Low Energy Building Case study The SOLANOVA EU 5 FV project Study Building EE ENG.pdfVentilation...

Low Energy Building Case study

The SOLANOVA EU 5 FV project

Yerevan State University of Architecture and Construction

INOGATE Programme New ITS Project, Ad Hoc Expert Facility (AHEF) Task AM-54-55-56

Slides prepared by: Albin Zsebik, PhD, CEM Based on the SOLANOVA project reports

The SOLANOVA Project

Solar-supported, integrated eco-efficient renovation of large residential buildings and heat-supply-systems

Content

1. The SOLANOVA project - objectives

2. Building before renovation

3. Base line and proposed data

4. Thermal and water insulation – green roof

5. Windows an ventilation system

6. Installation of the new heating system

7. Solar thermal system

8. Monitoring system

9. Results of the project

SOLANOVA - Objectives

• Making ongoing renovation sustainable – restructuring large panel buildings to passive-houses or ultra-low-

energy-houses (15 to 45 kWh/m2a)

– trigger: renovation of one selected building to this level

– to show large potential for solar energy for heating (cooling) and hot water by installing solar thermal panels

– investigation of change of inhabitants‘ social situation (comfort, health, financial situation)

– middle-term: renovation of whole residential quarter

– to serve as example for all similar quarters in Hungary

– strong focus on teaching and disseminating the results

SOLANOVA - Demo Building

The most probable

building:

• Located in

Dunaújváros

• Cooperation

with Intercisa

Housing

Association

Project idea: SOLANOVA

0

50

100

150

200

250

Ø Stock WSchVO 1982 WSchVO 1995 EnEV 2002 Passive House

• Retrofit from bad state to passive house standard

SOLANOVA - Dissemination of Results

• Dissemination actions: – Website with online monitoring

– possibility for companies to advertise on website

– demo- and education centre in the building

– development of training materials (software and written material)

– training courses for various interested groups

– concepts for „renovation contracting“

– international conference, press articles, public relations

– influence on Hungarian building laws

SOLANOVA - The Consortium

• Hungary – Budapest University of Technology and Economics

– Fiorentini (Solar)

– District Heating Company and Sziget Office, Dunaujvaros

– Energy Centre

• Austria – Internorm (Windows)

• Germany – University of Kassel

– Passive House Institute, Innovatec

What qualifies a passive house

• No conventional heating system

• Extremely reduced heat losses – Super insulation of walls, roofs ... (20 - 30 cm)

– Super glazing (u < 0.8 W/(m2K)

– Controlled ventilation

• Maximum heating power: 10 W/m2

• Transmission coefficients u < 0.15 W/(m2K)

• Annual heat consumption < 15 kWh/m2

SOLANOVA - Schedule

• January 2003: Project start

• Summer 2004: Start of renovation

• Spring 2005 – Finishing of renovation

– Start of education and training

• Summer 2005: International conference on Sustainable renovation of buildings

• December 2006: Project end

SOLANOVA - Budget and Financing

• Budget for SOLANOVA incl. demo: 2.24 Mio EUR – EU‘s share: ca. 71 %

– Hungarian government: ca. 13 %

– SOLANOVA consortium and flat owners: 16 %

SOLANOVA - Situation 1

– huge stock of old-style multi-flat buildings (100 Mio people in Eastern Europe only!) needs to be restored in a sustainable way to avoid a "lost-opportunity" for another 30-50 years

– current renovations only result in minimal savings

SOLANOVA - Situation 2

– very low energy prices do not reflect real market conditions

– therefore many occupants in energy wasting flats will suffer from real prices in the near future

– companies waiting for enormous potential of implementing renovation measures

The state before

Setting of the heat meters

Calculated heat demand before renovation

Evaluation of the heat consumption

Calculated annual heat demand before renovation


Calculated heat demand after renovation


Calculated annual heat demand after renovation


Different works - wall insulation

The result =>

Different works - wall insulation

Insulation Quality

Before =>

After =>

Different works – walls, windows, solar collectors, ventilation system

Different works - green roof 1.

