Measuring the nature and extent of Trafficking in Human Beings in IrelandMeasuring the nature and extent of Trafficking in Human Beings in Ireland

Mick Quinn, Mick Quinn,

Assistant Principal, Anti-Human Trafficking Unit, Assistant Principal, Anti-Human Trafficking Unit,

Department of Justice and Equality, IrelandDepartment of Justice and Equality, Ireland

Bratislava, 26 – 27 March 2013Bratislava, 26 – 27 March 2013

What’s the problem?What’s the problem?

“There are known knowns. These are things weknow that we know.

There are known unknowns. That is to say, thereare things that we know we don't know.

But there are also unknown unknowns. Thereare things we don't know we don't know.”(Donald Rumsfeld)

Why measure human trafficking Why measure human trafficking in Ireland?in Ireland? . .

An inaccurate estimate of the problem is likely to result in a remedy An inaccurate estimate of the problem is likely to result in a remedy being proposed that is equally inappropriate”. Mike Dottridgebeing proposed that is equally inappropriate”. Mike Dottridge

Monitor trends and Monitor trends and

provide evidential basis for developing provide evidential basis for developing effective policies and measures to combat effective policies and measures to combat THB and assist victimsTHB and assist victims

Ensure accountabilityEnsure accountability

Comply with International ObligationsComply with International Obligations

Definition of human trafficking in Definition of human trafficking in IrelandIreland

Criminal Law (Human Trafficking Act) 2008 Criminal Law (Human Trafficking Act) 2008 Modelled onModelled on

UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons supplementing the United Nations in Persons supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime.Convention against Transnational Organised Crime.

The Council of Europe Convention on Action Against The Council of Europe Convention on Action Against

Trafficking in Human Beings.Trafficking in Human Beings.

Irish THB data strategy: Irish THB data strategy: Recognised the push from the EU for more Recognised the push from the EU for more

consistent and standardised data recordingconsistent and standardised data recording

Comparable data must collected and collated Comparable data must collected and collated centrally by a single organisation. centrally by a single organisation.

The scope of data collection must be expanded The scope of data collection must be expanded beyond the traditional domain of law beyond the traditional domain of law enforcement records to include NGOs, health enforcement records to include NGOs, health care professionals, legal representatives.care professionals, legal representatives.

What data is to be collected?What data is to be collected?

VictimsVictims Demographic informationDemographic information Immigration information Immigration information Means of recruitment Means of recruitment Details of the exploitation/abuse experiencedDetails of the exploitation/abuse experienced Types of coercion/control usedTypes of coercion/control used Details of the transportation and harbouring of victims Details of the transportation and harbouring of victims Service utilisation of victims Service utilisation of victims TraffickersTraffickers Prosecutions, Convictions - Functioning of trafficking Prosecutions, Convictions - Functioning of trafficking

organisations/networksorganisations/networks

Common Goals of EU ProjectsCommon Goals of EU Projects

Creating a reliable and standardised data collection Creating a reliable and standardised data collection methodology.methodology.

Creating a standardised EU template that allows for Creating a standardised EU template that allows for standardised and integrated statistical information and standardised and integrated statistical information and strategic analysis at both Member State level and EU strategic analysis at both Member State level and EU level on the phenomena of trafficking in human beings. level on the phenomena of trafficking in human beings.

Irish Strategy modelled onIrish Strategy modelled onEU funded projectsEU funded projects

Project SiamsectProject Siamsect:: (Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy at Ghent (Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy at Ghent

University (Belgium) together with Transcrime, Joint Research University (Belgium) together with Transcrime, Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime, Università degli Studi di Centre on Transnational Crime, Università degli Studi di Trento/Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Italy).Trento/Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Italy).

Guidelines for the collection of data on trafficking in human Guidelines for the collection of data on trafficking in human beings, including comparable indicatorsbeings, including comparable indicators: :

(Austrian Ministry of the Interior in conjunction with the International (Austrian Ministry of the Interior in conjunction with the International Organisation for Migration).Organisation for Migration).

Handbook on Anti-Trafficking Data Collection in South-Eastern Handbook on Anti-Trafficking Data Collection in South-Eastern Europe: Developing Regional CriteriaEurope: Developing Regional Criteria: :

((International Centre for Migration Policy Development).International Centre for Migration Policy Development).

