Manual de Introduccion a La Computacion

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es un manual sobre los conocimientos básicos en la computación.

Transcript of Manual de Introduccion a La Computacion

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_/$0)+ =/ /,0( 7(0);5 ,/ =/D;$/$ *+, >;b/*/, C?/ D+)7($ *( ;7(%/$ =/* 3()(30/)A 7;/$0)(, C?/ /* )/,0+3+$,0;0?@/$ *+, >;b/*/, =/ D+$=+& :$ /,0+, 7+=+,A *( H)/,+*?3;B$ (*D($?7N);3( L ,/ =/D;$/ 3+7+ /* >)+=?30+=/* $?7/)+ =/ 3()(30/)/, C?/ >?/=/$ (>()/3/) /$ ?$( *Z$/( =/ 0/b0+ H 3+*?7$(, L 7?*0;>*;3(=+ >+) $?7/)+ =/*Z$/(, H D;*(, L C?/ >?/=/$ (>()/3/) /$ >($0(**( H D;%& L T?*0;>*;3($=+ *( )/,+*?3;B$ (*D($?7N);3( >+) /* 0(7(K+/$ >;b/*/, =/ *( 7(0);5 C?/ =/D;$/ ?$ 3()(30/) ,/ +.0;/$/ *( )/,+*?3;B$ /$ >;b/*/, >()( =;34+ 7+=+ =/ 0/b0+&U+) /O/7>*+ ?$( )/,+*?3;B$ (*D($?7N);3( =/ YJ ^ 8IA /$ *( C?/ 3(=( 3()230/) ,/ =/D;$( 7/=;($0/ ?$( 7(0);5 =/

 >;b/*/, =/ ] b"VA 0/$=)2 ?$( )/,+*?3;B$ /$ >;b/*/, =/ X8J ^ 9IJ&

:$ *+, 7+=+, =/ 0/b0+A 3(=( ?$+ =/ *+, 3()(30/)/, (*D($?7N);3+, C?/ (>2)/,/ /$ >($0(**( ,/ (*7(3/$(

/$ =+, .@0/, 3+$,/3?0;G+, =/ .?DD/) =/ GZ=/+&

:* >);7/) .@0/ H.@0/ =/ 3()(30/)L 3+$0;/$/ /* 3B=;%+ -1'## =/* 3()230/) ( G;,?(*;5()A 7;/$0)(, C?/ /*,/%?$=+ H.@0/ =/ (0);.?0+L 3+$0)+*( /* (,>/30+ 3+$ /* C?/ ,/ G;,?(*;5( =;34+ 3()(30/) /$ >($0(**(& :,0/ .@0/ /,0(D+)7(=+ >+) =+, %)?>+, =/ V .;0,& :$ *( 0(.*( " G/7+, C?/ *+, =/ +)=/$ 7(, .(O+ H.;0 J ( 9L =/0/)7;$($ ww*+,(0);.?0+, =/ ;7(%/$ =/* 3()(30/)€€A/,0+ /, A /* 3+*+) @ *( ;$0/$,;=(= =/* 3()230/) A 7;/$0)(, C?/ *+, V 7(,,;%$;D;3(0;G+, H.;0, V ( XL =/0/)7;$($ *+, ww(0);.?0+, =/ D+$=+€€ =/* 3()230/)A (?$C?/ /$ 3;/)0(, +3(,;+$/, /*

 .;0 X ,/ /7>*/( >()( 3+$0)+*() /* >()>(=/+&

c0;*;5($=+ ?$(, 0(.*(,A /* %/$/)(=+) =/ 3()(30/)/, =/* (=(>0(=+) =/ >($0(**( ,/ /$3()%( =/ 3+$G/)0;)/* .@0/ =/ 3()230/) /$ /* >(0)B$ (=/3?(=+ =/ >?$0+, /$ *( >($0(**(A 7;/$0)(, C?/ *+, 3?(0)+ .;0, =/ (0);.?0+A0($0+ >()( *( ;7(%/$ 3+7+ >()( /* D+$=+A ,+$ ;$0/)>)/0(=+, >+) +0)+ 3;)3?;0+A =/$+7;$(=+ `=/3+=;D;3(=+) =/(0);.?0+,AxA C?/ %/$/)( *(, ,/K(*/, C?/ 3+$0)+*($ /* 7+$;0+) =/ G;=/+&

