Medical ImagingIntroduction

Carlos A. Vinhaiscvinhais@gmail.com

ISEP – Departamento de F́ısicaInstituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto

Porto, Portugal

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Medical ImagingOverview

Nobels

Imaging Modalities

DICOM and PACS

Image Processing

Scientific Visualization

Software and Toolkits

Physics Lecture Notes

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Medical ImagingNobels

1901 Roentgen (Physics)Discovery of X-radiation

1944 Rabi (Physics)Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methodology

1952 Bloch and Purcell (Physics)NMR precision measurements

1979 Cormack and Hounsfield (Medicine)Computed tomography (CT)

1991 Ernst (Chemistry)High-resolution NMR spectroscopy

2003 Laterbur and Mansfield (Medicine)Discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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Medical ImagingImaging Modalities

Transmission

RadiographyComputed Tomography

Emission

Magnetic ResonanceNuclear medicine

Reflection (Scatter)

UltrasoundTermography

Image Properties

Limitations on informationcontent:

ContrastNoiseSharpnessDistortionDynamic/Static

Technical Perspective

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Medical ImagingImaging Modalities

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Medical ImagingTransmission Imaging

2D Projection

Radiography

1D Projection

Computed Tomography

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Medical ImagingTransmission Imaging

Digital Radiography

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Medical ImagingTransmission Imaging

Chest Radiography (PA, inter-patient)

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Medical ImagingTransmission Imaging

Chest Radiography (PA/LAT, intra-patient)

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Medical ImagingTransmission Imaging

Computed Tomography

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Medical ImagingEmission Imaging

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Medical ImagingEmission Imaging

Magnetic Resonance

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Medical ImagingEmission Imaging

Magnetic Resonance

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Medical ImagingEmission Imaging

Nuclear Medicine

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Medical ImagingReflection (Scatter) Imaging

Ultrasound

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Medical ImagingDICOM and PACS

DICOM – Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine

Comprehensive set of standards for handling, storing andtransmitting information in medical imaging

DICOM files

header (set of fields)body of image data

NEMA – The DICOM Standard 2016a (20 parts)http://dicom.nema.org/standard.html

DICOM Part 1: Introduction and OverviewDICOM Part 6: Data Dictionary

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Medical ImagingDICOM and PACS

PACS – Picture Archiving and Communication System

Public Image Databases

Standard imagesCommercial sets (e.g. JSRT – Lung nodules)

Private Image Databases

Hospitals/ClinicsImaging Centers

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Medical ImagingImage Processing

Computer Algorithms

Image IOFilteringSegmentationRegistrationAnalysis

Applications/Systems

Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD)Computer guided therapry/surgery

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Medical ImagingScientific Visualization

Visualization Techniques(MPR, MIP, DRR, . . . )

Multiplanar Reconstruction

Intensity Projection

Digital Reconsctuction

Volume Rendering

Surface Reconstruction

Image Overlay

Image Fusion

Fused PET-CT Imageof Tumoral Adenopathy

(http://www.kitware.com/viscontest/medicalviswinner.html)

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Medical ImagingScientific Visualization

Brain Connectivity and TumorVisualization for Radiosurgery

Computer-Assisted Pediatric Surgeryfor a Baby with Vascular Anomaly

(http://www.kitware.com/viscontest/medicalviswinner.html)

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Medical ImagingSoftware and Toolkits

Open Source Toolkits

ITKInsight Toolkithttp://www.itk.org/

VTKVisualization Toolkithttp://www.vtk.org/

CMakeBuild and Testhttps://cmake.org/

Software

ITK Snap3D Image Segmentationhttp://www.itk.org/

ParaviewParallel Visualizationhttp://www.paraview.org/

Python(x,y)Scientific Developmenthttp://python-xy.github.io/

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Medical ImagingPhysics

Physics Lecture Notes

Radiation and the Atom

Interaction of Radiation with Matter

X-Ray Imaging

Digital Radiography

Computed Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Positron Emission Tomography

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

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Medical ImagingPhysics

Physics Lecture Notes (cont.)

Ultrasound Physics

Ultrasonic Transducers

Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound Doppler

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End.

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