +n a

study it *as %ound that once the technology had outlived its mechanical li%espan it

*ould gradually *ear *ay and 'ecome part o% the pollution in the ocean .From this

we can gather that wave energy conversion in the status uo is actually hurting the

oceans and marine environment.

C. &he %orld is rapidly running out o$ $ossil $uels.


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1!nd o% Fossil Fuels$2 !cotricity.co.uk$ #ccessed Dcto'er ""$ 8"9

https:33***.ecotricity.co.uk3ourgreenenergy3energyindependence3theendo%%ossil%uels?

>lo'ally every year *e currently consume the e0uivalent o% over "" 'illion

tonnes o% oil in %ossil %uels. Crude oil reserves are vanishing at the rate o% 9 'illion

tonnes a year. +% *e carry on at this rate our kno*n oil deposits *ill 'e gone 'y

8. &ut the rate at *hich the *orld consumes %ossil %uels is not standing still$ it is

increasing as the *orld/s population increases and as living standards rise in parts

o% the *orld that until recently had consumed very little energy. Fossil %uels *ill

there%ore run out earlier.

!e must loo" to new sources of energy as our current sources, fossil fuels, will run

by 20#2 at the latest.

Contention II, Inherency, the 'arrier in the status 0uo

A. 'unding $or ocean research and energy has been cut and is at

an all(time lo% in the )nited States

McCain$ Craig 1e Need an Dcean N#S# No* 5t."$2

http:33deepseane*s.com3$ #ccessed Novem'er "7$ 8"9. Craig McClain$ the

#ssistant Birector o% Science %or the National !volutionary Synthesis Center$

5u'lished Dcto'er "6$ 8"9. http:33deepseane*s.com38"93"83*eneedanoceannasano*pt"3?

hat limits our e(pansion o% the oceans is not imagination or

resources 'ut %unding. e as a society started to make a choice: to

deprioritiIe ocean e(ploration and science. +n general$ science in the ).S. is

poorly %undedJ *hile the total num'er o% dollars spent here is large$ *e only

rank 6th in *orld in the proportion o% gross domestic products invested into

research. ,he outlook %or ocean science is even 'leaker. +n many cases$%unding o% marine science$ energy$ and e(ploration$ especially %or the deep

sea$ are at historical lo*s. So our inherency show there are clears barriers in

the status uo that $revent this $lan from coming into e%ect.


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*o% let+s loo" at the actual plan to solve $or the problems

presented in the Signifcance.

lan" -, andates/,he )nited States %ederal government should

su'stantially increase its development o% the !arth/s oceans 'y redirecting

%unding to and 'uilding magneto hydrodynamic MHBL electric generators on

the coast in Florida$ Cali%ornia$ Dregon$ #tlanta and the area surrounding it$and on the >ul% o% Me(ico 'eginning in Ascal year 8"98".

lan" 0, 'unding/,he )nited States *ill redirect 8 million dollars %rom

%ossil %uel su'sidies 'eginning at the start o% FE 8" 9. cut o% the

current amountL to*ards this plan *hich *ill cover all costs such as: capital

costs$ proGect development costs$ running costs$ and training costs.

lan" 1, En$orcement/,he ).S. Bepartment o% !nergy and the ScientiAc

#pplications and Research #ssociates$ +ncorporated S#R#L.

lan" 2, 3egislative Intent/,he a-rmative sides reserves the right %orclariAcation and re0uests that all oOcase positions 'e run in the Arst

negative constructive %or reasons o% %air de'ate.

Contention III, Solvency

A. 45 electric generators %ill produce electricity $rom saline

ocean currents reducing our dependency on $ossil $uels.

,akeda$ Minoru 1Sea*ater Magneto hydrodynamics 5o*er >enerator 3Hydrogen >enerator2Minoru ,akeda$ >raduate School o% Maritime Sciences$

Ko'e )niversity$ #ccessed Novem'er "7$ 8"9 35BF Ale.

"8.983***.scientiAc.net3#S,.7?

