The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells...
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Transcript of The Macromolecules of Life. Carbon Life on earth is carbon based The large molecules found in cells...
The Macromolecules of The Macromolecules of LifeLife
CarbonCarbon• Life on earth is carbon based
• The large molecules found in cells are carbon based.
• Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, so its VERY versatile!
• Organic refers to carbon
Monomers & PolymersMonomers & Polymers
Monomer = Greek ‘mono’ & ‘meros’
Polymer = ‘polu’ & ‘meros’
CarbohydratesCarbohydratesFunctions:
•Main energy source
•Stored as reserve energy supplies
•Composes plant cell walls
3 types of carbohydrates:
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides Sugars with 6 carbon atoms
“Simple sugar”
Sugars end in –ose
• Glucose: sugar that green plants produce
• Fructose: sweetest- found in fruits
• Galactose: found in milk
DisaccharidesDisaccharides 2 simple sugar building blocks
• Sucrose: table sugar
•Maltose: malt sugar
•Lactose: milk sugar
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharidesMany sugar building blocks
• Starch: storage of excess sugar in plants
•Glycogen: storage of excess sugar in animal livers
•Cellulose: plant structure: cell walls & wood
•Chitin: exoskeletons of insects, crabs, lobsters
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Contains the elements…….
Sucrose is a disaccharide
• H2SO4 + C12H22O11 12C + 11H2O
Sulfuric Acid + sucrose yields carbon solid & water vapor!
Lipids (fats)Lipids (fats)Functions:
•Secondary source of energy
•Form the cell membrane
•Protection
•Insulation
• Contains Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen
4 types of lipids:
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Steroids
• Waxes
Triglycerides:Triglycerides:Stored in fat tissue in the body, also provides insulation beneath skin; cushions
•Saturated: solid fats, all single bonds holding carbon atoms together
•Unsaturated: oils, double bonds between one or two carbon atoms
PhospholipidsPhospholipids
Components of cell membrane
SteroidsSteroidsVariety of roles including…..
• Cholesterol is part of cell membranes
• Steroid hormones transmit messages
• Bile acids break down fats
• Vitamin D assists in biological/chemical reactions
• illegal use of anabolic steroids among athletes
WaxesWaxes
Waterproofing agent
Protective covering on leaves
Bees secrete wax
Proteins (Polypeptide)Proteins (Polypeptide)
Functions:
• Structural material
• Control metabolism
• Communication, transportation, defense
• Movement
• Third energy source
ProteinsProteinsTypes:
1. Keratin: hair, silk, feather
2.Collagen: connective fibers in tendons, ligaments, skin
3.Peptide Hormones: chemical messengers that regulate body functions
• Insulin / glucagon: hormones that control blood sugar in animals
ProteinsProteins
Types:
4. Hemoglobin: transports oxygen throughout bloodstream
5. Antibodies: substances that protect animals against disease
6. Actin & myosin: muscle movement
ProteinsProteins
Types:
7. Enzymes: allow complex chemical reactions to take place
8. Fibrinogen: helps blood clot & forms a scab
Contain the elements: C, H, O, N
Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsFunction:
1.Stores information
2.Controls cell activities
3.Large role in heredity
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids1.DNA: Stores information
in a code – directs cells to construct proteins
2.RNA: help synthesize proteins
Contain the elements C, H, O, N, P