_/>/$=;/$=+ =/* (=(>0(=+) =/ >($0(**( C?/ 0/$%( ;$,0(*(=+ /* U'A ,/ >?/=/ (33/=/) ( ?$+,=/0/)7;$(=+, 7+=+,& '(=( (=(>0(=+) 0;/$/ ?$ 3+$0)+*(=+) =/ >($0(**(A ?$ =/3+=;D;3(=+) =/ (0);.?0+, @ ?$(7/7+);( =/ GZ=/+ =;D/)/$0/& - 3+$0;$?(3;B$ ,/ =/,3);./$ *(, 3()(30/)Z,0;3(, =/ *+, 3+$0)+*(=+)/, 7(, ?,?(*/,&

  #'#/*#',+ ",$,-+,", e"'#g@

e+, >);7/)+, U' (>()/3;=+, /$ /* 7/)3(=+ **/G(.($ ;$,0(*(=+ /,0/ 0;>+ =/ (=(>0(=+)& S?/ =;,/K(=+ >()( ,/) ?0;*;5(=+ 3+$ 7+$;0+)/, /$ .*($3+ @ $/%)+A @ =;,>+$/ =/ ?$( 7/7+);( =/ V W.@0/,&

U/)7;0/ 0)(.(O() a$;3(7/$0/ /$ 7+=+ 0/b0+ 3+$ )/,+*?3;B$ =/ YJ b 8I& *( ;$0/)>)/0(3;B$ C?/ 4(3/ =/*+, 3?(0)+ .;0, =/ (0);.?0+A 0($0+ >()( /* D+$=+ 3+7+ >()( *( ;7(%/$A /, *( ,;%?;/$0/P *+, 0)/, .;0, 7/$+,,;%$;D;3(0;G+, ;$=;3($ /* 3+*+)A 7;/$0)(, C?/ /* .;0 72, ,;%$;D;3(0;G+ H"L ;$=;3( *( ;$0/$,;=(= =/* 3+*+)&

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j( C?/ ,B*+ 4(@ =+, 3+*+)/,A .*($3+ @ $/%)+A =/ *(, "Q 3+7.;$(3;+$/, =;D/)/$0/, C?/ ,/ >?/=/$3+7.;$() 3+$ /,0+, 3?(0)+ .;0,A ,B*+ ,/ )/3+$+3/$ 3+7+ G2*;=(, *(, C?/ D;%?)($ /$ *( 0(.*( 8& e(, =+, a*0;7(,3+7.;$(3;+$/, $+ )/>)/,/$0($ ?$ 3+*+) =;D/)/$0/A ,;$+ C?/ /,>/3;D;3($ C?/ /* 3()230/) (>()/3/ ,?.)(@(=+ /$

 >($0(**(& eB%;3(7/$0/ /,0(, 3+7.;$(3;+$/, ,+$ ,B*+ (>*;3(.*/, (* (0);.?0+ =/ ;7(%/$&:$ *( 0(.*( 8 ,/ ,?>+$/ C?/ /* .;0 72, ,;%$;D;3(0;G+ 3+$0)+*( *( ;$0/$,;=(= =/* 3+*+)& 1;$ /7.()%+A ,;

,/ >)+%)(7( /* `)/%;,0)+ =/ 3+$0)+*x =/* 3+$0)+*(=+) =/ >($0(**( >()( (30;G() /* >()>(=/+A /* .;0 72,,;%$;D;3(0;G+ /$ /* (0);.?0+ =/ D+$=+ >(,( ( 3+$0)+*() /* >()>(=/+ =/* 3()230/)& e( /*/33;B$ /$0)/ D+$=+ ;$0/$,+@ >()>(=/+ =/./ 4(3/),/ >()( 0+=+, *+, 3()(30/)/, C?/ (>()/3/$ /$ *( >($0(**(A =/ 7+=+ C?/ $+ /, >+,;.*/ C?//$ *( >($0(**( (>()/53($ ,;7?*02$/(7/$0/ 3;/)0+, 3()(30/)/, >()>(=/($0/, @ +0)+, /$ D+$=+ ;$0/$,+&