# sea*ater magneto hydrodynamic MHBL po*er generator is

e(pected to 'ecome popular *ith the development o% superconducting


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technology 'ecause o% lo* loss and high e-ciency Po% energyQ.# sea*ater

magneto hydrodynamic MHBL po*er generator is a uni0ue system that notonly directly trans%orms the kinetic energy o% an PsalineQ ocean current 3 tidal

current into electric energy 'ut also generates hydrogen gas as a 'yproduct$

more on that laterL. ,he energy o% the ocean current 3 tidal currents is

e(pected to 'e eOective as a sustaina'le$ rene*a'le energy source 'ecause

o% its independence o% 'oth *eather and season in comparison *ith solar

energy and *ind po*er energy. Now my $artner and & would li"e to ta"e the

time to e'$lain how a magneto hydrodynamic generator wor"s. (asically a

rotating metal a'is, which transfers the motion of the saltwater into

electricity to the generator, is sus$ended in between two magnets of

o$$osite $olarities )North and South* by theelectromagnetic +eld created by

electrical currents sent throughout the conducting saltwater. )Note the

electrical currents are contained by an insulator which allows the saltwater

to $ass through but not the current as the water leaves the generator so no

harm is conceived des$ite what the negative side may say.*

B. 45 generators are not harm$ul to biodiversity and do not

pollute the environment.

Samuel D. Mathe*$ D'ed C. Bike $ !mmanuel ) #ka'uogu $ and emima N.

Dg*o 1M#>N!,D HEBRDBEN#M+CS 5D!R >!N!R#,+DN )S+N> S#,#,!R2 http:33***.aGsc.leenaluna.co.Gp3. #ccessed Novem'er "7$ 8"9 http:33***.aGsc.leenaluna.co.Gp3#SC5BFs3=ol."9L3#SC8"".98L.pd%?

Harnessing po*er 'y employing an MHB generator *ith salt *ater as

its Tuid conductor is hugely advantageous in that the source is rene*a'le$ it

re0uires no e(ternal energy input to %acilitate its operation$ it has no e(terior

moving parts and as such does not contri'ute to mortality o% a0uatic

organisms and Anally$ it does not pose pro'lems o% pollution. herefore -/

generators do not $resent threats to their environments that conventional

wave energy converters and ocean turbines do.

C. 45 generators produce huge amounts o$ electricity and could

potentially po%er one(third o$ the )nited States.

1Concentrating Solar 5o*er )tility CS5)L2

http:33concentratingsolarpo*erutility.com3 #ccessed Novem'er "7$ 8"9.

http:33concentratingsolarpo*erutility.com3?


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,he 'ig diOerence *ith MHB %or green energy or Gust energy conversion

is that it has the potential %or such high e-ciencies 6L. Dthertechnologies are resorting to rare and e(pensive materials or complicated

optics to s0ueeIe out incremental changes. ,he #merican *ave and tidal

industry has the potential to meet roughly onethird o% all ).S. electricity

needs$ and MHB generators have a large part to play in the conversion o%

this electricity.So im$lementing this technology could allow for the nited

States to transfer to more environmental friendly energy sources.

*o% %e move to Contention I6, Advantages, the e#tra benefts o$our plan

A. A by(product o$ 45 generators is hydrogen gas %hich can

be stored or burned in $uel cells $or electricity.

Bennis uimes$ ,imothy =ervoort$ Stephan Maat$ Rick Smits 1Report Magneto

Hydrodynamics2 http:33***.maritimesymposiumrotterdam.nl3 5u'lished

Novem'er "$ 8". #ccessed Novem'er "7$ 8"9.

http:33***.maritimesymposiumrotterdam.nl3uploads3Route3Magneto8Hydrodynamics.pd%?

Hydrogen gas generated in the MHB system *ill 'e generated due to

electrolysis o% the *ater. ,he electrical current *ill To* through the *ater

%rom the positive electrode to the negative electrode. &ecause o% the salinity

o% the *ater this process *ill produce more hydrogen gas 'ecause o% the

higher conductivity and there%ore greater reaction. Ho*ever hydrogen gas is


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the most interesting 'yproduct$ it isnUt the only gas %ormed 'y the

electrolysis. D(ygen is also %ormed and is there%ore no pro'lem %or man orenvironment. So not only do we create electricity from the ocean currents,

we also can acuire hydrogen gas which can be stored in fuel cells giving us

a bonus source of energy.

Finally *e sum up our case 'y saying magneto hydrodynamic

generators *ill su'stantially increase the development o% the ocean 'y

eliminating the harms presented 'y conventional *ave energy converters

and *ave tur'ines *hile at the same time generating large amounts o%

electricity that *e need to reduce our dependency on %ossil %uels. For these

reasons and the many others outlined in the case$ *e urge the Gudge to vote%or the a-rmative.

