Macromolecules. General Structure Organic – Carbon based Hydrocarbons – Carbon and hydrogen only...
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Transcript of Macromolecules. General Structure Organic – Carbon based Hydrocarbons – Carbon and hydrogen only...
![Page 1: Macromolecules. General Structure Organic – Carbon based Hydrocarbons – Carbon and hydrogen only » Methane Inorganic – Non-carbon based Functional Groups.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e415503460f94b33fe9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Macromolecules
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General Structure• Organic– Carbon based• Hydrocarbons
– Carbon and hydrogen only» Methane
• Inorganic– Non-carbon based
• Functional Groups– Group of atoms that interact with other molecules• Creates shape
– Determines function
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General Structure
• Monomers– Single large molecules composed of many smaller
atoms• Polymers– Long chains of monomers
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Building and Breaking Polymers
• Construction– Dehydration reaction• Loses water molecule
• Break Down– Hydrolysis Reaction• Add water
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Starter
• What are the differences between a dehydration and hydrolysis reaction?
• What are the properties that make water so important?
• What are the 4 major macromolecules?• What are the two parts to a chemical reaction?• Explain why water is polar.• What are orbitals and how many electrons are in the
first two that we talked about?• Complete the orbitals for H, O, C, N?
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Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Proteins • Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates
• Main fuel supply for cellular work
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Carbohydrate Structure
• Made of sugar molecules– Composed of the following Organic Molecules• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen
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Types of Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides – simple sugars– 1 sugar unit– Ex: glucose
• Disaccharides – double sugar– 2 monosaccharides– Ex: Sucrose
• Polysaccharides – complex carbohydrate– Ex: starch
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Glucose
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Sucrose
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Starch
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Stored Sugar
• Organisms break sugars down– Use what they need– Store what they don’t• Glycogen
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Lipids
• Energy Storage• Cell Membrane Structure– Fats
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Lipid Structure
• 3 carbon backbone attached to three fatty acids– Saturated – all three fatty acids chains have
maximum number of Hydrogen atoms• Butter
– Unsaturated – contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in one or more of its fatty acid chains• fruits
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Types of Lipids
• Steroids– Four fused rings
• Lipids because they are hydrophobic
– Estrogen– Testosterone– Cholesterol
• Necessary to surround cells
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Proteins
• Responsible for almost all day-to-day functioning of organisms
• Hair• Muscle• Long-term nutrient storage
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Protein Structure
• Made up of Amino Acids– Linked together in a chain called a polypeptide• Nitrogen• Carbon• Oxygen• Hydrogen
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Types of Proteins
• All proteins are the same EXCEPT– The R-Group• Determines the proteins function
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Enzymes
• Reactions require energy to proceed– Heat is a common energy source but body temp is too
low.• ENZYMES ARE NEEDED!!!!!
A protein that speeds up specific biochemical reactions Recognized by the –ase ending
– Lower the amount of energy required to start these reactions• Lower the activation energy
– Catalyst– Recycled
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Continued• Very specific– Acts on certain chemicals called substrates• Sucrase Sucrose
– Breakdown to fructose and glucose
– Recognizes substrate by shape
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Nucleic Acids
• Stores Genetic Information
• Double Helix• Sugar, Phosphate and
Nitrogenous Base– A, C, T, G, U
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Nucleic Acids
• Made of Nucleotide chains– Store genetic information– Direct protein Synthesis• Making of Proteins
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Types of Nucleic Acids
• Two very common types– Deoxyribonucleic Acid• DNA
– Ribonucleic Acid• RNA
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