# 'FeF6 U6:1:\i-'#F\JJJJ \/%)+J""" E*($3+"""" E*($3+ ;$0/$,+JJJ" E*($3+ ,?.)(@(=+

"JJ" E*($3+ ;$0/$,+ ,?.)(@(=+  #'#/*#',+ 8+#S)-, ($ -,&,+ e-8#g

:,0( D?/ *( >);7/)( 0()O/0( =/,())+**(=( >()( *+, U' C?/ >/)7;0Z( >)/,/$0(3;+$/, /$ 3+*+)& U+,// ?$(7/7+);( =/ "Q y.@0/,&

:$ 7+=+ 0/b0+ 0;/$/ ?$( )/,+*?3;B$ =/ YJ b 8I 3+$ "Q 3+*+)/,A 0($0+ >()( /* 3()230/) + >()( /* D+$=+&e( ;$0/)>)/0(3;B$ C?/ 4(3/ =/ *+, V .;0, =/ (0);.?0+A 0($0+ >()( *( 7(%/$ 3+7+ >()( /* D+$=+A /, *( ,;%?;/$0/P

e+, 0)/, .;0, 7/$+, ,;%$;D;3(0;G+, =/ 3(=( %)?>+ =/ 3?(0)+ .;0, /,02$ )/*(3;+$(=+, 3+$ *( >)/,/$3;(HG(*+) "L + (?,/$3;( HG(*+) JL =/ ?$+ =/ *+, 0)/, 3+*+)/, .2,;3+, P )+O+ {A G/)=/ HdL @ (5?* H-L&

:* 3?()0+ .;0 H#L 3+$0)+*( *( ;$0/$,;=(= =/* 3+*+)& =/ /,0( D+)7(A ,+$ >+,;.*/, "Q 3+*+)/, =;D/)/$0/, /$ >($0(**(A 0($0+ >()( /* 3()230/) 3+7+ >()( /* D+$=+A 3+))/,>+$=;/$0/, ( *(, "Q >+,;.*/, 3+7.;$(3;+$/, C?/ ,/ >?/=/$ )/(*;5() 3+$ *+, V .;0, H#R6RdR-LA 0(* 3+7+ ,/ 7?/,0)( /$ *( 0(.*( 9&

# 6 d - 'FeF6J J J J \/%)+J J J " -5?*" J " J d/)=/ 3*()+" J " " '@($ 3*()+" " J J 6+O+ 3*()+" " J " T(%/$0( 3*()+" " " J -7();**+" " " " E*($3+ ;$0/$,+

-* ;%?(* C?/ /$ /* 3(,+ =/* (=(>0(=+) H T_- LA /* .;0 X =/* .@0/ =/ (0);.?0+ >?/=/ ?0;*;5()3/ >()(3+$0)+*() /* >()>(=/+ /$ G/5 =/ *( ;$0/$,;=(= =/ D+$=+& :$ /,0/ 3(,+A ,+*+ ,+$ >+,;.*/, *+, Y >);7/)+, 3+*+)/,=/ *( 0(.*( ($0/);+) >()( /* D+$=+ =/* 3()(30/)&

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  :$ 7+=+ %)2D;3+ =/* 'l- =/ 98J ^ 8JJA 3(=( >;b/* ,/ )/>)/,/$0( 7/=;($0/ 8 .;0, /$ *( 7/7+);( .?DD/) =/ >($0(**(& U+) 0($0+A *+, (0);.?0+, =/ V >;b/*/, ,/ (*7(3/$($ /$ ?$ .@0/A /, =/3;)A /$ ?$( >+,;3;B$ =/7/7+);( =/ .?DD/) =/ G;=/+& j( C?/ ,/ =/=;3($ 8 .;0, ( 3(=( >;b/* ,+$ >+,;.*/, V 3+*+)/, =;D/)/$0/& :,0+,

3+*+)/, >?/=/$ /*/%;),/ /$0)/ 8 %)?>+,A =/$+7;$(=+, ` >(*/0(, ` GN(,/ 0(.*( m&E#i1 U-e:i- J U-e:i- "