Green Roof components

Wall components



Wall components

Roof components

Roof components

2+1 Window For Summer Comfort

Ventilation concepts (InnovaTec)

Variation I.

• Central ventilation appliance beside / above the elevator

• Vertical aerating pipes in the room for the garbage (next to the

elevator)


Variation II.

• Central ventilation appliance beside / above the elevator

• Vertical aerating pipes in each apartment


Variation III.

• Local ventilation appliances in each floor

• One ventilation appliance for 3 partmens

• Ventillation tube for fresh air, outside of the building


Configuration in all flats

Super-Efficient Ventilation

Ventilation unit over a suspended ceiling with heat recovery

Heating System - Present fase

VII. floor

VI. floor

V. floor

Heating System - Present data

• Heated area: 7258 air m3 and 2739 m2

• Heating energy ( average ): 2141 GJ/y

• Calculated values: 19 W/m3 and 50,3 W/m2 ( usualy: 25

W/m3 and 70 W/m2 )

• Walls: 0,5 W/m2K

• Windows: 3,0 W/m2K

Heating System - Future data

Only the wall

Heating System - Future data

• If the windows are changed: 3 W/m2K are decreasing to 1

W/m2K

• If the 200 mm insulation set on the walls: 0,5 W/m2K are

decreasing to 0,1 W/m2K

• Therefore the actual ( average ) 3278 W heatloss per flat are

decreasing to 721 W heatloss per flat. (Calculation based on

15% window and 85% wall surface.)

Air - Heating System

1,4 kW and 100 m3/h per flat

Heating System

Heating System

Present

Designed

values

One pipe

system

Paralell

system

Pipe heatloss: 60(36) W/m (3/4’, 70(50)°C water, 20°C enviroment)

Heating and Ventillation System

Cost

divider

system

Central

ventilator

system

Radiator connection before and after

Decrease of the uncontrolled heat transport

Scheme of the heating connection

Shops Flats

Serial / parallel

DHW circulation

DHW to flats

Substation for district heating

1. option Realized =>

Thermal solar system

Connection scheme of the thermal solar system

The thermal solar system

The connection scheme of the thermal solar system, with monitored data

Scheme of the DHW connection

Solar circuit District heating system

DHW

MONITORING

MAIN FEATURES

• IBM-PC data collection

• Isolated RS-485 physical layer primary BUS

• Intelligent multiplexers

• Central site powering

• DALLAS 1-line TEMPERATURE meas. BUS

• Intelligent device connections (RS-232)

• Extendable, reliable, maintainable

MONITORING - 1st phase - GOALS

• Measure 300 temp., 20 humidity, 10..20 meteorological variables

• Acceptable (Industrial) precision

• Store measured values every 1/2 hour

• Minimum 2 year maintainable, reliable operation

• Easy installation & change

• Extendible -> connect to (future) control

• Low cost

• Minimum wiring, minimal disturbance

Main parts

• Central station

– Central IBM-PC (UPS, Raid, LAN, RS232)

– Wiring cabinet (RS485, power, connections)

• Intelligent multiplexers

• Measurement devices

– TEMPERATURE measurement devices

– Intelligent serial devices (Aux.. 24Vdc power)

– Analog (0-5V) & binary output devices (option)

• Multiplexer wiring

• Measurement device wiring

CENTRAL IBM-PC

• Standard configuration (cost, replace)

• 4 * RS-232 connection (easy to change)

– UPS

– RS-485 line 1 & 2

– Local line (off line read-in, local device checking)

• WinNT (or WIN2000) system

• SQL database

• VisualBASIC custom SW.