Case !vidence

Signifcance

A. Wave energy conversion currently implemented in the status

quo is harming biodiversity

1!nvironmental +mpacts o% Hydrokinetic !nergy$2 http:33***.ucsusa.org3$

)nion o% Concerned Scientists 4 Science %or a Healthy 5lanet and Sa%er orld.

#ccessed Novem'er "6$ 8"9. http:33***.ucsusa.org3clean;energy3ourenergychoices3rene*a'leenergy3environmentalimpactshydrokineticenergy.htmlk(9vnF;u*?

,he actual impacts o% largescale *ave energy technologies are very detrimental to marine environments.Fore(ample$ *ave energy installations can re0uire large e(panses o% ocean space$

*hich could compete *ith other uses@such as Ashing and shipping@and cause

damage to marine li%e and ha'itats. Some tidal energy technologies are located at

the mouths o% ecologicallysensitive estuary systems$ *hich could cause changes in

hydrology and salinity that negatively impact animal and plant li%e.+n addition$ *hileestimates %or li%ecycle glo'al *arming emissions %or *ave and tidal po*er are preliminary$ pu'lished research

suggests that they *ould 'e 'elo* 8.8 pounds o% car'on dio(ide e0uivalent per kilo*atthour. ,o put this into

conte(t$ estimates o% li%ecycle glo'al *arming emissions %or natural gas generated electricity are 'et*een 8.6 and

pounds o% car'on dio(ide e0uivalent per kilo*atthour and estimates %or coalgenerated electricity are ".9 and .6

pounds o% car'on dio(ide e0uivalent per kilo*atthour.


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B. Wave Energy Conversion WEC! technology ta"es up largee#panses o$ ocean space and contributes to pollution in the

ocean %hen bro"en or %hen its usability is over.

Br. &eyene$ #s%et 1CH#!N>!S #NB +SS)!S DF #=! !N!R>E

CDN=!RS+DN$2 http:33***.oceanenergycouncil.com3.5u'lished March $

8"9. #ccessed Dcto'er "6$ 8"9. http:33***.oceanenergycouncil.com3challengesissues*aveenergyconversion3?

ack o% data makes it di-cult or impossi'le to mark the optimum locations %or !Cs. =isual inspections could lead

to places *ith good 'ut shortterm yield or to places *ith sporadic surges e(ceeding the sa%ety threshold. ,hese

unavoida'le variations in *ave parameters also impose changes in !C outputs. hen the !C runs at *ave

conditions 'elo* *hat it is designed %or$ it is called partload operation. Similarly$ *ave conditions e(ceeding design

conditions impose overload operation. #t these t*o operating conditions$ !C output is reduced i.e.$ the energy

conversion e-ciency dropsL. ,he overload could also lead to signiAcant structural damage.+n addition$Dne o%the maGor o'stacles *ith the *ave energy converter is the area o% the ocean this

technology must 'e spread to generate a considera'le amount o% energy. +t is

recommended that this technology 'e placed in a large num'er %or that part also.

Ho*ever the dra*'acks o% these types o% installments are numerous. +n a study it

*as %ound that once the technology had outlived its mechanical li%espan it *ould

gradually *ear *ay and 'ecome part o% the pollution in the ocean. Dne o% the most criticalchallenges to developing !C technology in Cali%ornia is the lack o% research support to motivate coordinated

eOorts in advancing the technology. +n contrast$ the !uropean Commission has increased its support %or !C

proGects since the 'eginning o% the oule 5rogram.$ ,he last decade o% research and development representedmore than 8 large proGects 'acked 'y hundreds o% millions o% dollars. ,he 1#tlas o% ave !nergy Resource in

!urope2 and the 1!(ploitation o% ,idal and Marine Currents2 are t*o prime contri'utions o% the last decade. ,he

!uropean com'ined eOorts also produced t*o outstanding pilot proGects: the 5ico and the impet plants no* in

operation. Furthermore$ in "$ the !uropean Commission invited "9 *ave energy representatives %rom various

!uropean countries to cooperate in the !uropean ,hematic Net*ork on ave !nergy. ,he proGect addresses

important scientiAc$ technical and economic issues and aims to produce a variety o% guidelines in the areas o%

standards$ recommendations$ so%t*are$ research and development$ support 'ase and outreach. Research and

development on !Cs is also conducted in a num'er o% countries outside !urope$ including #ustralia$ Canada$

China$ +ndia$ +srael$ apan$ Sri anka$ +ndonesia$ +ran$ Korea$ Me(ico and Russia. ,he )nited States has little !C

research in progress$ and no large deployment is anticipated in the near %uture. >overnment and institutional

support has 'een modest.