JJ '+*+) =/ D+$=+ '+*+) =/ D+$=+J" d/)=/ '@($"J 6+O+ T(%/$0("" T())+$ E*($3+

:* 3+*+) =/ D+$=+ >?/=/ /*/%;),/ /$0)/ 3?(*C?;/)( =/ *+, "Q >+,;.*/,A ,;/$=+ /* $/%)+ /* 3+*+) >+)=/D/30+& i($0+ *( /*/33;B$ =/ *( >(*/0( 3+7+ =/* 3+*+) =/ D+$=+ ,/ )/(*;5( >)+%)(7($=+ (=/3?(=(7/$0/ /*)/%;,0)+ =/ (0);.?0+, =/* 3+$0)+*(=+) =/ >($0(**(&

:$ /* 7+=+ %)2D;3+ =/ QVJ ^ 8JJ ,/ ?0;*;5( ?$ .;0 >()( )/>)/,/$0() 3(=( >;b/*A >+) *+ C?/ ,+*+ ,/

 >?/=/$ ?0;*;5() =+, 3+*+)/, H " >;b/* /$3/$=;=+A J >;b/* (>(%(=+ L& '(=( >+,;3;B$ =/ 7/7+);( =/* .?DD/) =/G;=/+ (*7(3/$( *+, (0);.?0+ =/ Y >;b/*/,&

:$ *+, 7+=+, %)2D;3+, 0(7.;N$ ,/ >?/=/ G;,?(*;5() 0/b0+& :* >)+3/=;7;/$0+ $+ /, 0($ ,/$3;**+ 3+7+/$ *+, 7+=+, =/ 0/b0+A =+$=/ ( >()0;) =/ ?$( 0(.*(, (*7(3/$(=(, /$ *( 6FT =/ *( 0()O/0( /* 3;)3?;0+ %/$/)(=+)=/ 3()(30/)/, ,/ /$3()%( =/ 0)($,D+)7() *+, 3B=;%+, -1'## /$ >(0)+$/, =/ >;b/*/, /$ >($0(**(&

:$ *+, 7+=+, %)2D;3+, 4(@ C?/ (*7(3/$() /* /,0(=+ =/ 3(=( ?$+ =/ *+, >;b/*/, H>(0)B$ =/ >;b/*/, LC?/ =/D;$/$ ?$ 3()(30/) /$ /* *?%() (=/3?(=+ =/* .?DD/) =/ G;=/+&

  #'#/*#',+ "(G,+#', '( 8+mS)-,A e (8# g

:,0( 0()O/0( >/)7;0/ 0)(.(O() 3+$ 0+=+, *+, 7+=+, =/ D?$3;+$(7;/$0+ =/ 'l- @ T_-A >/)+ (=/72,(K(=/ $?/G+, 7+=+, =/ 0/b0+ @ %)2D;3+,A 3+$ *( >+,;.;*;=(= =/ ?0;*;5() ,;7?*02$/(7/$0/ "Q 3+*+)/, =/ ?$(

 >(*/0( =/ QV& :,0( (7>*;(3;B$ /$ /* $a7/)+ =/ 3+*+)/, ,/ =/./ ( C?/ /,0( 0()O/0( /, 3(>(5 =/ %/$/)() Q ,/K(*/,=;%;0(*/, C?/ 3+$0)+*($ /* 3+*+) /$ ?$ 7+$;0+) :l-& i)/, =/ /**(, ,/ 3+))/,>+$=/$ 3+$ *+, 3+*+)/, .2,;3+, /$;$0/$,;=(= (*0( H6RdR-LA 7;/$0)(, C?/ *(, +0)(, 0)/, ,/ 3+))/,>+$=/$ ( *+, 3+*+)/, .2,;3+, /$ ;$0/$,;=(= .(O(H)RGR(L&

'+$ /,0(, Q ,/K(*/, ,/ >?/=/ )/(*;5() ?$ 0+0(* =/ 8Q  s QV 3+7.;$(3;+$/, =;D/)/$0/,A 3(=( ?$( =/ *(,3?(*/, =( *?%() ( ?$ 3+*+) + ;$0/$,;=(= =;D/)/$0/ /$ *( >($0(**(&:* $?/G+ 7+=+ 0/b0+ /$ "Q 3+*+)/, 0;/$/ ?$( )/,+*?3;B$ (*D($?7N);3( =/ YJ ^ 8IA @ 3(=( 3()(30/) /,02=/D;$;=+ /$ ?$( 7(0);5 =/ Y ^ "VA *+ C?/ =( *?%() ( ?$( )/,+*?3;B$ /$ >;b/*/, =/ QVJ ^ 9IJ&

