Male Reproductive Cancer

Health 8Noncommunicable Disease

Male Reproductive Cancer

• 1. testicular• 2. prostate

Testicular Cancer

• Testicular cancer is cancer that starts in the testicles, the male reproductive glands located in the scrotum.

Testicular Cancer Symptoms• There may be no symptoms. • Discomfort or pain in the testicle, • Dull ache in the back or lower abdomen • Enlargement of a testicle or a change in the way it feels • Excess development of breast tissue (gynecomastia),

however, this can occur normally in adolescent boys who do not have testicular cancer

• Lump or swelling in either testicle• Symptoms in other parts of the body, such as the lungs,

abdomen, pelvis, back, or brain, may also occur if the cancer has spread.

Testicular Cancer Treatment

• Treatment depends on the:– Type of testicular tumor – Stage of the tumor

• Three types of treatment can be used.• 1. Surgical treatment removes the testicle and nearby

lymph nodes• 2. Radiation therapy • 3. Chemotherapy

Testicular Cancer Causes

• The exact cause of testicular cancer is unknown.

• Abnormal testicle development • History of testicular cancer • History of undescended testicle(s) • Klinefelter syndrome-the presence of an

extra X chromosome in a male

Testicular Cancer

• Testicular cancer is the most common form of cancer in men between the ages of 15 and 35. It can occur in older men, and rarely, in younger boys.

• White men are more likely than African-American and Asian-American men to develop this type of cancer.

Testicular Cancer Types• There are two main types of testicular cancer: • Seminoma: This is a slow-growing form of

testicular cancer usually found in men in their 30s and 40s. The cancer is usually just in the testes, but it can spread to the lymph nodes. Seminomas are very sensitive to radiation therapy.

• Nonseminoma: This more common type of testicular cancer tends to grow more quickly than seminomas.

Testicular Cancer Detection

• A physical examination typically reveals a firm lump (mass) in one of the testicles. When the health care provider holds a flashlight up to the scrotum, the light does not pass through the lump

Testicular Cancer Detection

• Other tests include:• Abdominal and pelvic CT scan • Blood tests for tumor markers: alpha

fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta HCG), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)

• Chest x-ray • Ultrasound of the scrotum

Testicular Cancer Prognosis

• Testicular cancer is one of the most treatable and curable cancers

• The survival rate for men with early-stage seminoma is greater than 95%. The disease-free survival rate for Stage II and III cancers is slightly lower, depending on the size of the tumor and when treatment is begun.

Testicular Cancer Prevention

• The survival rate for men with early-stage seminoma (the least aggressive type of testicular cancer) is greater than 95%. The disease-free survival rate for Stage II and III cancers is slightly lower, depending on the size of the tumor and when treatment is begun.

Testicular Cancer Prevention• The U.S. Preventive Services Tast Force

recommends against routine screening for testicular cancer because there is no known effective screening technique.

• A testicular self-examination (TSE) performed on a monthly basis, however, may help detect such cancer at an early stage, before it spreads. Finding it early is important to successful treatment and survival. Young men are sometimes taught how to perform self-exams shortly after puberty

Prostate Cancer

• Prostate cancer is cancer that starts in the prostate gland. The prostate is a small, walnut-sized structure that makes up part of a man's reproductive system. It wraps around the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body.

Prostate Cancer Symptoms• Urinary problems• Pain• Lower back pain • Pain with bowel movement• Blood in the urine (hematuria) • Abdominal pain • Low red blood cell count (anemia) • Unintentional weight loss • Lethargy

Prostate Cancer Treatment

• The appropriate treatment for prostate cancer is not clear. Treatment options vary based on the stage of the tumor. In the early stages, talk to your doctor about several options including surgery, radiation therapy, or, in older patients, monitoring the cancer without active treatment.

Prostate Cancer Treatment

• Surgery to remove the prostate gland • Radiation therapy is used primarily to treat

stage A, B, or C prostate cancers • Chemotherapy

Prostate Cancer Causes

• The cause of prostate cancer is unknown. Some studies have shown a relationship between high dietary fat intake and increased testosterone levels

• Prostate cancer is the third most common cause of death from cancer in men of all ages and is the most common cause of death from cancer in men over age 75. Prostate cancer is rarely found in men younger than 40.

Prostate Cancer Risk Factors

• People who are at higher risk include:• African-American men • Men who are older than 60 • Farmers • Tire plant workers • Painters • Men who have been exposed to cadmium

Prostate Cancer Risk Factors

• A rectal exam will often show an enlarged prostate with a hard, irregular surface.

• A number of tests may be done to diagnose prostate cancer:– PSA test

Prostate Cancer Prognosis

• The outcome varies greatly. This is mainly because the disease is found in older men, who may have a variety of other diseases or conditions such as heart or respiratory disease, or disabilities. The outcome is also affected by the stage and grade of the disease when you are diagnosed.

Prostate Cancer Prevention

• There is no known way to prevent prostate cancer. Following a vegetarian, low-fat diet or one that is similar to the traditional Japanese diet may lower your risk.