C. &he %orld is rapidly running out o$ $ossil $uels.

Clearly %ossil %uel reserves are Anite it/s only a matter o% *hen they run out. >lo'ally every year *e

currently consume the e0uivalent o% over "" 'illion tonnes o% oil in %ossil %uels.

Crude oil reserves are vanishing at the rate o% 9 'illion tonnes a year. +% *e carry on

at this rate *ithout any increase %or our gro*ing population or aspirations$ our

kno*n oil deposits *ill 'e gone 'y 8.eUll still have gas le%t$ and coal too. &ut i% *e increase gasproduction to All the energy gap le%t 'y oil$ then those reserves *ill only give us an additional eight years$ taking us

to 868. &ut the rate at *hich the *orld consumes %ossil %uels is not standing still$ it is


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increasing as the *orld/s population increases and as living standards rise in parts

o% the *orld that until recently had consumed very little energy. Fossil Fuels *illthere%ore run out earlier. +tUs o%ten claimed that *e have enough coal to last hundreds o% years. &ut i% *estep up production to All the gap le%t through depleting our oil and gas reserves$ the coal deposits *e kno* a'out

*ill only give us enough energy to take us as %ar as 8. #nd letUs not even think o% the car'on dio(ide emissions

%rom 'urning all that coal.

Inherency

A. 'unding $or ocean research and energy has been cut and is at

an all(time lo% in the )nited States.

Dur nation %aces a pivotal moment in e(ploration o% the oceans. ,he most remote regions o% the deep oceans

should 'e more accessi'le no* than ever due to engineering and technological advances. hat limits our

e(pansion o% the oceans is not imagination or resources 'ut %unding. e as a

society started to make a choice: to deprioritiIe ocean e(ploration and science. +n

general$ science in the ).S. is poorly %undedJ *hile the total num'er o% dollars spent

here is large$ *e only rank 6th in *orld in the proportion o% gross domestic products

invested into research. ,he outlook %or ocean science is even 'leaker. +n many

cases$ %unding o% marine science$ energy$ and e(ploration$ especially %or the deep

sea$ are at historical lo*s. +n others$ %unding remains stagnant$ despite rising costs o% e0uipment andpersonnel.,he oint Dcean Commission +nitiative$ a committee comprised o% leading ocean scientists$ policy makers$

and %ormer ).S. secretaries and congressmen$ gave the grade o% B to %unding o% ocean science in the ).S.

Recently the D'ama #dministration proposed to cut the National )ndersea Research 5rogram N)R5L *ithin ND##$

the National Dceanic and #tmospheric #dministration$ a move supported 'y the Senate. +n ND##Us o*n *ords$

1ND## determined that N)R5 *as a lo*erpriority %unction *ithin its port%olio o% research activities.2 Eet$ N)R5 isone o% the main suppliers o% %unding and e0uipment %or ocean e(ploration$ including 'oth su'mersi'les at the

Ha*aiian )nder*ater Research a'oratory and the under*ater ha'itat #0uarius. ,his cut has come despite an

overall re0uest %or a ." increase in %unding %or ND##. Cutting N)R5 saves a meager V9$888$888 or "3"8 o%

ND##Us 'udget and "$67 times less than *e spend on the #%ghan *ar in Gust one month.

Solvency

A. 45 electric generators %ill produce electricity $rom saline

ocean currents reducing our dependency on $ossil $uels.

,akeda$ Minoru 1Sea*ater Magneto hydrodynamics 5o*er >enerator 3

Hydrogen >enerator2 Minoru ,akeda$ >raduate School o% Maritime Sciences$Ko'e )niversity$ #ccessed Novem'er "7$ 8"9 35BF Ale.

"8.983***.scientiAc.net3#S,.7?