:$ /* 7+=+ %)2D;3+ =/ QVJ ^ 9IJ @ "Q 3+*+)/, ,/ =/=;3($ V .;0, >()( ;$=;3() /* (0);.?0+ =/ ?$ >;b/*&U+) *+ 0($0+ ?$ >;b/* >?/=/ G;,?(*;5(),/ /$ "Q 3+*+)/, =;D/)/$0/,& -* ;%?(* C?/ /$ /* 7+=+ (*D($?7N);3+A *+, V

 .;0, =/ (0);.?0+ ,/*/33;+$($ ?$+ =/ *+, "Q )/%;,0)+, =/ >(*/0( =+$=/ ,/ /$3?/$0)( =/D;$;=+ ?$ =/0/)7;$(=+3+*+)&

  #'#/*#',+ b8# eb163< 847=H1F #447Mg

e( D;)7( #ET *($5B (* 7/)3(=+ 3+$ ,?, 7+=/*+, >/),+$(*n8 ?$ $?/G+ /,02$=() %)2D;3+ C?/ ,?>?,+ ?$(G($3/ /$ *( 3(*;=(= =/ *( )/>)/,/$0(3;B$& U+) ?$ *(=+A 7/O+)( *( )/,+*?3;B$ =/ *( >($0(**( 3+$ $?/G+, 7+=+,A0($0+ %)2D;3+, 3+7+ =/ 0/b0+A @ >+) +0)+A /, 3(>(5 =/ )/>)/,/$0() 8IQ 3+*+)/, ,;7?*02$/(7/$0/ =/ ?$ 3+$O?$0+=/ 8Q8&"VV 0+$(*;=(=/, =;D/)/$0/,&

:* (=(>0(=+) dl- G;/$/ /C?;>(=+ 3+$ ?$( 7/7+);( =/ 8IQ y.@0/, @ 3+$ ?$ .?, =/ =(0+, =/ Y ( "Q .;0,& e( 0()O/0( /, 3+7>(0;.*/ 3+$ 3?(*C?;/)( =/ *+, (=(>0(=+)/, C?/ */ >)/3/=/$ HT_-A 'l-A :l-LA =/ 7+=+C?/ /* ,+D0h()/ =/,())+**(=+ >()( /,0(, 0()O/0(, >?/=/ ,/) ?0;*;5(=+ ,;$ >)+.*/7(,&

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  e( =;D/)/$3;( D?$=(7/$0(* =/ /,0( 0()O/0( 3+$ *(, ($0/);+)/, /, *( 7($/)( =/ 0)($,7;0;) *( ,/K(* (*7+$;0+) =/ G;=/+& T;/$0)(, C?/ *+, (=(>0(=+)/, ($0/);+)/, /$G;(.($ >()( 3(=( 3+*+) .2,;3+ ?$( ,/K(* =;%;0(*C?/ ;$=;3(.( *( >)/,/$3;( + (?,/$3;( =/ ?$ =/0/)7;$(=+ 3+7>+$/$0/ =/ 3+*+)A *( 0()O/0( dl- /$GZ( >()( 3(=(

3+*+) ?$( ,/K(* ($(*B%;3(A 3?@+ G(*+) >?/=/ /,0() 3+7>)/$=;=+ /$0)/ QV $;G/*/, =;D/)/$0/,& _/ ?$( D+)7(/*/7/$0(* >+=)Z(7+, =/3;) C?/ 7;/$0)(, *( 0)($,7;,;B$ =;%;0(* ,+*+ ;$D+)7( =/ ,; 4(@ `)+O+ ` + $+ `)+O+ `A *(0)($,7;,;B$ ($(*B%;3( >?/=/ 7(0;5() /$0)/ ,; 4( `)+O+ ` + .(,0($0/ `)+O+ `A >+3+ `)+O+ ` + $(=( =/ `)+O+ ` /$?$( /,3(*( =/ QV >+,;.*/, 0+$(*;=(=/, =/ )+O+&

