Medical Ultrasonography

Medical

Ultrasonography

PLAN

BONNARD Maud – ESIL - Biomedical Department - Promotion 2008

I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY

1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks

2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND

I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasounds performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations

II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS

1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks

2/ Obstetric - What is Obstetric Ultrasound Imaging? - The procedure - Dangers of ultrasound - Limitations

III/ THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUND

ULTRASOUNDS = high frequency sound waves

MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – Definition

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Medical ultrasonography = ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique.

High frequency sound waves and their echoes

Muscles and internal organs ( size, structures, pathologies or lesions).

VISUALIZE

MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – Historic

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1940 Sonar extensively developed and used to detect submarines.

1953 First successful measurement of heart activity .

1964 It became possible to study pregnancy from start to finish and diagnose complications.

1975 Invention of 2D and real time ultrasound.

1994 Invention of the 3D ultrasound …

Starts in the mid 19 century by measuring distance under water using sound waves.

5. Dynamic images

MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – How are ultrasound performed ?

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1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasound s performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks


4. Calculations by a computer

1. Gel smeared on the area of the bodyto undergo the ultrasound

2. High frequency sound waves sent

3. Their echoes are received

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1/ Definition 2/ Historic 3/ How are ultrasound s performed?4/ The Equipment5/ Different types of Ultrasound6/ Benefits-Risks7/ Limitations II/ DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS 1/ Cardiology - What is an echocardiogram? - Different types of echocardiogram - Risks


At a given temperature, the sound velocity is constant in a given material, but it varies if the materials are different.

• Solid structures (bones, muscles) reflect sound waves . show up as white in an ultrasound image.

• Soft or hollow areas (tissues, chambers of the heart) don’t reflect sound waves. appear as black.

Like many organs, the tennis ball is solid on the outside and hollow on the inside.

MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – How are ultrasound performed ?

MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – The Equipment

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Console

Transducers

CPU : central processing unit

MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – Different types of ultrasound

PLAN3D Ultrasound Imaging

Doppler Ultrasound




Power Doppler ultrasound of the kidney.

3D ultrasound images

MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – Benefits vs Risks

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Benefits

Risks

No confirmed adverse biological effects caused by exposures to ultrasound

No ionizing radiation X- RAYS Non invasive and painless Easy-to-use Less expensive than other imaging methods

Provides real-time imaging

• Ultrasound waves do not pass through air or gas, can be reflected

evaluation of the stomach, small intestine and large intestine limited

• Ultrasound has difficulty penetrating bone

only see the outer surface of bony structures but not within.

MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY – Limitations

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DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS

PLANI/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY



Echocardiogram : heart and its valves, heart's pumping ability

Obstetrical ultrasound : follow development of the fetus

Abdominal ultrasound : detect abnormalities in abdominal organs (kidneys, liver, pancreas, gallbladder…)

Renal ultrasound : examine the kidneys and urinary tract.

Vascular ultrasound : see the vascular system and its function, detection of blood clots.

…

MANY !!!!

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DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS – Cardiology

What is an echocardiogram ?I/ MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY



Ultrasound of the heart 2D pictures of cardiovascular system Assess velocity of blood (doppler ultrasound) Size, shape of the heart, pumping strength. Any cardiac valve disfonction (leak, regurgitation of blood) Detect abnormalities linked to deseases (coronary artery )

Advantages : noninvasive, no side effects





Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) Views of the heart obtained by moving the transducer to different locations on the chest or abdominal wall.

Stress echocardiogram An echocardiogram is done both before and after the heart is stressed by having the patient exercise or by injecting a medicine. To detect coronary artery diseases

Doppler echocardiogram To look how blood flows through the heart chambers, heart valves, and blood vessels. Measures the direction and speed of blood through blood vessels.

Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) Shows clearer pictures of the heart. (The probe is closer to the heart and the lungs bones of the chest wall do not block the sound waves)





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• No risks from a transthoracic or doppler echocardiogram.

• Stress echocardiogram : dizziness, low blood pressure, shortness of breath, nausea, irregular heartbeats, and heart attack.

• Transesophageal echocardiogram : sometimes nausea, mouth and throat discomfort, minor bleeding, trouble breathing, slow or abnormal heartbeats.

No risks due to ultrasounds itselves




DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS – Obstetric

Ultrasound is commonly used to:

• Measure the size of the fetus to determine the due date

• Determine the position of the fetus

• See the number of fetuses in the uterus

• Check the fetus' growth rate

• See tumors of the ovary and breast

• …

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-Assess fetal heart beat (doppler ultrasound ) and malformations in the fetus.

-Make measurements (gestational age, size and growth in the fetus).

Information recomposed into a dynamic picture (sonogram) on the monitor screen.

Color Doppler clearly depict the blood flow in fetal blood vessels in a realtime scan.(different colors = different directions)

Used :- in diagnosis of fetal cardiac and blood vessels defects- in the assessment of the hemodynamic responses to fetal hypoxia and anemia.





PLANPlacing the transducer (that emits high frequency sound waves) on the maternal abdomen.

Moving it to "look at" (likened to a light shined from a torch) any

particular content of the uterus.

The procedure is done by :

Repetitive arrays of ultrasound beams scan the fetus in thin slices and are reflected back onto the same transducer.





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Development of heat: Tissues or water absorb the ultrasound energy which increases their temperature locally.

Formation of bubbles (cavitation): When dissolved gases come out of solution due to local heat caused by ultrasound.

Major dangers with ultrasound :

No substantiated ill-effects of ultrasound documented in studies in either humans or animals.

BUT :





Obstetric ultrasound cannot identify all fetal abnormalities

Amniocentesis (Evaluation of fluid taken from the sac surrounding the baby)

If suspicions for a possible abnormality

OTHER TESTS !




THE FUTURE OF ULTRASOUNDS

Improve the ultrasound machines technology

Improve the imaging techniques.

Ultrasonography can still be improved !

- Faster, smaller- Better storage capacity- Transducers smaller

more insertable

- Develop 3D ultrasound- Develop ultrasound imaging + virtual reality-type displays help for amniocentesis, biopsy.

CONCLUSION




Very used and useful technic for diagnostic applications in medecine.

Various forms allow to see many things

Benefits and limitations but no risk known .

Can still be improved to help even better preventing deseases or curing people.

HOWEVER :

ULTRASONOGRAPHY :




Thank youfor your attention !

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Medical Ultrasonography

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