# sea*ater magneto hydrodynamics MHBL po*er generator 3 hydrogen generator

is e(pected to 'ecome popular *ith the development o% superconducting

technology 'ecause o% lo* loss and high e-ciency.e have designed a ne* helicaltypesea*ater MHB generator using a solenoid superconducting magnet$ 'y considering the e(perimental results %or a


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helicaltype MHB ship. ,he e(perimental and computational results %or the helicaltype generator including the

results o% a recent study on hydraulic characteristics are discussed. # sea*ater magneto

hydrodynamics MHBL po*er generator 3 hydrogen generator is a uni0ue system

that not only directly trans%orms the kinetic energy o% an ocean current 3 tidal

current into electric energy 'ut also generates hydrogen gas as a 'yproduct. ,he

energy o% the ocean current 3 tidal current is e(pected to 'e eOective as a

sustaina'le energy source 'ecause o% its independence o% 'oth *eather and season

in comparison *ith solar energy and *ind po*er energy. +t is great importance %or an oceaniccountry such as apan to develop the sea*ater MHB generator 'ased on the sustaina'le ocean current 3 tidal

current energy. +n our *ork$ e(perimental and computational studies on a sea*ater MHB generator using a

superconducting magnet have 'een per%ormed to investigate the application o% superconductivity to maritime

sciences. So %ar$ a lineartype sea*ater MHB generator *ith a dipole superconducting magnet *as constructed and

e(periments on po*er generation *ere success%ully accomplished.

B. 45 generators are not harm$ul to biodiversity and do not

pollute the environment.

Samuel D. Mathe*$ D'ed C. Bike $ !mmanuel ) #ka'uogu $ and emima N. Dg*o

1M#>N!,D HEBRDBEN#M+CS 5D!R >!N!R#,+DN )S+N> S#, #,!R2

http:33***.aGsc.leenaluna.co.Gp3. #ccessed Novem'er "7$ 8"9http:33***.aGsc.leenaluna.co.Gp3#SC5BFs3=ol."9L3#SC8"".98L.pd%?

+n a closed cycle o% MHB$ the Tuid is continuously recirculated through a compressorJ the Tuid consists o% a

heated or seeded no'le gas or li0uid metal. Dur proposed MHB generator is one *hose Tuid conductor is salt*ater.

,his is 'ecause o% the huge a'undance o% salt*ater 4 #tlantic Dcean in Nigeria. Nigeria is highly dependent on

%ossils %or po*er generation. ,his o% course is a nonrene*a'le source and has a maGor dra*'ack o% *hich air

pollution is lead.Harnessing po*er 'y employing an MHB generator *ith salt *ater asits Tuid conductor is hugely in that the source is rene*a'le$ it re0uires no e(ternal

energy to %acilitate its operation$ it has no moving parts and as such does not

contri'ute to mortality o% a0uatic organisms and Anally$ it does not pose pro'lems

o% pollution. MHB generation re0uires the motion o% conducting Tuid such as sea *ater. ,hus the presence o%the #tlantic in Nigeria makes it a via'le method o% po*er generation in the country$ in as much as the necessary

physical conditions o% high conductivity and To* speed can 'e met.

C. 45 generators produce huge amounts o$ electricity and

could potentially po%er one(third o$ the )nited States.

1Concentrating Solar 5o*er )tility CS5)L2

http:33concentratingsolarpo*erutility.com3 #ccessed Novem'er "7$ 8"9. http:33concentratingsolarpo*erutility.com3?

Bevelop and commercialiIe 'est practice concentrated solar technology *ith e(pert partners *ith the use

o% staged cycle &raydon: micro tur'ine and potentially organic Rankin and solar #CL. Solar3&iodiesel MHB

!lectric Systems: Magneto hydrodynamics MHB topping cycle generators to increase the e-ciency o% e(isting

po*er plants.,he 'ig diOerence *ith MHB %or green energy or Gust energy


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conversion is that *e have the potential %or such high e-ciencies. Dther

technologies are resorting to rare and e(pensive materials or complicatedoptics to s0ueeIe out incremental changes6L. Dur revolutionary MHB !nergyConversion Bevice can use any heat source$ such as solar$ geothermal$ com'ustion o% a %uel e.g.$ oil$ coal$ or

natural gasL$ chemical reaction or even highgrade *aste heat and directly converts such heat source into

electricity through an MHB techni0ue. !ssentially$ our method uses heat ideally the %ree heat o% concentrated

sunlightL to create electricity. +n an nutshell$ this technology has 'een proven to *ork as early as the "78Us.

Ho*ever$ it is only no* that materials are availa'le and su-cient in order to achieve e-ciencies 'eyond %ossil %uels

and other alternative %uel sources. CS5) is setting the 'enchmarks %or innovative gamechanging trans%ormation

technologies. Dur scientists and engineers are developing many ne* e(citing products$ that optimiIes e-ciency$

including MHB products that *ill 'e used in many diOerent industries$ such as po*er$ transportation and Magneto

Hydrodynamics rocket engines %or %uture spacecra%t propulsion systems.,he #merican *ave and tidal

industry$ *hich has the potential to meet roughly onethird o% all ).S. electricity

needs$ and MHB generators have a large part to play in the conversion o%

this electricity.

