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MacromolecMacromoleculesules

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Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds

• CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.

• MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.

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Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in

outer shell.

• CarbonCarbon can form covalent covalent bondsbonds with as many as 4 4 other atoms (elements).

• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.

• Example:Example: CHCH44(methane)(methane)

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Carbon is a Versatile Atom

• It has 4 electrons in an outer shell that holds eight

Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds

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MacromoleculesMacromolecules

• Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules.• Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS.• Made up of smaller “building

blocks” called MONOMERSMONOMERS.• Examples:Examples:

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

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Question:Question:How Are How Are

MacromolecMacromolecules ules

Formed?Formed?

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Answer:Answer: Dehydration Dehydration SynthesisSynthesis

• Also called “condensation “condensation reaction”reaction”

• Forms polymerspolymers by combining monomersmonomers by “removing “removing water”water”.

HO H

HO HO HH

H2O

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Question:Question: How are How are

Macromolecules Macromolecules separated or separated or

digested?digested?

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Answer: Answer: HydrolysisHydrolysis

•Separates monomersmonomers by “adding water”“adding water”

HO HO HH

HO H

H2O

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CarbohydratCarbohydrateses

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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• Small sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar moleculeslarge sugar molecules.

• Examples:Examples:A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide

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Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates

include:• Small sugar

molecules in soft drinks

• Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonosaccharide: one sugar Monosaccharide: one sugar

unitunit

Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)

deoxyribosedeoxyribose

riboseribose

FructoseFructose

GalactoseGalactose

glucoseglucose

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Monosaccharides:• Called simple sugars

Include glucose, fructose, & galactoseHave the same chemical, but different structural formulasC6H12O6

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Isomers• Glucose & fructose are isomers b/c their structures are different, but their chemical formulas are the same

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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesDisaccharide: two sugar unitDisaccharide: two sugar unit

Examples: Examples: – Sucrose (glucose+fructose)Sucrose (glucose+fructose)– Lactose (glucose+galactose)Lactose (glucose+galactose)– Maltose (glucose+glucose)Maltose (glucose+glucose)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar unitsPolysaccharide: many sugar units

Examples:Examples: starch (bread, starch (bread, potatoes)potatoes)

glycogen (beef glycogen (beef muscle)muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, cellulose (lettuce, corn)corn)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

cellulosecellulose

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Sugars in Water• Simple sugars and double sugars

dissolve readily in water

They are hydrophilic, or “water-loving”

WATER MOLECULE

SUGAR MOLECULE

-OH groups make them water soluble

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ProteinsProteins

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Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)

• Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bondspeptide bonds (polypeptidespolypeptides).

• Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions

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20 Amino Acid Monomers

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Structure of Amino Acids

• Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things boded to it:

Amino group –NH2

Carboxyl group -COOH

Hydrogen -H

Side group -R

Amino

group

Carboxylgroup

R group

Side groups

Leucine -hydrophobic

Serine-hydrophillic

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Linking Amino Acids• Cells link amino

acids together to make proteins

The process is called dehydration synthesisPeptide bonds form to hold the amino acids together

Carboxyl

Amino Side

Group

Dehydration Synthesis

Peptide Bond

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Proteins as Enzymes• Many proteins act as biological

catalysts or enzymes

Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body

Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction

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Enzymes

Their folded conformation creates an area known as the active site.

Enzymes are globular proteins.

The nature and arrangement of amino acids in the active site make it specific for only one type of substrate.

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Enzyme + Substrate = Product

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How the Enzyme Works

Enzymes are reusable!!!Active site changes SHAPE

Called INDUCED FIT

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Denaturating ProteinsChanges in temperature & pH can

denature (unfold) a protein so it no longer works

Cooking denatures protein in eggs

Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures

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LipidsLipids

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LipidsLipids• General term for compounds which are

not soluble in waternot soluble in water.• Remember:Remember: “stores the most energy”“stores the most energy”• Examples:Examples: 1. Fats1. Fats

2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides6. Triglycerides

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Lipids• Lipids are hydrophobic –”water

fearing”

Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils

Do NOT mix with water

FAT MOLECULE

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LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:

1.1. Long term Long term energy storageenergy storage2.2. Protection against heat loss Protection against heat loss (insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)6.6. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes (phospholipids)(phospholipids)

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Function of Lipids• Fats store energy, help to insulate the

body, and cushion and protect organs

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LipidsLipidsTriglycerides:Triglycerides:

ccomposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.

H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

fatty acids

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=

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Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may see these on

food labels:

1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) no double bonds (bad)

2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) double bonds (good)O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

saturatedsaturated

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=

unsaturated

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Fats in Organisms• Most animal fats have a high

proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)

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Fats in Organisms• Most plant oils tend to be low in

saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)

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Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids

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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Two types:Two types:

a. Deoxyribonucleic acid a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-(DNA- double helix) double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) strand)

• Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides linked by dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis.

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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:

phosphate groupphosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)pentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:nitrogenous bases:

adenine (A)adenine (A)thymine (T) DNA onlythymine (T) DNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G)

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NucleotideNucleotide

OO=P-O O

PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup

NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

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SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)

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DNA - double helixDNA - double helix

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

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4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A

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CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Section 2-3

Concept Map

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

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