:$ /* 7+=+ =/ 0/b0+ =/ X8J ^ VJJ 3+$ "Q 3+*+)/,A *( =/,3+=;D;3(3;B$ =/ *+, V .;0, (,+3;(=+, (*(0);.?0+ =/ ;7(%/$ + D+$=+ /, ,;7;*() (* /7>*/(=+ >+) :l- (?$C?/ (*%+ 7(, 3+7>*/O+A @( C?/ ;$0/)G;/$/ ?$)/%;,0)+ =/* 3+$0)+*(=+) =/ dl- =/$+7;$(=+ `)/%;,0)+ =/ ,/*/33;B$ =/ 3+*+) `&

:$ /* 7+=+ %)2D;3+ =/ 98J ^ 8JJ /$ 8IQ 3+*+)/,A 3(=( ?$+ =/ *+, >;b/*/, G;/$/ =/D;$;=+ >+) ?$(0);.?0+ =/ Y .;0,& -,Z ?$ >;b/* >?/=/ G;,?(*;5(),/ /$ ?$+ =/ 8Y s 8IQ 3+*+)/, =;D/)/$0/,&

  *#+G(*# A%/(+ b8#

_?)($0/ *+, a*0;7+, ($+,A $?7/)+,+, D(.);3($0/, 3+7>;0/$ >+) +D)/3/) $?/G+, (=(>0(=+)/, %)2D;3+,3(=( G/5 7(, ,+D;,0;3(=+,& -7>*;($=+ *( 7/7+);( =/ G;=/+ =/ 8IQ y. ( I"8 y. /, >+,;.*/ +.0/$/))/,+*?3;+$/, =/ YJJ ^ QJJ /$ 8IQ 3+*+)/,A (,Z 3+7+ =/ "J8V ^ XQY /$ "Q 3+*+)/,& ,; *( 7/7+);( ,/ (7>*;( ( "T. /, >+,;.*/ +.0/$/) (?$ 7(@+) $?7/)+ =/ 3+*+)/,& :,(, )/,+*?3;+$/,A ( =;D/)/$3;( =/ dl-A $+ /,02$$+)7(*;5(=(,& U()( C?/ ?$( (>*;3(3;B$ >?/=( 0)(.(O() 3+$ /**(, /, $/3/,();+ ?$ >)+%)(7( =);G/) =/ >($0(**(/,>/3;D;3( >()( =;34( (>*;3(3;B$ @ 0()O/0(& d();+, D(.);3($0/, =/ 0()O/0(, ,/ 4($ >?/,0+ =/ (3?/)=+ >()( ?$;D;3()*( )/,+*?3;+$/, 7(, (*0(,A =($=+ *?%() (* /,02$=() d:1- H G;=/+ /*/30)B$;3, ,0($=(), (,+3;(0;+$ L& 1;$/7.()%+A /,0/ /,02$=() $+ 4( **/%(=+ ( ;7>+$/),/&

#ET ( =/,())+**(=+ ?$( 0()O/0( %)2D;3( =/ 98 E;0, =/$+7;$(=( ^l- H >+) :b0/$=/= l)(>4;3, -))(@ LAC?/ >?/=/ ;$,0(*(),/ /$ ?$ .?, T'- =/* U1n8& :, ?$ /,02$=() 3+7>(0;.*/ dl-A 3+$ >)/,0(3;+$/, @)/,+*?3;+$/, (=;3;+$(*/, 3+$ /**( ,/ >?/=/$ +.0/$/) )/,+*?3;+$/, =/ "J8V ^ XQY /$ 8IQA @ /$ )/,+*?3;B$ dl-=/ QVJ ^ VYJ >?/=/$ **/%() ( (*3($5()3/ QI&I9Q 3+*+)/, =;D/)/$0/,& U()( 0)(.(O() 3+$ /,0( )/,+*?3;+$/, =/ ?$(