Advantages

A. A by(product o$ 45 generators is hydrogen gas %hich can be

stored or burned in $uel cells $or electricity.

Bennis uimes$ ,imothy =ervoort$ Stephan Maat$ Rick Smits 1Report Magneto

Hydrodynamics2 http:33***.maritimesymposiumrotterdam.nl3 5u'lished

Novem'er "$ 8". #ccessed Novem'er "7$ 8"9.http:33***.maritimesymposiumrotterdam.nl3uploads3Route3Magneto8Hydrodynamics.pd%?

,his type o% gas *as discovered 'y Ro'ert &oyle in "67" a%ter the reaction o% iron *ith an acid that resulted in the

production o% hydrogen gas. ,his gas *as called 1Tamma'le air2. +n later studies and e(periments researchers

%ound out that 'urning this gas produces *ater. ,his study indicated that environmental pro'lems concerning

car'on dio(ide could 'e reduced using this system. #nother typical eOect this gas has is the uni0ue sounding

e(plosion it produces$ recogniIa'le 'y the 1popping2 sound.Hydrogen gas generated in the MHB

system +n this system the gas *ill 'e generated due to electrolysis o% the

*ater. ,he electrical current *ill To* through the *ater %rom the positive

electrode to the negative electrode. &ecause o% the salinity o% the *ater this

process *ill produce more hydrogen gas 'ecause o% the higher conductivity

and there%ore greater reaction. Ho*ever hydrogen gas is the most interesting

'yproduct. +t isnUt the only gas %ormed 'y the electrolysis. D(ygen is also%ormed and is there%ore no pro'lem %or man or environment. ,he gas is scentless$colorless and tasteless and is there%ore very hard to detect. +n open air the gas doesnUt %orm much o% a risk 'ecause

o% the molecular *eight o% the gas. +tUs "9 times lighter than our normal 'reathing air and *ill there%ore rise and

scatter +n the open air.

!(tra !vidence: Wto 'e used as neededX


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5ark$ Bavid 1+nnovative &attery and !nergy ,echnologies2 #ccessed Dcto'er "th$

8"93Bavid 5ark serves as the chie% engineer o% energy development at )K!N!R>E.

http:33***.mpo*eruk.com3. 5u'lished anuary 9$ 8". Stan%ord

)niversity35u'lished.

http:33***.researchgate.net3pu'lication388;MHB;pulsed;po*er;generation;;land;systems;)K?

ith the everincreasing need o% industrialiIed nations %or po*er$ and *ith the increasing pro'lems posed

'y conventional sources o% po*er$ the development o% ne* po*er sources is o% critical importance. Dne such po*er

source is that oOered 'y To*ing saline *aterocean currents$ tides$ *aves$ etc. +t has 'een estimated that the total

*ave po*er alone availa'le in the *orld/s oceans may 'e as high as 8Y"8Z" *attsindeed an immense amount

o% po*erand that the rene*al rate o% this po*er source alone is on the order o% "8Z" to "8Z" *atts. Saline

*ater po*er is clean$ sa%e and permanent. Certainly then$ the kinetic energy o% saline *ater potentially could 'e

0uite important as a po*er source. Eet$ *hile there is an increasing interest in this potential source o% po*er$ %e*

practical systems presently e(ist to e(tract any signiAcant amount o% po*er %rom the *orld/s restless oceans.

45 po%er generators, in addition to being very ine#pensive to othertechnologies, only ta"e 1(7 months to build.,hese generators are a versatile type o%

technology that can *ork in most environments *hile keeping ecological 'alance.45 generators are

built $or a greater e8ciency 99(79:! than other such types such as steam

generators 1;:!, ocean turbines 10:!, %ind turbines 2-:!, and tidal

po%er conversion 09:! systems since all these technologies utili hour, and %ith

higher e8ciency rates could possible rival natural gas 17 gallons o$

natural gas releases -1.; mega%atts>hour upon ignition! and the oil

industry in the $uture. ,hese kinds o% innovative technologies *ill hope%ully 'ecome a sign that our*orld doesnUt have to 'ecome polluted Gust to keep a normal li%estyle.

meh and meh

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