• LAN (archivation, presentation)

WIRING CABINET

• RS-232 <-> RS-485 conversion

• OPTOISOLATION (noise, lighting protection, error separation)

• MULTIPLEXER & DEVICE powering (12Vdc, 24Vdc)

• Power fusing

• Cable connection (clear, documented)

INTELLIGENT MULTIPLEXER

• Connects to RS-485 bus

– Optoisolation, termination, addressing

– power conversion (DC/DC converters)

• READS - IN devices

– 2 * RS-232 Intelligent device

– 4 * 8 DALLAS TEMP. chips (error separation)

– 8 analog / binary signals (option)

• READS - BACK BUS / device power status (fused outgoing bus lines)

• IP65 connection BOX housing

Measurement devices

• Intelligent devices (humidity meas.)

– RS-232 connected

– 24 Vdc powered

– Special protocol

• TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

– DALLAS DS18S20

• ANALOG output devices

– 8 channels, 12 bit, 0..5V signals

TEMPERATURE MEAS

• DALLAS DS18S20 <-> analog

• Same +/- 0,5 oC precision (can be extended with calibration)

• Digital – No calibration,

– exchangeable

• Bussed – 3 lines,

– 64-bit identification code

• Same measurement principle

• Same (low) cost

• Minimum hardware, small (TO-92)

WIRING - RS-485 BUS

• 2 TYPE RS-485 multiplexers

– without 24Vdc power

• 2 twisted pair + GND

• 2 power lines (12Vdc) standard installation cable

– with 24Vdc power

• + 2 power lines (12Vdc) standard installation cable

• MAX. LENGTH more than 300 m / line

• 8 multiplexers / 1 bus line (extendable)

WIRING - DALLAS BUS

• Only 3 lines (data, power, GND)

• Minimum power consumption, -> low cost cables

• Theoretically 255 devices / bus line (8)

• > 50 m / bus line

• Faulty power, faulty device can be identified from PC

• Automatic device identification (changes)

• CRC protected protocol

MONITORING - 1st phase - Conclutions

• 2048 Temp. + 128 Intelligent device capacity -> MORE than enough, can handle any future need, any topology, flexible

• Fulfills design goals (deadline !!!)

• Continuous measurement of :

– Temperatures (outside / inside)

– Humidity

– Meteorology / SOLAR variables

• Offline measurements downloadable

• Connects to RS-485 bus

– Optoisolation, termination, addressing

– power conversion (DC/DC converters)

• READS - IN devices

– 2 * RS-232 Intelligent device

– 4 * 8 DALLAS TEMP. chips (error separation)

– 8 analog / binary signals (option)

• READS - BACK BUS / device power status (fused outgoing bus lines)

• IP65 connection BOX housing

MONITORING - 1st phase - CONCLUSION

Cumulated space heat consumption (2005/6)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

25. O

kt.

1. N

ov.

8. N

ov.

15. N

ov.

22. N

ov.

29. N

ov.

6. D

ez.

13. D

ez.

20. D

ez.

27. D

ez.

3. Jan

.

10. J

an.

17. J

an.

24. J

an.

31. J

an.

7. F

eb.

14. F

eb.

21. F

eb.

28. F

eb.

7. M

rz.

14. M

rz.

21. M

rz.

28. M

rz.

4. A

pr.

11. A

pr.

18. A

pr.

25. A

pr.

2. M

ai.

kWh/m²a

Shops

Flats

Total

39 kWh/m²a( Shops incl. ! )

35 kWh/m²a( Flats )

Measured Space Heat Consumption

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

2004/05 (ca. 60,000 m3 gas/litre oil) 2005/06 (ca. 11,000 m3 gas/litre oil) 2006/07

Indoor Air Temperature Level

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Three-months-average-temperature in flats(Jan-Mar); ascending

Indoor air temperature average

(outdoor: +0.3°C)

24.9 °C

[°C]

Calculated annual heat demand before renovation


Comparison of heat consumption before and after renovation


Monthly heat consumptions for DHW preparation



Rebound effect oft the renovation

Symbiosis

Solar

Energy (Building, Quarter, Town)

Efficiency (buildings & dwellers,

supply systems)

Green Enough

GREEN GREEN

ENOUGH

Sufficient Insufficient

SOLANOVA - Much More Solar …

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Before SOLANOVA

kW

h/m

2a

Renewable Energy

Fossile Energy

26%Share of

Renewables

SOLANOVA – … Much Less Fossile

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Before SOLANOVA

kW

h/m

2a

Renewable Energy

Fossile Energy

-84%

From European Worst Practice ….