D+)7( /D;3;/$0/ 4(@ C?/ 3+$0)+*() *( 7/7+);( =/ G;=/+ 3+$ ?$ >)+3/,(=+) (=;3;+$(* C?/ ,/ /$3?/$0)/ /$ *( >)+>;( 0()O/0( =/ G;=/+& :* >)+3/,(=+) >);$3;>(* ,+*+ ,/ 0;/$/ C?/ /$3()%() =/ =() *( ;$,0)?33;B$ $/3/,();( H >+)/O/7>*+A 0)(5() ?$ >+*Z%+$+ + )/**/$() ?$ 2)/( =/ 3+*+) L @ /* >)+3/,(=+) %)2D;3+ ,/ +3?>()( =/ %/,0;+$() *(7/7+);( >()( C?/ =;34( ;$,0)?33;B$ ,/( /O/3?0(=(A =;34( 0()O/0( YI"Vn- =/ #ETA C?/ >?/=/ ,/) ?0;*;5(=( /$+)=/$(=+)/, 3+$ .?, T'- H 7;3)+ 34($$/*L&

  )"/+(A,+#A

e(, ?$;=(=/, /b3*?,;G(7/$0/ =/ ,(*;=( /,02$ )/>)/,/$0(=(, >+) ?$( (7>*;( %(7( =/ ;7>)/,+)(,A C?/G($ =/,=/ *(, ,/$3;**(, @ )/*(0;G(7/$0/ */$0(, 4(,0( ;7>)/,+)(, 3+7>?0();5(=(, =/ 7?@ (*0( G/*+3;=(=& e(,;7>)/,+)(, */$0(, >+) *+ %/$/)(* D?$3;+$($ 3+$ ?$ 7/3($;,7+ >()/3;=+ (* =/ ?$( 72C?;$( =/ /,3);.;) /*N30);3(3+7a$A @ ,+$ 3(>(3/, =/ ;7>);7;) 4(,0( =;/5 3()(30/)/, >+) ,/%?$=+A *+ C?/ ,;%$;D;3( C?/ **/$($ ?$( 4+O(0(7(K+ 3()0( /$ (>)+b;7(=(7/$0/ =+, 7;$?0+,&

e(, C?/ ,;%?/$ /$ G/*+3;=(= ;7>);7/$ ( )(5B$ =/ 3?()/$0( 4(,0( 0)/,3;/$0+, 3()(30/)/, >+) ,/%?$=+@A /$ %/$/)(*A ?0;*;5($ ?$ 7/3($;,7+ =/ %/$/)(3;B$ =/ 3(=( 3()230/) >+) 7/=;+ =/ ?$ 3+$O?$0+ =/ >?$0;0+, =/

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0;$0(A C?/ )/3;./ /* $+7.)/ =/ 7(0);5& e( 3(*;=(= =/ *( */0)( ;7>)/,( $+ /, 7?@ .?/$(A >?/, *+, >?$0;0+, C?/D+)7($ 3(=( 3()230/) ,+$ G;,;.*/, @ 4(3/$ *( */0)( 7/$+, */%;.*/ C?/ *( =/ ?$( 72C?;$( =/ /,3);.;) 3+7a$&U+) ,? >)/3;+ )/*(0;G(7/$0/ .(O+A ?,?(*7/$0/ /,02$ (,+3;(=(, 3+$ *(, 7;3)+ @ 7;$;3+7>?0(=+)(,& c$( =/

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:* 7/3($;,7+ =/ ;7>)/,;B$ /, >+) 7/=;+ =/ 7;3)+,3B>;3(, %+0(, =/ 0;$0( C?/ ?$ C.!eL)E  *($5(4(3;( /* >(>/*A >()( C?/ =;.?O/ 3(=( ?$+ =/ *+, 3()(30/)/, =/ ;7>)/,;B$& :$ (*%?$+, 3(,+, /,0/ D*?O+ /,023+$0)+*(=+ >+) ?$ )(@+ *2,/) C?/ *+ %?Z( 4(3;( ,? =/,0;$+ D;$(* /$ *( 4+O(& 1? G/*+3;=(= /, 0(* C?/A >+)/O/7>*+A ,; ,/ )/C?;/)/ +.0/$/) ?$ =+3?7/$0+ 3+$ G();(, 3+>;(,A )/,?*0( 72, .()(0+ @ )2>;=+ ;7>);7;)+);%;$(*/, C?/ +.0/$/) 3+>;(, >+) +0)+ 7/=;+&

