Managing Derelict Fishing Gear in Marine Aquaculture in...
Transcript of Managing Derelict Fishing Gear in Marine Aquaculture in...
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Managing Derelict Fishing Gear in Marine Aquaculture in Taiwan:
A Case of Oyster Farming DFG in Tainan City, Taiwan
Po‐Hsiu Kuo
Institute of Ocean Technology and Marine AffairsNational Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
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EPS float debris pollution
Every year:• ≈ 50,000~60,000 waste EPS floats
are discarded at sea.
• 10,000 tons of bamboo sticks were retrieved and disposed.
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• > 440,000 USD for management
Too much management cost Social equity
Photo: Jui‐Kuang ChaoLost gears ?
Causes of EPS float DFG• Bad weather
• Gear conflict
• Intentional discard
• Illegal farming
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Photo: MLPS, Penghu
Trapping https://tinyurl.com/y8zqe5hv
Policy1. Source management (license & TAC)2. Obligatory retrieving gears3. Alternative floats or new gears4. Effective implementation
DFG management: A Decade’s Fighting
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Management structure
Implementation
Guidance
Tainan City Government
Fishermen’s Association
13 Production & Marketing Groups(200 fishermen)
Self‐organization
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Subnational Governance System
Punishment• No license• No gear marking on rafts• Fail to retrieve bamboo rafts• Farming outside the legal zone • Farming during illegal time (Typhoon season)
Legal regulation
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1. The Ordinance for Shallow Water Oyster Farming of Tainan City (2004~)2. Raft Oyster Farming Regulations of Tainan City (2014~)
labels for gear marking
Name
legal zone
1.5 nm
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The efficiency of the regulation :• License system• Gear marking on rafts• Punishment
no punishment on non‐retrieved waste EPS floats.
effective
Retrieval rate of bamboo rafts
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
97%
Extremely bad weather
Graph: Tainan City Government
Fishermen’s purchase of:
1. Alternative floats (2015~)
2. Black nets to cover the EPS floats (2016~)
Financial subsidies
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Photo: Tainan City Government
1. self‐organizing fishermen groups to improve their:
‐ gear retrieval rate‐ voluntary beach cleanup…
2. retrieving waste EPS floats
Rewards
• The retrieval rate is < 25% in 2016 & 2017
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The top 5 groups can get financial rewards.
Photo: Tainan City Government
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Result of the questionnaire & interview88% of the fishermen approved of the subsidy for alternative floats, but did not apply them widely:
1. high price
2. low performance
3. risk of losing the “more expensive floats”
Photo:Yin‐Yu Chen
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• 94% of the fishermen approved of cash incentive for retrieving waste EPS floats.
• retrieval rate is < 25%
1. Time & energy consuming
2. Lack of huge space & disposal capacity.
Lack of technology & incentives to run a circular economic system on EPS float debris
http://www.elcom‐jp.com
A recycling system succeeded in Japan
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• 73 % of the fishermen will approve of ban on the EPS floats.
• 81 % of the fishermen will approve of Eco seafood certification
• To certificate these oyster farmed with environmental‐friendly floats.
“Assuming some companies have developed acceptable alternative floats”:
Green Conservation Label certificated by Council of Agriculture of Taiwan
Highlights of the management strategies
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Market-based approaches
Integrated management
system at the national
level
Self-management at the local
scale
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• Environmental‐friendly floats & durable gears
• Strengthening recycling capacity
• Monitoring• Spatial zoning
Circular economic system on EPS floats debrisFishers: retrieve EPS floats & use the alternativesIndustries : subsidy for inventing alternative floats & recycling floats
• Education of producers’ responsibility
• Eco Seafood certification• Regular beach cleanup
• Punishment on non‐retrieved EPS floats
• Ban the EPS floats• Gear marking on the
alternative floats• Ban the uncovered
EPS floats
Policy & legislation
Social support from
fishers & consumers
Economic incentiveTechnology
Integrated management