… to European Best Practice!

Satisfaction with Temperature

Satisfaction with (Relative) Humidity

Before

Dec. 2006

very dissatisfied

dissatisfied

neutral

satisfied

very satisfied

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

Satisfaction with Space Heat Cost

[%]

Satisfaction with Flat

Before

Dec. 2006

[%]

very dissatisfied

dissatisfied

neutral

satisfied

very satisfied

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

Measures for European Best Practice

• Decentral ventilation units with 82% real heat

recovery, one ventilation unit per flat

• Ca. 75 m² solar thermal area as canopy

• Easy heating system solution with radiators

• 10 cm insulation of cellar ceiling

• Roof insulation: 30 cm with green roof

• Wall insulation: 16 cm polystyrene (additional)

• Flats’ windows: S and W: 2+1 glazing,

shading, UW = 1.1; N: 2-glazing, UW = 1.4

• Groundfloor windows: U-value: 1.4

• TOTAL Cost: 240 EUR/m² + VAT

Estimated Sales-price of Flats

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

before refurbishment after refurbishment

[EUR]

What is your estimation

about the sales-price of your

flat?

Retrofit or Rebuild?

55000

1890016800

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Investment per flat (incl. 25%

VAT)

Estimated sales-price

INCREASE

Re-Build (same size!)

[EUR]

The Marvel Panel, Frontpage

Marvel in a panel building? 3900 HUF (15.60 EUR) invoice for heating; page 5 …

The Super Panel, Page 5

Marvel Panel vs. Neighbour Panel

SOLANOVA

3900 HUF

(15.60 EUR)

Monthly heat pre-payment

Neighbors

23-25000 HUF (96 EUR)

Distribution of Monthly Household Income

13

36

51

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

160-400 EUR 400-800 EUR 800-1600 EUR

frequency [%

]

Energy Share in Low-Income Household

4%

24%

10%

60%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

160 EUR Income,

Standard building

160 EUR Income,

SOLANOVA building

400 EUR Income,

Standard building

400 EUR Income,

SOLANOVA building

[EUR]Household Income

Energy Costs

Annual Energy Cost Savings

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Cost in Neighbour Building SOLANOVA Heating Cost only benefit

Now 60% Plus[EUR/a]

Additional Thoughts and Benefits 1

• Considering ONLY energy cost savings:

•Amortisation at current price: 17 years

•Amortisation at +60% price: 11 years

• ATTENTION: Thinking only in terms of this

kind of amortisation does not solve the

problems it created (e.g. energy scarcity;

greenhouse effect)!

• Near future: Costs for CO2 certificates

Additional Thoughts and Benefits 2

• Very effective filtering of air (industrial area!)

• Noise protection due to high quality windows

• Very high thermal comfort (winter & summer)

• Steady, low indoor CO2 concentration

• No mould growth

• Increased well-being of people:

•Less costs for diseases

•Less absence from work place

•Higher productivity

• More useful space (wardrobe in front of

external wall possible, less/smaller radiators)

Replication Potential for SOLANOVA

Replication Potential for SOLANOVA

100 Mio people in Eastern Europe only!

We have the obligation to master a triple challenge which is far beyond the usual marginal improvements: Let’s

satisfy occupants’ needs within environmental limits at reasonable cost! SOLANOVA proves: It is possible!

Conclusion

Rebuild or Retrofit?

Dynamite (building & social)

Retrofit (building & social)

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