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 >/C?/K( ;7>)/$0(& e+, >)+%)(7(, C?/ ,;)G/$ >()( /,0+, D;$/, ,/ 3+$+3/$ 3+7+ >)+3/,(=+)/, =/ >(*(.)(,&-?$C?/ 3(=( >)+3/,(=+) =/ >(*(.)(, 0;/$/ 3()(30/)Z,0;3(, >()0;3?*()/, 0+=+, ,+$ 3(>(3/,A (* 7/$+,A =/ (*;$/()/* 0/b0+ ( *( =/)/34( (?0+720;3(7/$0/A 3/$0)() 0Z0?*+,A **/G() *( 3?/$0( =/ *(, >2%;$(,A >+$/) $+0(, (* >;/A/$3(./5(7;/$0+,A /03&

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:$ 0N)7;$+, %/$/)(*/,A /, >+,;.*/ 3+$/30() G;)0?(*7/$0/ 3?(*C?;/) (>()(0+ ( ?$( 3+7>?0(=+)(A >()(C?/ D?$3;+$/ 3+7+ ?$;=(= =/ /$0)(=(n,(*;=(& :, =/3;)A ?$( ?$;=(= =/ /$0)(=( >?/=/ ,/)A >+) /O/7>*+A ?$0/)7B7/0)+ C?/ 3+$0)+*( 3;/)0+ >)+3/,+ C?/ =/>/$=( =/ *( 0/7>/)(0?)(& 1;%?;/$=+ 3+$ /,0/ /O/7>*+A *(?$;=(= =/ ,(*;=( >?/=/ ,/) ?$ 7+0+) /*N30);3+ C?/ (.)/ + 3;/))( G2*G?*(, C?/ *+%)($ /* 3+$0)+* =/* >)+3/,+ /$3?/,0;B$& :$ /,0+, 3(,+,A /* =;,>+,;0;G+ /,02 3+$/30(=+ ( ?$ 3+$G/)0;=+) ($(*B%;3+n=;%;0(* H-n_LA C?/ >(,( *(;$D+)7(3;B$ ($(*B%;3( H.!%0(=- *+ 7+%F+3!7'3!L ( ;$D+)7(3;B$ =;%;0(*;5(=( H0()!3(!"A >()( C?/ *(3+7>?0(=+)( >?/=( >)+3/,()*(& :$ *( ,(*;=( ,/ )/C?;/)/ ?$ 3+$G/)0;=+) =;%;0(*n($(*B%;3+ H_n-LA C?/ )/(*;5( *(+>/)(3;B$ ;$G/),(&

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 >)/%)(.(=+,A ,;$+ C?/ /, /* >)+=?30+ D;$(* =/ ?$ 3+7>*/O+ >)+3/,+ /*/30)B$;3+ =/ ,Z$0/,;,A .(,(=+ /$ ?$/$+)7/ 3(?=(* =/ 0/+)Z( 7(0/720;3(& - *( /$0)(=( =/* 3+$G/)0;=+) =;%;0(*n($(*B%;3+ **/%($ .;0, =/ ;$D+)7(3;B$C?/ ,+$ 0)(=?3;=+, ( D+$/7(, @ *?/%+ /7;0;=+, 3+$ ,? ,+$;=+ 3+))/,>+$=;/$0/A 3+$ *+ C?/ /, >+,;.*/ %/$/)()3(,; 3?(*C?;/) 3+7.;$(3;B$ =/ ()0;3?*(3;+$/,& 1/ )/C?;/)/A >+) ,?>?/,0+A =/ ?$ 3+$O?$0+ =/ >)+%)(7(, >()( *(7;3)+3+7>?0(=+)( /,>/3;(* >()( /,0/ >)+3/,+ >?/=( /7;0;) >(*(.)(, 3+7>)/$,;.*/, ( >()0;) =/ 0/b0+,&

:* >)+3/,+ ;$G/),+A C?/ *( /$0)(=( ( ?$( 3+7>?0(=+)( ,/( >+) 7/=;+ =/ G+5 4?7($( C?/ ,/ 0)(=?53(( .;0, =/ ;$D+)7(3;B$A /, /$+)7/7/$0/ 72, 3+7>*/O+A @ (?$ *+, ,;,0/7(, 72, (3(.(=+, ,+$ 0($ ,B*+ 3(>(3/,

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