Putting theory into practice: Adapting the Putting theory into practice: Adapting the EU data collection systems in IrelandEU data collection systems in Ireland

Phase 1:Phase 1: Development of draft data collection templates for Development of draft data collection templates for standardised data collection.standardised data collection.

Phase 2:Phase 2: Scoping exercise to examine the data being already Scoping exercise to examine the data being already collected by agencies/organisations and offering these collected by agencies/organisations and offering these organisations the opportunity to participate in the data strategy. organisations the opportunity to participate in the data strategy.

Phase 3:Phase 3: Establish a central database at the AHTU. Establish a central database at the AHTU.

Phase 4:Phase 4: The collection and collation of data and publication of the The collection and collation of data and publication of the annual reports. annual reports.

How the Anti-Human Trafficking Unit (AHTU) How the Anti-Human Trafficking Unit (AHTU) collects and collates data on human traffickingcollects and collates data on human trafficking

Use Interdisciplinary Working Group structures as a data collection source

Data is collected in a standardised format

Data is collected from multiple sources (Governmental and Non-Governmental Organisations)

Data is entered into a statistical package

Data is subjected to quality control

Data is analyzed

Some typical problems encountered Some typical problems encountered when attempting to obtain datawhen attempting to obtain data

Data FragmentationData Fragmentation Data on human trafficking is gathered/held by a number Data on human trafficking is gathered/held by a number

of of different agencies.different agencies.

Lack of data collecting expertiseLack of data collecting expertiseDiffering data collection methodologies used.Differing data collection methodologies used.

Different understandings of THB definition Different understandings of THB definition Difficulties in sharing personal data.Difficulties in sharing personal data.

Convincing others of the need for better data and research.Convincing others of the need for better data and research.

Limitations of AHTU Annual ReportsLimitations of AHTU Annual Reports

Reports are snapshots of the possible extent of particular Reports are snapshots of the possible extent of particular

forms of trafficking in human beings during particular time forms of trafficking in human beings during particular time

periods as known to particular organisations. periods as known to particular organisations.

Reports become dated from the time of publication.Reports become dated from the time of publication.

Absence of unique identifier means that reports from police Absence of unique identifier means that reports from police

and NGOs cannot be matched on a one to one basis.and NGOs cannot be matched on a one to one basis.

Mapping of attrition model for individuals through the system Mapping of attrition model for individuals through the system

not possible without unique identifier.not possible without unique identifier.

Key Findings 2009- 2011Key Findings 2009- 2011 Types of human trafficking Types of human trafficking Sex trafficking 137 (68%) Sex trafficking 137 (68%) Labour trafficking 48 (24%) Labour trafficking 48 (24%) Uncategorised exploitation 14 (7%) Uncategorised exploitation 14 (7%) Sex and labour trafficking 2 (1%) Sex and labour trafficking 2 (1%)

Gender Gender Female 177 (88%) Female 177 (88%) Male 24 (12%) Male 24 (12%)

Age Age Adults 149 (74%) Adults 149 (74%) Children 52 (26%) Children 52 (26%)

Regions Regions Various but West Africa and EU are the main source regions.Various but West Africa and EU are the main source regions.

Key Findings 2009 - 2011Key Findings 2009 - 2011

41

18

7

0

56

19

30

37

13

52

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Sexual Exploitation Labour Exploitation UncategorisedExploitation

Labour and sexualexploitation

2009

2010

2011

68%

24%

7% 1%

Sexual exploitation

Labour exploitation

Uncategorisedexploitation

Labour and sexualexploitation

Gender of alleged victims 2009-2011Gender of alleged victims 2009-2011

12%

88%

Male

Female

Age of alleged victims 2009-2011Age of alleged victims 2009-2011

74%

26% Adult

Minor

Region of origin of alleged victims 2009-2011Region of origin of alleged victims 2009-2011

Western Africa

EU

Southern Africa

Eastern Africa

Europe Non-EU

South East Africa

South East Asia

Southern Asia

Eastern Asia

Northern Africa

Ireland

The Caucasus

Central Asia

Latin America

Region %

  Western Africa 45.8

EU 15.9

Southern Asia 6.5

Southern Africa

6.0

Ireland 6.0

South East Asia 4.5

Eastern Asia 3.5

Europe Non-EU

3.0

Eastern Africa 2.5

South East Africa

2.0

Northern Africa

2.0

Latin America 1.5

The Caucasus 0.5

Central Asia 0.5

Total 100.0

Thank YouThank You

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